THE 


WESTERN  WORLD 


GUIDE^IlAID-BOOK 


USEFUL  INFORMATION. 


SECOND  EDITION,  EEVISED. 


PUBLISHED   BY 

THE  WESTEK1ST  WOKLI), 
CHICAGO. 

PRICE,  50  CENTS. 


COPYRIGHTED. 

BY 
THE  WESTERN  WORLD. 


Bancroft  Ubrwy 

,       CONTENTS, 

HISTORIES  OF  EACH  OF  THE  STATES  FROM 
EARLIEST  TIMES,  descriptive  of  their  topography,  soil, 
climate,  rivers,  mountains,  natural  wonders,  population,  area, 
islands,  lakes,  mines,  products,  manufactures,  industries,  cities, 
school  systems,  collection  and  exemption  laws,  date  of  holding- 
elections,  number  of  representatives,  senators,  congressmen,  and 
presidential  electors,  number  soldiers  in  the  field,  price  of  land 
cleared  and  in  forest,  extent  of  forest,  number  of  different  call- 
ings, rate  of  interest,  usury  laws,  peddlers'  or  drummers' 
license  laws,  divorce  laws,  mining-  laws,  description  of 
public  lands,  list  of  lands  subject  to  the  various  forms  of 
entry,  list  land  offices,  opportunities  for  homes  or  -enterprise, 
rainfall,  health,  ports  of  entry,  population  (male,  female  and 
foreign),  number  of  Indians,  mineral  resources,  nicknames  of 
states  and  for  whom  or  what  they  are  named .  Miles  of  railroad 
and  canals,  tidal  frontage,  state  land  laws,  number  of  coun- 
ties and  names. 

A  COLORED  MAP  of  each  State  and  Territory  will  be 
found  accompanying  its  history. 

Page.  Page, 

Alabama 134       Mississippi 136 

Alaska 191       Missouri 170 

Arizona 179       Montana 188 

Arkansas 175       Nebraska 168 

California 184       Nevada 182 

Colorado 183       New  Hampshire 98 

Connecticut 106       New  Jersey Ill 

Dakota ...  163       New  Mexico 178 

Delaware 116       New  York 109 

District  of  Columbia 120       North  Carolina 124 

Florida 131       Ohio 148 

Georgia 129       Oregon 193 

Idaho 189       Pennsylvania 114 

Illinois 153       Rhode  Island 104 

Indiana 151       South  Carolina 126 

Indian  Territory 177       Tennessee 144 

Iowa    165       Texas 141 

Kansas 173       Utah ,;  181 

Kentucky 147       Vermont 100 

Louisiana 139       Virginia 121 

Maine 96       Washington  Territory 190 

Maryland 118       West  Virginia  123 

Massachusetts     ....     102       Wisconsin 158 

Michigan, 155       Wyoming 186 

Minnesota 161 


Page. 

THE  PUBLIC  DOMAIN— LAWS  RELATING  TO  THE  ENTRY 
OF  GOVERNMENT  LANDS. 9 

AGRICULTURAL    LANDS. 

CASH  ENTRY  Page.  Page. 

Public  sale 9  Additional  homesteads..  13 

Private  sale  9  Soldiers' homesteads 14 

Price 9  Sailors'  homesteads 14 

Applications  to  buy 9  Soldiers'  widows  14 

Warrants     9  Soldiers'  filing 14 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


Page.                                                 Page. 
Fees  for  warrant  entry . .      9          Soldiers'additional  home- 
Agricultural  college  scrip   10             stead 14 

Private  land  scrip 10          Partial  waver 14 

PRE-EMPTION,  right  of  ...    10          Indians,  rights  of ]4 

Price      10           Exemption  from  debt. ..  15 

Relinquishment 10           Special  surveys 15 

Final  proof 10       TIMBER  CULTURE 15 

Death  of  pre-emptor 11          Payments 15 

Grasshopper  sufferers...    11          Amount  of  timber  culti- 

Fees 11             vated 15 

HOMESTEAD,  rights  of 11          Final  proof 16 

Fees 11          Liability  for  debt 16 

Title,  how  completed 11       TIMBER  AND  STONE  LANDS.  16 

Grasshopper  sufferers...    12       SALINE  LANDS 16 

Final  proof 12       DESERT  LANDS 16 

Where  insanity  occurs. . .    12          Title,  how  acquired 17 

Heirs  of  deceased  home-                Final  proof 17 

steader 12          Repayments 17 

Conversion     from     pre-             MINERAL  LANDS ....  17 

emption 12          Length  of  claim 17 

Commutation   of  home-                Placer  claims 18 

stead 12          When  veins  intersect  ...  18 

Sale  of  homestead 12          When  veins  unite 18 

Relinquishment  of  home-                Land  used  for  milling. ...  18 

stead 12          Application  of  the  laws..  18 

Abandonment 13          Removal  of  timber   ....  18 

Adjoining    farm   home-                 Fees  and  charges 18 

steads 13      COAL  LANDS 20 

Page. 
POSTAL  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.    RATES 

AND  RULES 36 

PATENT  LAWS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES,  includ- 
ing copyright  trade  mark,  etc 26 

PENSION  LAWS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES  (who 

are  entitled,  amount,  etc 34 

COATS  OP  ARMS  OP  EACH  STATE  (see  history  of 
each  state). 

SYSTEMS  OP  LAND  MEASURE  IN  THE  U.  S 21 

LOCAL  MINING  LAWS  OF  THE  STATES  AND 

TERRITORIES 22 

DIVORCE  LAWS  OP  THE  STATES  AND  TERRI- 
TORIES   23 

THE  GOVERNMENT  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

How  CONSTITUTED 39 

NATIONS  OP  THE  WORLD  : 

Page.  Page. 

Argentine  Republic 58       Hawaiian  Isles 64 

Austria.... 58       Honduras 64 

Belgium 59       Italy 65 

Bolivia 59       Japan  65 

Brazil 59       Mexico 65 

Canada 60       Netherlands 65 

Chili 60       Nicaragua 65 

China 60       Paraguay 66 

Columbia 61       Persia 66 

Costa  Rica 61       Peru 66 

Cuba 61       Portugal 66 

Denmark 61       Russia 66 

Ecuador 62       San  Salvador 66 

Egypt 62       Switzerland 67 

France 62       Siam 67 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


Page.  Page. 

Germany 63       Sweden  and  Norway 67 

Great  Britain 63       Spain 67 

Greece .• 64       Santo  Domingo 67 

Guatemala 64       Turkey 67 

Guiana 64       Uruguay ..    68 

Hayti 6i       Venezuela .. ., 6» 

CITIES  OF  THE  WORLD  CONTAINING  100,000 

POPULATION 69 

LIST  OF  COUNTIES  AND  COUNTY  SEATS  IN 
THE  UNITED  STATES 74 

Page.  Page. 

Animals,  ages  reached 230  Distances  by  water  from 

Army  and  navy  officers  of  New  York  city  to  all  f  or- 

the  U.  S.,  pay  of 40          eign  ports 53 

Air  line    distances    from  Dollar,  origin  of 55 

Washington    to   various  Durability    of     various 

parts  of  the  world 54          woods 229 

Average  velocity  of  vari-  Days  of  week,  origin  of  the 

ous  bodies 239          names 217 

Alcohol,  percentage  of  in  Debt  of  the  United  States 

liquors 236          at  various  times 45 

American  ministers  to  for-  Diamonds,  size  of  largest. .  229 

eign  countries,  pay  of . . .    40  Drug,  scientific  names  of..  239 

Army  rations 40  Divorce,  proportion  in  dif- 

Army  of  U.  S 206          ferent  sections 229 

Areas  of  circles 255       Difference  in  time 245 

Area  of  islands 230       Ensigns  and  flags 41 

Bible  facts 251  Elections,  popular  and 

Birds,  ages  reached 230  electoral  vote  for  presi- 

Biggest  things  of  their  kind  215          dent  17*9  to  1884 46 

Boxes,  capacity  of 233  Electric  lights,  largest  ....  223 

Boiling  point 227  Emergencies,  what  to  do  in  256 

Bridges,  celebrated  ones  . .  217  Expenditures  in  U.  S.,vari- 

Builders,  facts  for 251          ous  yearly 54 

Board  and  plank  measure  Expense  of  U.  S.  govern- 

at  sight 249          ment  228 

Business  laws,  etc 255  Exports,greatest  from  U.S.    51 

Books,   number    of    pub-  Food   digestion,  time    re- 
lished    229          quired 224 

Books,  sizes  of  various 234       Freezing  point 227 

Belting,  notes  on 225       Fusing  point 227 

Coal    fields,  extent   of    in  Fences,  cost  of 232 

America 51       First  printing  press 212 

Coal  fields  of  world 50          "     postoffice 212 

Coin,  fineness  of  U   S 42  First  money  coined  in  U.  S . .  50 

Cities,  mortality  of 54       First  iron  furnace 57 

Church  membership  in  the  Fastest  1  mile  time  on  rec- 

U.S 56  ord 230 

Comparative    yields    of  Fastest  railroad  time 255 

grain,    vegetables   and  "       passenger      time 

fruit. 239  across  the  Atlantic. ......  247 

Carrying    capacity    of    a  Facts  worth  knowing 254 

freight  car 229       Food  for  stock  243 

Cisterns,  capacity  and  rules  Grain,     shrinkage     of    in 

for  measuring 225  keeping 249 

Cities,  altitude  of 256  Gold  and  silver,  value  of  a 

Coin,  weights   and    meas-  ton 224 

ures  of  the  Scriptures 236       Great  canals..    56 

Corn,  how  to  measure  same  Historical  events 210 

in  all  shaped  cribs. 235  Handy    fa  c  ts— important 

Capital  letters,  use  of 230          discoveries 210 

Coinage  1783-1880 42  Holidays,  legal  of  the  U.  S.    43 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


og  taes  .............  ..... 

Liquids,  weight  of  ........ 

Military  Academy  (U.S.)  . 
Maine  law  ................... 


Page. 
Heights  of  principal  mon- 

uments and  towers  .......  233 

Highest  mountains  ........    56 

Housewife's  tables  .........  243 

Immigration,  total  to  IT.  S.    55 
Indians  (number  in  U.  S.)  .  .  .  51 
Iron  furnaces  in  U.  S  .......  225 

Interest,   short    rules   for 

counting  .................  252 

imports  of  U.S  .............    51 

Internal      revenue     taxes 

(U.S.)  .....................    71 

Judges  of  U.  S.  court,  how 

appointed  .................    39 

Language,    derivation    of 

English  ...................  226 

Limits  of  perpetual  snow 

and  tree  growth  ..........  230 

Locomotive  first  used  ......  210 

Log  tables  .............  .....  248 

233 
207 
225 

Measures,  miscellaneous.  .  .  235 
Money,  time  at   which   it 

doubles  at  compound  in- 

terest .....................  246 

Money,  amount  of  in  U.  S.    42 
Money,  value  of  foreign  in 

U.  -S.  currency  ............    43 

Months,  the  derivations  of 

the  names  of  ..............  217 

Metals,  weight  of  ..........  233 

Mason  and  Dixon's  line  —    45 
Mythology,  dictionary  of.  .  218 
Noms  de  Plume  ............  223 

Navies,       comparative 

strength  of  (see  Nations). 
Navy  of  U.S  ......  .......  207 

Naval  Academy  (U.  S.)  .....  208 

Nationality  of  immigrants..  55 
Newspapers,  in  U.  S  ........  229 

Notes  (promissory)  ..........  239 

Nutrition  in  f  O9ds  .........  253 

No.  of  pounds  iron  bars  to 

the  foot  ...................  231 

No.  of  nails  to  the  pound  ____  246 

Number  brick  necessary  in 

chimney  ..................  251 

Number  miles  from  New 

York  city  to  prominent 

places  .....................    52 

Number  of  pounds  to  the 

bushel  in  different  states,  238 
Nicknames  of  cities  ........    51 

Names,  personal,  meaning  241 
Ocean,  depth  of  ...........  209 

Oils,  amount  in  seeds  ......  244 

Occupation,  numbers   en- 

gaged in  leading  .........  214 

Oatmeal  .................    253 

Portraits    on   bank   notes 

and  stamps  .........  ...   .  .    50 

Power  necessary  to  grind 

grain  ......................  252 

Paper,  sizes  of  flat  writing.  234 


Page. 
Penny,  origin  of  the  term 

as  applied  to  nails 255 

Poison,  antidotes  for 256 

Population  of  the  world 243 

Prices  of  necessaries  in  Eu- 
rope and  the  U.  S 247 

Products  (U.  S.)  Total 51 

Qualification  of   voters  in 

each  state 244 

Rails  for  mile  of  track 231 

Railroad  ties 231 

Revenue  of  U.  S.  (internal).  53 
Rope,  strength  and  weight  254 
Railroads,  first  in  the  U.  S.  210 

Rooster  in  politics 224 

Relative     hardness     of 

woods 251 

Religions  of  World 225 

Rivers,  largest  and  longest 

in  world 68 

Sovereigns,  present  ruling 

(see  Countries). 

Snow  equivalent  of  water.  229 
Salaries  of  U.  S.  officers. . .  40 
Shrinkage  in  timber  in 

seasoning 255 

Shingles  required  for  roof.  251 

Shoemakers  measure 236 

Sun-dial,  how  to  make 253 

Standard  weights  of  grain.  238 

Salt  River 225 

Seed,  bushels  of,  to  the  acre  234 

Seeds,  vitality  of 231 

Seven  hills  of  Rome,  the ...  223 

Seven  sleepers,  the 224 

Seven  wise  men  of  Greece .  224 
Seven  wonders  of  the  world  224 

Solder 238 

Standard  time 209 

Steamboat,  first  in  the  U.S.  213 
Tacks,  weight  and  number  245 

Thermometers 231 

Tunnels  of  the  world 214 

Telegraph,  mileage,  etc —  217 

Telescope,  largest 222 

Trees,  California  big  ....    228 
Union  and  Confederate  sol- 
diers killed 50 

Velocity  of  fall  ing  bodies..  228 

"        '"  sound     228 

Weight,  iron,  rules  for 231 

Whitewashes   251 

Wonders  of  America 55 

Wages,  comparative  week- 
ly rates  paid  in    Europe 
.and  the  United  States. ...  246 
Wars  of  the  United  States, 

cost  of 50 

Wedding  anniversaries 214 

Weight  of  cu.  ft.  of  sub- 
stances  232 

Weights  and  measures  of 

all  kinds  235 

Weight  of  various  woods . .  232 
Weight  of  persons 22& 


GOVERNMENT   LANDS, 


Government  lands  exist  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Arizona,  Cali- 
fornia, Colorado,  Dakota,  Florida,  Iowa,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Louisi- 
ana, Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Montana,  Ne- 
braska. Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Oregon,  Utah,  Wisconsin,  Wyo- 
ming- and  Washington.  In  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Ohio,  also  a  very 
few  isolated  tracts  remain.  The  states  and  territories  are 
divided  into  districts,  in  each  of  which  is  a  land  office,  where 
land  may  be  entered  and  information  relating  to  the  same  ob- 
tained. The  land  offices  for  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Ohio  are  abol- 
ished, and  their  business  is  transacted  at  the  General  Land 
Department,  Washington,  D.  C.  Alaska  lands  are  not  open  to 
any  form  of  entry— and  the  same  is  true  of  Indian  territory  and 
the  various  reservations.  A  list  of  land  offices  within  the  same 
is  given  in  the  description  of  each  state,  pages  97  to  200.  Letters 

should  be  addressed,  "  U.  S.  Land  Office,  at ." 

Each  office  controls  all  land  in  its  district. 

THE  PUBLIC  DOMAIN  is  divided  into  agricultural,  min- 
eral, desert,  timber  and  coal  lands,  each  governed  by  different 
laws  of  acquisition. 

TITLE  TO  AGRICULTURAL  LANDS  may  be  acquired 
by  purchase  at  public  sale  or  private  entry,  by  pre-emption, 
homestead,  timber-culture  and  other  laws,  and  by  virtue  of  mili- 
tary service,  warrants,  script,  etc. 

AT  PUBLIC  SALE,  lands  may  be  purchased  by  any  one 
who  shall  be  the  highest  bidder  when  offered  pursuant  to  proper 
notice. 

AT  PRIVATE  ENTRY  such  lands  may  be  purchased  as 
have  been  publicly  offered  and  remain  unsold  unless  subse- 
quently withdrawn  or  reserved. 

THE  PRICE  cannot  be  less  than  $1.25  per  acre  in  any  case. 
Lands  at  this  price  are  called  minimum  lands.  Lands  lying  along 
railroads  within  the  limits  of  the  alternate  section  grant  to  said 
roads,  and  yet  held  by  the  government,  are  held  at  $2.50  per  acre, 
and  are  called  double,  minimum  lands. 

APPLICATIONS  TO  PURCHASE  must  be  written,  and 
describe  the  land  sought  and  its  area.  The  law  of  first  come 
first  served  is  rigidly  enforced,  and  if  the  land  applied  for  is  va- 
cant a  patent  issues  on  payment  in  due  course. 

WARRANTS  issued  to  soldiers  as  bounty  for  services  may 
be  located  upon  any  public  land  subject  to  private  entry  at  the 
time  of  such  location,  application  being  made  the  same  as  if  cash 
were  to  be  paid  as  the  consideration  for  the  land.  The  warrant 
must  be  duly  assigned.  The  amount  of  land  called  for  by  the 
warrant  must  be  located  in  a  compact  body.  Warrants  were  not 
issued  in  the  late  war,  the  bounty  then  being  paid  in  money. 
Warrants  are  locatable  only  on  minimum  lands,  and  where  the 
holder  wishes  to  obtain  double  minimum  land  he  must  furnish  a 
warrant  of  such  denomination  as  will,  at  the  value  of  $1.25  per 
acre,  cover  the  price  of  the  land,  or  he  must  pay  one  dollar  and  a 
quarter  per  acre  in  addition  to  the  surrendered  warrant. 

If  there  is  a  small  excess  in  the  area  of  the  tract  over  the 
quantity  called  for  in  the  warrant,  such  excess  may  be  paid  for 
in  money.  If  the  tract  contains  a  less  number  of  acres,  rated  at 
$1.25  per  acre,  the  warrant  must  be  surrendered  in  full  satisfac- 
tion. 

THE  FEES  FOR  ENTRY  BY  WARRANT  payable  at 
the  time  of  location  to  the  register  and  receiver  of  the  gov- 


10  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


eminent  land  office  in  the  district  wherein  the  lands  lie  are  as 

follows : 

For  a  40-acre  warrant,  50  cents  each  to  the  register  and  re- 
ceiver; total  $100 

For  a  60-acre  warrant,  75  cents  each  to  the  register  and  re- 
ceiver; total 1  50 

For  an  80-acre  warrant,  $1  each  to  the  register  and  receiver; 

total 200 

Fora  120-acre  warrant,  $1.50  each  to  the  register  and  re- 
ceiver; total  .  *. 3  00 

For  a  160-acre  warrant,  $2  each  to  register  and  receiver;  total,    4  00 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCRIP  may  be  used  to 
pay  for  minimum  land,  not  mineral,  at  private  entry,  and 
is  restricted  to  a  technical  "quarter  section,"— that  is,  land 
embraced  by  the  quarter-section  Jines;  or  it  may  be  located  on  a 
part  of  a  "quarter  section,"  where  such  part  is  taken  as  in  full 
for  a  quarter;  but  it  cannot  be  applied  to  different  subdivisions 
to  make  an  area  equivalent  to  a  quarter  section.  The  manner  of 
proceeding  to  acquire  title  with  this  class  of  paper  is  the  same  as 
in  cash  and  warrant  cases,  the  fees  to  be  paid  being  the  same  as 
on  warrants.  The  location  of  this  scrip  at  private  entry  is 
restricted  to  three  sections  in  each  township,  and  1,000,000  acres  in 
any  one  state.  This  scrip  may  be  used  also  to  pay  pre-emption 
claims,  in  the  same  manner  and  under  the  same  rules  and  regula- 
tions as  govern  the  application  to  pre-emption  by  military  war- 
rants, and  without  restriction  on  entries  in  any  township  or  state. 
Commuted  homesteads  may  also  be  paid  for  with  scrip. 

PRIVATE  LAND  CLAIM  SCRIP  may  be  used  in  the 
same  way  as  the  above. 

PRE-EMPTION  rights  secure  to  residents  upon  public 
lands  the  right  to  buy  within  a  certain  time  in  preference  to 
other  purchasers.  Heads  of  families,  widows,  and  single  per- 
sons 21  years  old,  who  are  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  have 
legally  declared  their  intention  to  become  such,  can  pre-empt  160 
acres  of  offered,  unoffered  or  unsurveyed  lands  where  the  Indian 
title  is  extinguished,  provided  the  pre-empter  has  not  moved 
from  land  belonging  to  him  in  the  same  state  or  territory  onto 
the  public  land,  and  provided  he  does  not  own  320  acres  of  land 
in  any  state  or  territory,  or  has  not  previously  exercised  the 
right  of  pre-emption. 

THE  PRICE  of  land  to  pre-emptors  on  due  filing  is  $1.25 
per  acre.  On  Offered  Lands  the  pre-emptor  must  file  in  the 
land  office  for  the  district  his  declaration  of  settlement  within 
thirty  days  from  the  date  of  same,  and  must  make  proof  of  actual 
residence  on  and  cultivation  of  the  tract  within  one  year,  and 
secure  the  same  by  making  payment  in  cash,  warrants  or  scrip.  On 
Unoffered  Land  when  Surveyed  the  claimant  must  file  his 
declaratory  statement  within  three  months  from  date  of  settle- 
ment, and  make  proof  and  payment  within  33  months  from  date  of 
settlement.  On  Unsurveyed  lands  no  definitive  proceedings  can 
be  had  as  to  the  completion  of  the  title  until  the  surveys  are  made 
and  returned  to  the  district  land  office.  After  such  return  the  pro- 
ceedings are  the  same  as  on  unoffered  lands.  A  filing  without 
actual  settlement  is  illegal,  and  no  rights  are  acquired  thereby. 
The  existence  of  a  pre-emption  filing  on  a  tract  of  land  does  not 
prevent  another  filing  for  the  same  land,  subject  to  any  valid 
rights  acquired  by  virtue  of  any  former  filing  and  settlement. 

RELINQ.UISHMENT  of  pre-emption  filings  may  be  made 
by  claimants  in  writing  at  the  proper  district  land  office,  or  the 
relinquishment  may  be  executed  by  the  claimant  on  the  back  of 
the  declaratory  statement  receipt.  The  second  filing  of  a  declara- 
tory statement  by  any  pre-emptor  who  was  qualified  at  the  date 
of  his  fir&t  filing  is  illegal.  Where  the  first  filing,  however,  was 
illegal  from  any  cause  not  the  willful  act 'of  the  party,  he  has  the 
right  to  make  a  second  and  legal  filing. 

FINAL  PROOF  of  compliance  with  the  law  is  made  by  filing 
a  written  notice  at  the  land  office  describing  the  land  and  naming 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  11 


witnesses,  accompanied  by  sufficient  money  to  pay  for  publishing1 
the  register's  notice  in  the  nearest  newspaper  once  a  week  for 
thirty  days.  To  save  expense  several  notices  may  be  published 
together.  The  final  proof  must  be  made  in  court. 

IF  A  PRE-EMPTOR  DIE  without  establishing  his  claim 
within  the  period  limited  by  law,  the  title  may  be  perfected  by 
the  executor,  administrator,  or  one  of  the  heirs,  by  making  the 
requisite  proof  of  settlement  and  payments,  the  entry  to  be 
made  in  the  name  of  '*  the  heirs  "  of  the  deceased  settler,  and  the 
patent  will  issue  accordingly.  The  legal  representatives  of  the 
deceased  pre-emptor  are  entitled  to  make  the  entry  at  any  time 
within  the  period  during  which  the  pre-f  mptor  would  have  been 
entitled  to  do  §o  had  he  lived.  The  rights  of  a  claimant  who  be- 
comes insane  may  be  proved  up,  and  his  claim  perfected,  by  any 
person  duly  authorized  to  act  for  him  during  his  disability. 

GRASSHOPPER  SUFFERERS  who  are  pre-emptors  may 
leave  their  pre-emptions  for  not  more  than  one  year  continuously 
and  retain  their  r  ights  under  certain  regulations  fixed  by  the 
Commissioner  of  the  Land  Department.  The  time  of  making 
payment  may  also  be  extended  under  such  circumstances  at  the 
discretion  of  said  Commissioner. 

FEES  for  pre-emption  are  for  declaratory  statement  $2,  ex- 
cept in  the  Pacific  states  and  territories,  where  it  is  $3. 

THE  HOMESTEAD  laws  enable  actual  settlers  on  public 
lands  to  acquire  title  to  not  more  than  160  acres  without  charge, 
except  the  entry  and  other  fees  fixed  by  law.  The  qualifications 
of  the  homesteader  are  that  he  be  21  years  old,  or  the  head  of  a 
family,  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  has  legally  declared 
his  intention  to  become  such,  and  that  the  entry  is  made  for  his 
exclusive  use  and  benefit,  and  for  actual  settlement  and  cultiva- 
tion. A  deserted  or  divorced  wife,  dependent  upon  her  own  re- 
sources, may  make  a  homestead  entry.  AU  United  States  lands 
not  denominated  mineral  or  coal  lands,  or  reserved,  are  subject 
to  homestead  entry  except  double  minimum  lands  made  such 
since  January  1,  1861,  where  the  same  lies  in  odd  sections.  In 
Arkansas  and  Missouri  the  odd  sections  may  also  be  taken.  A 
homestead  settler  on  unsurveyed  public  land  not  yet  open  to 
entry  must  make  entry  within  three  months  after  the  filing  of 
the  township  plat  of  survoy  in  the  district  land  office.  When  two 
or  more  parties  apply  at  the  same  time  to  enter  a  tract,  prefer- 
ence is  given  to  the  one  who  has  actually  settled  on  the  same. 
When  there  is  no  settlement  it  is  awarded  to  the  highest  bidder. 
Priority  in  all  cases  governs. 

THE  FEES  for  homestead  entries,  payable  when  application 
is  made,  are  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Dakota,  Florida,  Iowa,  Kan- 
sas, Louisiana,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Indiana, 
Ohio,  Illinois,  Wisconsin  and  Mississippi :  Land  at  $2.50  per  acre : 
For  160  acres,  $18.00  ;  for  80  acres,  $9.00 ;  for  40  acres,  $7.00  :  Land 
at  $1.25  per  acre:  For  160  acres,  $14.00;  for  80  acres,  $7.00;  for  40 
acres,  $6.00.  In  Arizona,  California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Montana, 
Nevada  New  Mexico,  Oregon,  Utah,  Washington  and  Wyoming : 
Land  at  $2.50  per  acre :  For  160  acres,  $22.01 ;  for  80  acres,  $11.00 ; 
for  40  acre,  $8.00:  Land  at  $1.25  per  acre :  For  160  acres,  $16.00 ; 
for  83  acres,  $8  00 ;  for  4°  acres,  $6.50.  The  fees  for  final  proof  in 
the  first  named  states  are  $4.00,  and  in  the  last  named  states  $6.00, 
for  160  acres  of  $1.25  land,  and  double  these  for  $2.50  land,  smaller 
tracts  being  charged  proportionally.  The  fees  for  reducing  tes- 
timony to  writing  in  making  final  proof  are,  in  the  former 
states,  15  cents,  and  in  the  latter  states  and  territories  22V<£  cents 
for  each  100  words.  No  other  land  office  fees  are  payable  in 
homostead  cases. 

TO  COMPLETE  TITLE  the  homesteader  must  within  6 
months  after  entry,  begin  to  live  upon  the  land  and  must  con- 
tinue his  residence  there  for  five  years  without  a  break.  At  the 
end  of  five  years,  the  requirements  as  to  proof  and  fees  being 
complied  with  a  patent  issues.  During  these  five  years  the  land 
must  be  cultivated,  but  stock-raising  and  dairying  are  construed 
as  cultivation. 


12  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 

GRASSHOPPERS.— The  exceptions  in  favor  of  pre-emptors 
also  apply  to  homestead  entries.  When  a  homestead  settler  has 
been  prevented  by  climatic  reasons  from  establishing-  actual  resi- 
dence within  six  months  from  entry,  the  Commissioner  of  the 
General  Land  Office  may,  in  his  discretion,  allow  twelve  months 
from  that  date  in  which  to  commence  his  residence. 

FINAL  PROOF  is  made  in  the  same  manner  as  in  pre-emp- 
tions. 

RIGHTS  OF  CLAIMANTS  WHO  BECOME  INSANE 
may  be  proved  up  and  perlected  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the 
case  of  pre-emptions. 

THE  HEIRS  of  dying  homesteaders  may  complete  the  claim, 
the  title  passing  to  the  widow  if  she  proves  up,  or  if  .all  are  minors 
the  homestead  may  be  sold  for  cash,  or  the  tttle  completed 
as  may  be  decided  upon.  If  sold  the  purchaser  gets  title  from 
the  government.  A  homestead  right  cannot  be  devised  away 
from  a  widow  or  minor  children.  In  case  of  the  death  of  a  per- 
son after  having  entered  a  homestead,  the  failure  of  the  widow, 
children,  or  devisee  of  the  deceased  to  take  up  residence  on  the 
land  within  six  months  after  the  entry,  or  otherwise  to  fulfill  the 
demands  of  the  letter  of  the  law  as  to  residence,  will  not  neces- 
sarily subject  the  entry  to  forfeiture  on  the  ground  of  abandon- 
ment. If  the  land  is  cultivated  in  good  faith  the  law  will  be  con- 
sidered as  having  been  substantially  complied  with . 

CONVERSION  OF  PRE-EMPTIONS  INTO  HOME- 
STEADS.—A  person  who  has  made  settlement  on  a  tract  and 
filed  his  pre-emption  declaration  therefor,  may  change  his  filing 
into  a  homestead  if  he  continues  in  good  faith  to  comply  with 
the  pre-emption  laws  until  the  change  is  effected  ;  and  the  time 
during  which  he  has  resided  upon  and  claimed  the  land  as  a  pre- 
emptor  will  be  credited  upon  the  period  of  residence  and  culti- 
vation required  under  the  homestead  laws.  In  his  first  home- 
stead affidavit  he  must  set  forth  the  fact  of  a  previous  pre- 
emption filing,  the  time  of  actual  residence  thereunder,  and  the 
intention  to  claim  the  benefit  of  such  time,  as  provided  for  in  the 
act.  In  making  final  proof  on  his  homestead  entry  he  is  re- 
quired, in  addition  to  the  usual  affidavit  and  proof,  to  make  the 
prescribed  "  pre-emption  homestead  affidavit." 

COMMUTATION  OF  HOMESTEAD  ENTRIES.-If  a 
homestead  settler  does  not  wish  to  remain  five  years  on  a  tract, 
he  may  pay  for  it  with  cash,  warrants,  or  agricultural  college 
or  private  claim  scrip.  To  entitle  him  to  the  land  upon  making 
such  payment  he  must  prove  actual  settlement,  improvement  and 
cultivation  from  the  date  of  entry  to  the  time  of  offering 
proof— which  must  be  a  period  of  not  less  than  six  months ;  the 
form  of  proof  to  correspond  with  the  regular  final  proof  in 
homestead  cases.  A  person  commuting  a  homestead  entry  when 
he  has  not  actually  resided  upon  the  land  and  improved  and  cul- 
tivated it  as  required  by  law,  forfeits  all  rights  to  the  land  and  to 
the  purchase  money  paid^  and  in  addition  thereto  renders  himself 
liable  to  criminarprosecution. 

THE  SALE  OF  A  HOMESTEAD  claim  by  the  settler 
before  completion  of  title  vests  no  title  or  equities  in  the  pur- 
chaser, and  is  not  rec9gnized  by  law.  In  making  final  proof,  the 
settler  is  by  law  required  to  swear  that  no  part  of  the  land  has 
been  alienated  except  for  church,  cemetery  or  school  purposes, 
or  the  right  of  way  of  railroad. 

RELINQJJISHMENT  OF  HOMESTEAD  may  be  made 
in  the  same  way  as  in  pre-emption  claims.  As  but  one  homestead 
is  allowed,  a  settler  relinquishing  or  abandoning  his  claim  cannot 
thereafter  make  a  second  entry ;  although  where  the  entry  is 
canceled  as  invalid  for  some  reason  other  than  abandonment, 
and  not  the  willful  act  of  the  party,  he  is  not  thereby  debarred 
from  entering  again,  if  in  other  respects  entitled,  and  may  have 
the  fees  and  commissions  paid  on  the  canceled  entry  refunded  on 
proper  application.  Where  a  party  makes  a  selection  of  land  for 
a  homestead,  he  must  abide  by  his  choice.  If  he  has  neglected 
to  examine  the  character  of  the  land  prior  to  entry  and  it  proves 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  13 


to  be  barren  or  otherwise  unsatisfactory,  he  must  suffer  the  con- 
sequences of  his  own  neglect.  In  some  cases,  however,  where 
obstacles  which  could  not  have  been  foreseen,  and  which  render 
it  impracticable  to  cultivate  the  land,  are  discovered  subsequently 
to  entry  (such  as  the  impossibility  of  obtaining1  water  by  digging 
wells  or  otherwise),  or  where,  subsequently  to  entry,  and  through 
no  fault  of  the  homesteader,  the  land  becomes  useless  for  agri- 
cultural purposes  (as  where  by  the  deposit  of  " tailings"  in  the 
channel  of  a  stream  a  dam  is  formed,  causing  the  waters  to  over- 
flow), the  entry  may,  in  the  discretion  of  the  Commissioner  of 
the  General  Land  Office,  be  canceled  and  a  second  entry  allowed. 
But  in  the  event  of  a  new  entry,  the  party  will  be  required  to 
show  the  same  compliance  with  law  in  connection  therewith  as 
ihough  he  had  not  made  a  previous  entry,  and  must  pay  the 
proper  foes  and  commissions  upon  the  same. 

CONTEST  ON  GROUND  OF  ABANDONMENT.  — 
Where  application  is  made  to  contest  the  validity  of  a  home- 
stead entry  on  the  ground  of  abandonment,  the  party  must  file 
his  affidavit  with  the  district  land  officers,  accompanied  by  the 
affidavits  of  one  or  more  witnesses  in  support  of  the  allegations 
made,  setting  forth  the  facts  on  which  his  application  is  founded, 
describing  the  tract  and  giving  the  name  of  the  settler.  Upon 
this  the  officers  will  set  apart  a  day  for  hearing,  giving  all  the 
parties  in  interest  due  notice  of  the  time  and  place  of  trial.  The 
contestant  must  pay  the  costs,  and  if  successful,  has  a.  prefer- 
ence right  of  entry  for  thirty  days. 

ADJOINING-  FARM  HOMESTEADS.— A  person  pos- 
sessing the  requisite  qualifications  under  the  homestead  law, 
owning  and  residing  on  land  not  amounting  to  a  quarter-section, 
may  enter  other  land  adjoining  his  to  an  amount  which  shall  not. 
with  the  land  already  owned,  exceed  160  acres.  He  must  fulfill 
the  requirements  of  the  homestead  law,  except  that  he  need  not 
move  on  to  the  tract  so  entered— residence  on  his  own  adjoining 
land  beiiiQT  sufficient. 

ADDITIONAL  HOMESTEADS.-Under  the  old  laws  only 
minimum  lands,  or  their  equivalent,  were  subject  to  homestead, 
and  as  a  consequence,  but  eighty  acres  of  double  minimum  land 
could  be  taken.  By  subsequent  enactments  a  homesteader  was 
permitted  to  take  160  acres  of  double  minimum  lands  for  a 
homestead,  with  such  exceptions  as  are  given  above,  and  in 
justice  to  parties  who  entered  such  lands  under  the  old  law,  and 
were  restricted  to  80  acres,  it  is  provided  that  any  such  person 
may  enter  80  acres  additional,  adjoining  his  original  entry,  if 
such  adjoining  lands  are  subject  to  entry.  Such  additional 
homestead  entry  is  allowable,  even  though  the  original  homestead 
entry  has  been  commuted  to  a  cash  entry.  A  woman  who  has 
married  since  making  the  original  entry  is  not  thereby  disquali- 
fied from  making  an  adjoining  homestead  entry.  In  case,  how- 
ever, there  should  be  no  land  subject  to  entry  adjoining  «he 
original  homestead,  or  if  for  any  other  reason  the  homestead 
party  does  not  desire  to  select  adjoining  land,  he  may  surrender 
his  original  entry  to  the  Government  for  cancellation,  and  be 
entitled  to  enter  land  elsewhere,  under  the  homestead  law,  the 
same  as  if  the  surrendered  entry  had  never  been  made.  A  person 
making  additional  entry,  or  new  entry  after  surrender  and  can- 
cellation of  his  original  entry,  can  do  so  without  payment  of 
further  fees  and  commissions.  The  residence  and  cultivation  of 
such  person  upon  the  land  embraced  in  his  original  entry  shall 
be  considered  residence  and  cultivation  for  the  same  length  of 
time  upon  the  land  embraced  in  his  new  entry,  and  will  be 
deducted  from  the  five  years'  residence  and  cultivation  required 
by  law;  provided,  that  in  no  case  shall  a  patent  issue  upon  an 
adjoining  or  new  homestead  entry  until  the  person  has  actually, 
and  in  conformity  with  the  homestead  laws,  resided  upon  and 
cultivated  the  land  embrajed  therein  for  at  least  one  year.  Re- 
moval onto  the  adjoining  new  entry  is  not  necessary.  Soldiers 
and  sailors  were  not  restricted  to  80  acres  under  the  old  law,  and 
cannot  make  additional  entries  under  the  new  acts.  Odd  sections 


14  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 

of  double  minimum  lands  made  double  minimum  since  January 
1, 1861,  are  not  subject  to  additional  entry,  except  in  Arkansas 
and  Missouri. 

SOLDIERS'   AND    SAILORS'   HOMESTEADS.- Any 

officer,  soldier,  seama'n,  or  marine  who  served  for  not  less  than  90 
days  in  the  Army  or  Navy  of  the  United  States  during  the  re- 
bellion, and  who  was  honorably  discharged,  can  enter  160  acres  of 
land,  including  the  alternate  reserved  sections  along  the  line  of 
any  railroad  or  other  public  work.  The  time  of  service,  or  if 
discharged  on  account  of  wounds  or  disabilities  incurred  in  the 
line  of  duty,  the  whole  term  of  enlistment,  shall  be  deducted 
from  the  period  of  five  years  during  which  an  ordinary  claimant 
must,  to  perfect  title,  reside  upon  and  cultivate  the  entered 
tract ;  but  the  party  must,  in  every  case,  reside  upon,  improve, 
and  cultivate  his. homestead  for  a  period  of  at  least  one  year 
after  he  shall  have  commenced  his  improvements.  A  party 
applying  for  the  benefit  of  this  provision  of  the  law  must  file 
with  the  register  and  receiver  a  certified  copy  of  certificate  of 
discharge,  showing  when  he  enlisted  and  when  he  was  discharged; 
or  the  affidavit  of  two  respectable,  disinterested  witnesses  corro- 
borative of  the  allegations  contained  in  the  prescribed  affidavit 
on  these  points,  or,  if  neither  can  be  procured,  his  own  affidavit 
to  that  eif  ect.  A  soldier  is  held  to  have  exhausted  his  homestead 
right  by  filing  his  declaratory  statement ;  the  right  to  file  being 
a  privilege  granted  to  soldiers  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  privi- 
lege only  in  the  matter  of  giving  them  power  to  hold  their 
claims  for  six  months  after  selection,  before  entry ;  but  is  not  a 
license  to  abandon  such  selection  with  the  right  thereafter  to 
make  a  regular  homestead  entry  independently  of  such  filing. 

SOLDIERS'  WIDOWS,  if  unmarried,  or  their  minor  chil- 
dren, if  the  \*  idows  are  dead  or  married,  may  enter  in  the  same 
way  as  the  soldier  himself.  If  he  died  in  service,  they  are  entitled 
to  deduct  the  whole  time  of  enlistment  from  the  period  necessary 
to  complete  title.  Minors  can  act  only  by  legal  guardians. 
Neither  the  guardian  nor  the  minor  children  are  required  to 
reside  upon  the  land,  but  the  same  must  be  cultivated  and 
improved  for  the  period  of  time  during  which  the  father  would 
have  been  required  to  reside  upon  the  tract. 

SOLDIERS'  FILING.  A  soldier  may  file  a  declaratory 
statement  for  land  which  he  intends  to  enter.  The  fee  is  $2,  ex- 
cept in  the  Pacific  states  and  territories,  where  it  is  $3.  This 
statement  may  be  filed  personally  or  by  an  agent.  The  entry  can 
be  made  only  by  the  soldier  in  person  at  the  local  land  office,  and 
he  must  commence  his  settlement  on  the  land  within  six  months 
after,  his  filing.  A  soldier's  homestead  declaratory  statement 
does  not  prevent  anybody  else  from  making  an  entry  of  the  same 
land,  subject  to  such  right  as  the  soldier  may  acquire  by  virtue 
of  actual  residence  on  the  land  and  full  compliance  with  law.  If 
the  soldier  does  not  establish  his  residence  on  the  tract  as  re- 
quired, the  next  comer  may  take  the  land. 

SOLDIERS'  ADDITIONAL  HOMESTEAD  ENTRY.- 
Any  officer,  soldier,  seaman,  or  marine,  or  his  unmarried 
widow  or  minor  children  who  served  for  not  less  than  90 
days  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United  States  during  the 
rebellion,  who  had,  prior- to  June  22,  1874,  made  a  homestead 
entry  of  less  than  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  may  enter 
an  additional  quantity  of  land,  adjacent  to  his  former  entry 
or  elsewhere,  sufficient  to  make,  with  the  previous  entry,  one 
hundred  and  sixty  acres.  This  right  is  personal  and  not  subject 
to  assignment  or  lien,  and  entry  must  be  made  in  person.  The 
fees  paid  for  the  additional  entry  when  the  original  one  is  con- 
summated is  the  same  as  for  the  original  entry. 

PARTIAL  WAIVER  OF  HOMESTEAD  RIGOSTS.- 
The  choice  to  take  less  than  the  law  allows,  is  construed  as  a 
waiver  of  claim  for  a  larger  quantity;  and  the  same  in  case  of 
an  adjoining  farm  entry  or  soldier  s  additional  entry. 

INDIANS  may  make  homestead  entries  but  cannot  com- 
mute the  same  to  cash  entries,  nor  can  they  incumber  or  transfer 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  15 

their  claims  by  their  own  act  or  through  judgment  of  court. 
The  land  is  theirs,  absolutely  and  inalienably,  for  twenty  years 
after  issue  of  patent. 

EXEMPTIONS  OF  HOMESTEADS.— Lands  acquired  by 
homestead  are  exempt  from  liability  for  debts  contracted  prior 
to  the  issue  of  the  patent  therefor. 

SPECIAL  SURVEYS.—  When  the  settlers  in  any  township 
vfche  land  in  which  is  not  mineral  or  reserved  to  the  Government) 
desire  a  government  survey  thereof,  and  file  an  application 
vheref  or,  and  deposit  in  any  government  depository  to  the  credit 
of  the  United  States  a  sum  sufficient  to  pay  for  such  survey,  if  the 
township  is  within  the  range  of  the  regular  progress  of  the  public 
surveys,  the  commissioner  of  the  general  land  office  will  instruct 
the  surveyor  general  to  survey  such  township.  The  amount  so 
deposited  by  settlers  may  be  applied  in  part  payment  for  their 
lands.  The  certificates  issued  for  such  deposits  are  assignable  by 
indorsement;  and  while  not  receivable  in  payment  for  land  at 
cash  entry,  except  from  the  settlers  who  made  the  deposit,  such 
certificates  will  be  received  in  payment  from  settlers  under  the 
pre-emption  law,  or  in  commutation  of  homestead  entries,  but 
the  act  of  August  7, 1882,  restricts  the  application  of  certificates 
of  deposit  issued  subsequently  to  its  passage  to  lands  situated  in 
the  district  embracing  the  township  the  surveying  of  which  is  to 
be  paid  out  of  such  deposit. 

TIME  EH  CULTURE  entries  may  be  made  by  any  person 
twenty-one  years  old  or  the  head  of  a  family  who  is  or  has  de- 
clared legally  his,  or  her,  intention  of  becoming  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  provided  the  right  has  not  been  before  exercised. 
The  amount  of  land  so  entered  must  not  exceed  160  acres  and  must 
be  all  prairie  land.  The  applicant  must  swear  that  his  entry  is 
made  for  the  cultivation  of  timber  and  for  his  own  exclusive  use 
and  benefit:  that  he  makes  the  application  in  good  faith  and  not 
for  the  purpose  of  speculation,  nor  directly  or  indirectly  for  the 
use  or  benefit  of  any  other  person  or  persons  whomsoever;  and 
that  he  intends  to  hold  aud  cultivate  the  land  and  to  wholly  com- 
ply with  the  provisions  of  the  act. 

THE  PAYMENTS  required  by  law  on  a  timber-culture 
entry  are  as  follows :  For  eighty  acres  or  less,  fee  $5,  to  be  paid 
at  date  of  entry;  commissions  $4;  total  $9 : .  For  more  than  eighty 
acres,  fee  $10  at  date  of  entry;  commissions  $4;  total  $14.  Be- 
sides, in  each  case,  $4  when  final  proof  is  made.  No  other  fee, 
charge,  gratuity,  or  reward  is  permitted  to  be  paid  or  received 
for  any  services  rendered  at  district  land  offices  in  connection 
with  such  entries. 

No  distinction  is  made,  as  to  area  or  the  amount  of  fee  and 
commissions,  between  minimum  and  double-minimum  lands.  A 
party  may  enter  160  acres  of  either  on  payment  of  the  prescribed 
fee  and  commissions. 

AMOUNT  OF  TIMBER  TO  BE  CULTIVATED.— 
The  law  requires  that  five  acres  on  a  quarter-section  shall  be 
broken  or  plowed  the  first  year,  and  five  acres  the  second  year. 
The  second  year  the  first  five  acres  must  be  cultivated  to  crop  or 
otherwise.  The  third  year  the  second  five  acres  must  be  culti- 
vated to  crop  or  otherwise,  and  the  first  five  acres  must  be 
planted  in  timber,  seeds  or  cuttings.  The  fourth  year  the  second 
five  acres  must  be  planted  in  timber,  seeds  or  cuttings.  Ten 
acres  are  thus  to  be  plowed,  planted  and  cultivated  on  a  quarter- 
section  , and  the  same  proportion  when  less  than  a  quarter-sec- 
tion is  entered.  If  the  trees,  seeds,  or  cuttings  are  destroyed  by 
grasshoppers  or  by  extreme  and  unusual  droughts,  the  time  of 
planting  may  be  extended  one  year  for  every  year  of  such  de- 
struction, upon  the  filing  in  the  local  office  of  an  affidavit  by  the 
entryman,  corroborated  by  two  witnesses,  setting  forth  the  de- 
struction and  asking  the  extension  of  time  provided  for  by  the 
act.  The  following  classes  of  trees  are  recognized  as  "timber" 
within  the  meaning  of  the  law,  viz :  Ash  (including  mountain 
ash  or  service-tree),  alder,  basswood,  beech,  birch,  box-elder, 
black  walnut,  butt  rnut  (otherwise  called  white  walnut),  cedar, 


16  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 

chestnut,  cottonwood,  elm,  fir,  hickory,  honey-locust,  larch, 
maple,  oak,  pine,  spruce,  sycamore  (otherwise  called  button- 
wood  or  cotton-tree),  white  willow,  whitewood  (or  tulip-tree);  and 
other  trees  recognized  in  the  neighborhood  as  of  value  for 
timber,  for  firewood  or  domestic  use,  or  for  commercial  pur- 
poses. Fruit  trees  and  shrubbery  cannot  be  classed  as  *'  timber," 
and  their  cultivation  is  not  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  demands  of 
the  law. 

FINAL  PROOF  can  be  made  at  the  expiration  of  eight 
years  from  date  of  entry.  It  must  be  shown  that  for  the  said 
eight  years  the  trees  have  been  planted,  protected  and  cultivated 
as  aforesaid;  that  not  less  than  2,700  trees  were  planted  on  each 
of  the  ten  acres,  and  that  at  the  time  of  making  proof  there  are 
growing  at  least  675  living  thrifty  trees  to  each  acre. 

Where  less  than  one  quarter  section  of  land  is  entered,  the 
same  proportionate  amount  of  plowing,  planting,  and  cultivation 
of  trees  must  be  done  as  required  in  entries  of  160  acres. 

If  the  trees,  seeds,  or  cuttings  are  dastroyed  in  any  one  year 
they  must  be  replanted.  A  party  will  not  be  released  from  a 
continued  attempt  to  promote  the  actual  growth  of  timber  or 
forest  trees.  A  failure  in  this  respect  will  subject  the  entry  to 
cancellation.  In  computing  the  period  of  cultivation  the  time 
runs  from  the  date  of  entry,  if  the  necessary  acts  of  cultivation 
were  performed  within  the  proper  time. 

LIABILITY  FOR  DEBT  contracted  previous  to  the  issue 
of  final  certificate  does  not  attach  to  land  acquired  under  this 
law. 

Land  acquired  under  any  of  the  foregoing  laws  and  relinquished 
is  at  once  open  to  settlement  or  entry  again. 

TIMBER  AND  STONE  LANDS.  Surveyed  public  lands 
in  California,  Oregon,  Nevada  and  Washington  territory,  not  in- 
cluded within  any  military,  Indian  or  other  reservation,  which 
are  unfit  for  cultivation,  and  consequently  for  disposal  under  the 
homestead  or  pre-emption  laws,  non-mineral  in  character,  and 
which  have  never  been  offered  at  public  sale,  valuable  chiefly  for 
the  timber  upon  them  or  the  stone  they  contain,  may  be  pur- 
chased by  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  persons  who  have  de- 
clared their  intention  to  become  such,  in  quantities  not  exceeding 
one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  to  any  one  person  or  association  of 
persons,  at  a  price  of  not  less  than  $2.50  per  acre.  But  one  pur- 
chase under  this  act  is  permitted,  and  the  land  must  be  declared, 
under  oath,  to  be  purchased  for  the  sole  use  of  the  applicant. 
Proof  of  the  character  of  the  land  must  be  made  by  applicant  be- 
fore the  receiver  of  the  land  office.  The  fees  are  $10  for  the  entry 
and  22^4  cents  per  100  words  for  testimony  reduced  to  writing  for 
claimant.  An  Association  applying  to  purchase  such  lands,  each 
of  the  persons  must  prove  the  requisite  qualifications,  and  their 
names  must  appear  in  and  be  subscribed  to  the  sworn  statement, 
as  in  case  of  an  individual  person.  They  must  also  unite  in  the 
regular  application  for  entry,  which  will  be  made  in  their  joint 
names  as  in  other  cases  of  joint  cash  entry. 

SALINE  LANDS.— Lands  adjudged  as  saline  after  due  in- 
quiry are  offered  for  sale,  after  public  notice,  at  the  local  land 
office  of  the  district  in  which  the  same  shall  be  situated,  and  sold 
to  the  highest  bidder  for  cash,  at  a  price  not  less  than  $1.25  per 
acre.  In  case  said  lands  are  not  sold  when  so  offered,  they  are  sub- 
ject to  private  sale  for  cash,  at  a  price  not  less  than  $1.25  per  acre, 
in  the  same  manner  as  other  public  land*.  This  law  is  not  ap- 
plicable to  lands  in  the  territories,  nor  to  any  within  the  states  of 
Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Florida,  California  and  Nevada,  none  of 
which  have  had  a  grant  of  salines  by  act  of  Congress. 

DESERT  LANDS.— By  "desert  land  "  is  meant  land  "which 
will  not  without  irrigation,  produce  some  agricultural  crop.'* 
The  expression  "some  agricultural  crop  "  does  not  refer  solely  to 
the  amount  of  the  crop ;  it  refers  also  to  the  kind,  if  the  land 
will  produce  "some"  crop  of  a  kind  and  in  amount  sufficient  to 
make  the  cultivation  reasonably  remunerative,  it  is  not  desert. 
Land  along  streams,  or  near  bodies  of  water,  which,  without 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  .  17 

artificial  irrigation,  will  produce  grass  sufficient  for  hay,  is  not 
"desert  land  "  within  the  meaning  of  the  law,  and  is  not  subject 
to  desert  entry.  Title  to  desert  lands  can  be  acquired,  under  the 
restrictions  of  the  law  only  in  California,  Oregon,  Nevada,  Wash- 
ington, Idaho,  Montana,  Utah,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Wyoming 
and  Dakota.  The  amount  of  land  which  may  be  entered  by  any 
one  person  under  the  desert-land  law  cannot  exceed  one  section, 
or  640  acres,  which  must  be  in  compact  form.  The  requirement 
of  compactness  will  be  held  to  be  complied  with  on  surveyed 
lands  when  a  section,  or  part  thereof,  is  described  by  legal  sub- 
divisions as  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  technical  section  as  the  situ- 
ation of  the  land  and  its  relation  to  other  lands  will  admit, 
although  parts  of  two  or  more  sections  may  be  taken  to  make  up 
the  quantity  or  equivalent  of  one  section.  But  entries  running 
along  the  margin  or  including  both  sides  of  streams,  or  being 
continuous  merely  in  the  sense  of  lying  in  a  line  so  as  to  form 
a  narrow  strip,  or  in  any  other  way  showing  a  gross  departure 
from  all  reasonable  requirements  of  compactness,  will  not  be  ad- 
mitted. In  no  case,  where  the  full  quantity  of  640  acres  is 
entered,  will  the  side  line  on  either  side  be  permitted  to  exceed 
one  mile  and  a  quarter ;  and  less  in  proportion  in  case  the  entry 
embraces  less  than  a  whole  section  or  its  equivalent. 

METHOD  OF  ACaTTIRING-  TITLE.-A  party  desiring 
to  avail  himself  of  the  privileges  of  the  desert-land  act  must  file, 
at  the  proper  district  land  office,  a  declaration  under  oath.  It 
must  be  set  forth  that  the  applicant  is  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  or  that  he  has  declared  his  intention  to  become  such— in 
which  case  a  duly  certified  copy  of  his  declaration  of  intention  to 
become  a  citizen  must  be  presented  and  filed,  that  he  has  made 
no  other  declaration  for  desert  lands  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  arid  that  he  intends  to  reclaim  the  tract  of  land  applied  for 
by  conducting  water  thereon,  within  three  years  from  the  date 
of  his  declaration.  The  application  must  describe  the  land  by 
legal  subdivisions  if  surveyed,  and  as  accurately  as  possible  if 
unsurveyed.  The  land  must  be  proved  to  be  "desert."  Such  ap- 
plication, etc.,  being  satisfactory,  twenty-five  cents  per  acre  must 
be  paid  the  receiver  for  the  land.  Claims  on  unsurveyed  lands 
must  be  made  to  conform  to  the  legal  subdivisions  when  the  sur- 
vey shall  be  made. 

FINAL  PROOF  may  be  made  at  any  time  within  three  years 
that  enough  water  has  been  conducted  on  the  land  to  reclaim 
the  same.  If  satisfactory  proof  of  this  is  made,  and  $1  more  per 
acre  is  paid,  a  patent  issues  and  title  is  complete.  Water  must 
be  conveyed  on  to  eveiy  forty  acres  of  the  tract. 

REPAYMENTS  are  made  by  the  government  when  land  has 
been  erroneously  sold  or  entered  so  that  the  sale  cannot  be 
confirmed,  but  the  same  does  not  extend  to  fraud  as  in  cases 
where  false  proof  has  been  made.  When  application  for  repay- 
ment is  made,  all  receipts,  patents,  etc.,  must  be  surrendered  and 
E roper  reconveyance  made.  The  repayment  may  be  made  to 
eirs,  executors,  or  assignees  purchasing  innocently.  When 
land  has  been  paid  for  at  $2.50  per  acre,  and  is  afterward  found 
to  have  been  on  the  market  at  $1.25,  the  excess  will  be  refunded. 

MINERAL  LANDS  are  reserved  for  sale  under  special 
laws.  Such  lands,  surveyed  or  unsurveyed,  are  open  to  explora- 
tion or  purchase  by  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  those  declar- 
ing their  purpose  to  become  such,  under  the  laws  and  according 
to  the  local  customs  of  miners  when  consistent  with  the  laws  of 
the  United  States. 

THE  LENGTH  OF  A  CLAIM  upon  a  lode  bearing  gold, 
silver,  cinnibar,  lead,  tin,  copper,  or  other  valuable  deposits, 
whether  located  by  one  or  more  persons,  is  limited  to  1,500  feet, 
and  the  claim  cannot  be  located  until  after  the  discovery  of  the 
vein  thereon.  No  claim  can  extend  more  than  300  feet  on  each 
side  of  the  middle  of  the  vein  at  the  surface,  nor  shall  it  be 
limited  by  mining  regulations  to  less  than  25  feet  on  each  side  of 
said  middle  at  the  surface.  The  end  lines  of  each  claim  must  be 
parallel.  To  such  locators  is  given  the  exclusive  right  of  posses- 


18  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

sion  and  enjoyment  of  all  the  surface  included  within  the  lines  of 
their  locations,  and  of  all  veins,  lodes  and  ledges  throughout 
their  entire  depth,  the  top  of  which  lies  inside  of  such  surface 
lines  extended  downward  vertically,  although  such  veins  may 
depart  from  a  perpendicular  in  their  course  downward  and  ex- 
tend outside  the  vertical  side-Mnes  of  such  surface  locations. 
But  their  right  of  possession  to  such  outside  parts  ol  such  veins 
or  ledges  shall  be  confined  to  such  portions  thereof  as  lie  between 
vertical  planes  drawn  downward  as  above  described,  thro  ugh  the 
end-lines  of  their  locations,  so  continued  in  their  own  direction 
that  such  planes  will  intersect  such  exterior  parts  of  such  veins 
or  ledges.  The  locator  or  possessor  of  a  vein  which  extends  in 
its  downward  course  beyond  the  vertical  lines  of  his  claim  is  not 
authorized  to  enter  upon  the  surface  of  a  claim  owned  or  pos- 
sessed by  another. 

Where  a  tunnel  is  run  for  the  development  of  a  vein,  or  for  the 
discovery  of  mines,  the  owners  of  such  tunnel  shall  have  the  right 
to  all  veins  within  3,000  feet  from  the  face  of  such  tunnel  on  the 
line  thereof,  not  previously  known  to  exist,  discovered  in  such 
tunnel,  to  the  same  extent  as  if  discovered  from  the  surface;  and 
locations  on  the  line  of  such  tunnel  of  veins  or  lodes  not  appear- 
ing on  the  surface,  made  by  other  parties  after  the  commence- 
ment of  the  tunnel,  and  while  the  same  is  being  prosecuted  with 
reasonable  diligence,  shall  be  invalid;  but  failure  to  prosecute 
the  work  on  the  tunnel  for  six  months  shall  be  considered  an 
abandonment  of  the  right  to  all  undiscovered  veins  on  the  line  of 
the  same. 

The  miners  of  each  mining-district  may  make  regulations  not  in 
conflict  with  the  laws  of  the  United  States  or  with  the  laws  of  the 
state  or  territory  in  which  the  district  is  situated,  governing  the 
location,  manner  of  recording,  amount  of  work  necessary  to  hold 
possession  of  a  mining-claim,  subject  to  the  following  require- 
ments: The  location  must  be  distinctly  marked  on  the  ground  so 
that  its  boundaries  can  be  clearly  traced;  on  each  claim  located  not 
less  than  $100  worth  of  worh  must  be  done  or  improvement  made 
each  year  until  patent  issues;  when  several  claims  are  held 
together  all  the  work  or  improvement  may  be  upon  one  of  them. 
Where  there  is  failure  to  meet  these  requirements  the  claim  is 
again  subject  to  location,  unless  work  be  begun  on  it  by  the 
original  locator  or  his  representatives  before  the  application  for 
new  location  is  made.  If  a  claim  is  owned  by  several  parties,  and 
one  or  more  fails  to  do  his  part,  he  may  be  given  ninety  days' 
notice,  when,  if  still  delinquent,  his  interest  passes  to  those  of  the 
partners  who  have  made  the  proper  improvement.  Upon  due 
application,  after  $500  worth  of  work  has  been  done  on  a  claim 
and  the  payment  of  $5  per  acre  therefor,  a  patent  to  the  land 
issues,  unless  there  have  been  adverse  claims,  when  the  matter 
will  be  adjudicated.  The  lines  of  a  claim  need  not  conform  with 
the  lines  of  a  congressional  survey. 

PLACER  CLAIMS  are  subject  to  entry  as  above,  but  when 
upon  surveyed  lands  must  conform  to  the  lines  thereof.  No 
placer  of  more  than  twenty  acres  for  each  individual  claimant 
can  be  entered  by  one  person  or  association,  and  the  rights  of  a 
previous  homesteader  or  pre-emptor  on  the  tract  are  respected. 
Legal  subdivisions  of  forty  acres  may  be  subdivided  into  ten-acre 
tracts,  and  holders  of  contiguous  claims  of  any  size  may  make 
joint  entry  thereof.  Where  such  person  or  association,  or  their 
grantors,  have  held  and  worked  their  claims  for  the  period  pre- 
scribed by  the  statute  of  limitations  for  mining  claims  of  the 
state  or  territory  where  the  same  may  be  situated,  evidence  of 
such  possession  and  working  of  the  claims  for  such  period  shall 
be  sufficient  to  establish  a  right  to  a  patent  thereto  in  the  absence 
of  any  adverse  claim:  but  nothing  in  this  chapter  shall  be  deemed 
to  impair  any  lien  which  may  have  attached  in  any  way  whatever 
to  any  mining  claim  or  property  prior  to  the  issuance  of  a  patent. 
Where  the  same  person,  association  or  corporation  is  in  posses- 
sion of  a  placer  claim,  and  also  a  vein  or  lode  included  within  the 
boundaries  thereof,  application  shall  be  made  for  a  patent  for  the 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  19 

placer-claim,  with  the  statement  that  it  includes  such  vein  or  lode, 
and  in  such  case  a  patent  shall  issue  for  the  placer-claim,  subject 
to  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  including  such  vein  or  lode, 
upon  the  payment  of  $5  per  acre  for  such  vein  or  lode  claim  and 
twenty-five  feet  of  surface  on  each  side  thereof.  The  remainder 
of  the  placer-claim,  or  any  placer-claim  not  embracing"  any  vein, 
or  lode  claim,  shall  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  $2.50  per  acre* 
together  with  all  costs  of  proceedings;  and  where  a  vein  is  known 
to  exist  within  the  boundaries  of  a  placer-claim,  an  application 
for  a  patent  for  such  placer-claim  which  does  not  include  an 
application  for  the  lode  claim  shall  be  construed  as  a  conclusive 
declaration  that  the  claimant  of  the  placer-claim  has  no  right  of 
possession  of  the  vein  or  lode  claim;  but  where  the  existence  of 
a  vein  or  lode  in  a  placer-claim  is  not  known  a  patent  for 
the  placer-claim  shall  convey  all  valuable  mineral  and  other  de- 
posits within  the  boundaries  thereof. 

The  expenses  of  the  survey  of  vein  or  lode  claims,  and  the 
survey  and  subdivisions  of  placer-claims  into  smaller  quantities" 
than  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  together  with  the  cost  of  pub- 
lication of  notices,  shall  be  paid  by  the  applicants,  and  they  shall 
be  at  liberty  to  obtain  the  same  at  the  most  reasonable  rates,  and 
they  shall  also  be  at  liberty  to  employ  any  United  States  deputy 
surveyor  to  make  the  survey.  The  Commissioner  of  the  General 
Land  Office  shall  also  have  power  to  establish  the  maximum 
charges  for  surveys  and  publication  of  notices  and  may  designate 
the  paper  for  publishing  such  notices  and  fix  the  charges  there- 
for. 

WHEN  TWO  OB  MORE  VEINS  INTERSECT  or  cross 
each  other,  the  prior  location  is  entitled  to  all  ore  contained  in 
the  intersection,  but  the  subsequent  locations  are  given  right  of 
way  through  the  space  of  intersection  for  working  their  mine 
beyond  said  space. 

WHEN  VEINS  TJNITE,  the  oldest  location  is  entitled  to 
the  vein  below  the  point  of  union,  including  all  space  of  inter* 
sections. 

WHEN  NON-MINERAL  LAND,  not  contiguous  to  the 
vein  is  used  by  the  proprietor  of  the  latter  for  mining  or  milling: 
purposes,  such  land  to  the  extent  of  5  acres,  may  be  embraced  in 
the  application  for  patent  on  the  vein,  and  patented  therewith  on 
the  same  conditions  and  at  the  same  price  governing  the  vein. 
The  owner  of  a  mill  or  reduction  works  not  owning  a  mine,  majr 
in  the  same  way  get  a  patent  for  his  null  site.  Whenever,  by  pri- 
ority of  possession,  rights  to  the  use  of  water  for  mining,  agricult- 
ural, manufacturing,  or  other  purposes,  have  vested  and 
accrued,  and  the  same  are  recognized  and  acknowledged  by  the 
local  customs,  laws,  and  the  decisions  of  courts,  the  possessors 
and  owners  of  the  same  are  maintained  and  protected  in  them; 
and  the  right  of  way  for  ditches  and  canals  for  the  purposes 
herein  specified  is  acknowledged  and  confirmed;  but  whenever 
any  person,  in  the  construction  of  any  ditch  or  canal,  injures  or 
damages  the  possession  of  any  settler  on  the  public  domain,  the 
party  committing  such  injury  or  damage  is  liable  to  the  party 
injured. 

THE  LAWS  ABOVE  GIVEN  DO  NOT  APPLY  to 
mineral  lands  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Missouri  and 
Kansas,  which  are  declared  free  and  open  to  exploration  and  pur- 
chase in  the  same  way  as  agricultural  lands. 

THE  REMOVAL  OF  TIMBER  from  public  lands  for 
inining,  building,  agricultural  and  domestic  purposes  is  per- 
mitted in  Colorado,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Utah,  Wyo- 
ming, Dakota,  Idaho  and  Montana,  and  in  all  other  mining  dis- 
tricts of  the  Union,  where  said  lands  are  mineral  and  subject  to 
entry  only  as  such,  but  this  privilege  does  not  extend  to  rail- 
roads. 

FEES  AND  CHARG-ES.  The  following:  rates  are  fixed  as 
the  maximum  charges  for  newspaper  publications :  in  a  daily,  $7 
for  each  ten  lines  of  space;  in  a  weekly,  $5  for  the  same  space. 

For  publication  of  citations  in  contests  involving  the  character 


20  THE    WESTERN   WOULD 

of  lands,  the  charges  shall  not  exceed  $8  for  five  publications  in 
weekly  papers,  or  $10  for  publications  in  dailies  for  30  days. 

The  fees  payable  to  the  register  and  receiver  for  filing  and 
acting  upon  applications  for  mineral-land  patents  are  $5  to  each, 
to  be  paid  at  the  time  of  filing,  and  the  like  sum  is  payable  to 
each  by  an  adverse  claimant  at  the  time  of  filing  his  adverse 
claim . 

COAli  LANDS.  Any  person  21  years  old,  and  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  or  who  has  declared  his  intention  to  become 
such,  or  any  association  of  persons  severally  qualified  as  above, 
can  enter  by  legal  subdivisions,  any  quantity  of  vacant  coal 
lands  not  otherwise  appropriated  or  reserved,  not  exceeding  160 
acres  to  each  person,  or  320  acres  to  each  association,  upon  pay- 
ment to  the  receiver  of  not  less  than  $10  per  acre  for  such  lands, 
where  the  same  shall  be  situated  more  than  15  miles  from  any 
completed  railroad,  and  not  less  than  $20  per  acre  for  such  lands 
as  shall  be  within  15  miles  of  such  road.  The  payment  to  be 
made  within  one  year  from  the  filing  of  the  claim. 

Any  person  or  association  of  persons  severally  qualified  as 
ibove,  who  have  opened  and  improved,  or  shall  hereafter  open 
nd  improve,  any  coal  mine  upon  public  land,  and  are  in  actual 
possession  aro  entitled  to  a  preference-right  of  entry  of  the 
mines  so  opened  and  improved:  Provided,  That  when  any  associa- 
tion of  not  less  than  four  persons,  shall  have  expended  not  less 
than  $5,000  in  working  and  improving  any  such  mine,  such  asso- 
ciation may  enter  not  exceeding  six  hundred  and  forty  acres,  in- 
cluding such  mining  improvements. 

All  claims  must  be  presented  to  the  register  of  the  proper 
land  district  within  sixty  days  after  the  date  of  actual  possession 
and  the  commencement  of  improvements  on  the  land,  by  the 
filing  of  a  declaratory  statement  therefor;  but  when  the  town- 
ship plat  is  not  on  file  at  the  date  of  such  improvement,  filing 
must  be  made  within  sixty  days  from  the  receipt  of  such  plat  at 
the  district  office. 

The  law  authorizes  but  one  entry  by  the  same  person  or  asso- 
ciation. i\o  association,  any  member  of  which  shall  have  taken 
the  benefit  of  this  law,  either  as  an  individual  or  as  a  member  of 
any  other  association,  can  enter  or  hold  any  other  lands ;  and  no 
member  of  any  association,  which  shall  have  taken  the  benefit 
of  this  law  can  enter  or  hold  any  other  land  under  its  provisions. 

In  case  of  conflicting  claims,  priority  of  possession  and  im- 
provement, followed  by  proper  filing  and  continued  good  faith, 
determines  the  preference-right  to  purchase. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


SYSTEMS  OF  SURVEYING. 

Two  systems  of  surveying  are  practiced  in  the  United  States, 
viz:  by  metes  and  bounds,  and  the  Congressional  township  sys- 
tem. 

BY  METES  AND  BOTJITDC  is  the  system  in  force  in  the 
older  states,  where  it  was  adopted  from  the  old  world  before  the 
Congressional  system  was  minted.  It  consists  simply  in  start- 
ing from  some  known  or  established  point  and  running  lines  by 
the  compass  to  other  established  points  or  given  distances, 
returning  eventually  to  the  point  of  starting  after  enclosing  the 
tract  surveyed. 

THE  CONGRESSIONAL  TOWNSHIP  SYSTEM  is  the 
reputed  invention  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  and  is  acknowledged  to 
be  the  best  known.  It  is  in  force  in  all  the  regions  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river  and  in  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  a  portion  of  Tennes- 
see. In  many  of  these,  however,  there  are  "grants,"  u loca- 
tions," etc.,  made  prior  to  the  adoption  of  the  Congressional 
system.  The  system  consists  in  first  establishing  what  is  called  a 
base  line,  running  east  and  west,  and  a  principal  meridian,  run- 
ning north  and  south,  and  both  fixed  by  passing  through  some 
determined  and  certain  point.  Parallel  with  these  lines  at  uni- 
form distances  of  six  miles  are  run  other  lines,  those  running 
east  and  west  being  called  town  lines,  and  those  running  north 
and  south,  range  lines.  These  lines  of  course  divide  the  district 
into  sections  six  miles  square,  which  are  called  townships.  The 
location  of  a  township  is  determined  by  the  number  of  its  towns 
north  or  south,  that  is,  by  the  number  of  town  lines  it  is  north  or 
south  of  the  base  line,  which  is  always  counted  as  one  town  line, 
and  by  its  range  east  or  west,  that  is,  by  the  number  of  range 
lines  it  is  east  or  west  of  the  principal  meridian,  which  is  always 
counted  as  one  range  line.  For  instance  a  township  beginning  18 
miles  north  of  a  base  line,  and  30  miles  west  of  a  principal  merid- 
ian, would  be  described  as  town  4,  north,  range  6,  west.  The 
townships  are  divided  into  36  sections,  each  1  mile  square,  and 
containing  640  acres,  as  shown  in  the  diagram,  thus: 


6 

5 

4. 

3 

2 

1 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

The  sections  are,  as  a  rule,  numbered  from  1  to  36,  as  shown  in 
the  diagram,  beginning  at  the  northeast  corner  of  the  township 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


and  running  back  and  forth;  but  in  a  few  states  this  method  of 
cumbering  is  departed  from  slightly.  The  sections  are  divided 
into  quarter  sections,  each  a  half  mile  square  and  containing  160 
acres,  and  these  in  turn  are  divided  into  four  quarters,  each  of 
which  is  1*5  of  a  section,  M  mile  square,  and  contains  40  acres. 
Both  quarters  and  sixteenths  of  a  section  are  named  by  the 
points  of  the  compass.  The  method  of  division  is  shown  in  the 


Thus,  the  division  marked  as  the  N. 
E.  H  represents  160  acres;  division  marked 
W.  >£  of  the  N.  W.  J4  represents  afcacres, 
and  the  divisions  marked  N.  E.  %of  the 
N.  W.  J4  represents  40  acres.     Sections 
frequently  exceed  or  fall  short  of  the 
prescribed  640  acres.    They  are  most  fre- 
quently excessive  on  the  west  border  of 
Si  township.     Such   descriptions   as   the 
.above  are  sufficient  in  deeds,  the  number 
0i  section,  town  and  range  being  given. 

W:H 

SM 

N.E.M 

TO 

«.« 

LOCAL  MINING  LAWS. 


The  Pacific  States,  the  Territories  and  Colorado,  have  all  local 
laws  regulating,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  mining  claims  and 
operations  within  their  borders.  They  make  such  laws  at  dis- 
cretion, provided  they  do  not  conflict  with  the  Federal  laws,  in 
which  case  they  are  void. 

ARIZONA  has  no  important  local  laws.  Recording  claims 
is  charged  for  at  $1  for  first  100  words,  and  20  cents  for  each 
additional  100. 

CALIFORNIA.  Use  of  running  water  is  acquired  by  appro- 
priation, and  same  may  be  diverted  or  place  of  diversion  changed, 
and  ditches,  flumes,  aqueducts,  etc.,  extended  if  no  injury  is  done 
others  by  the  change.  Priority  of  use  gives  priority  of  right.  No- 
tice of  appropriation  must  be  posted  at  point  of  diversion,  setting 
forth  the  number  of  inches  claimed  at  4  inches  pressure,  the  uses 
and  places  thereof  and  the  means  of  diversion  and  size  of  same, 
and  within  10  days  after  posting  a  copy  of  the  notice  must  be 
recorded  in  the  county  recorder's  office,  and  work  be  begun  in 
60  days,  and  prosecuted  continuously.  California  school  lands, 
which  include  sections  16  and  32  in  each  township,  where  mineral, 
are  purchasable,  after  proper  affidavit  describing  the  land  and 
setting  forth  the  desire  to  buy,  the  occupation  of  but  40  acres  by 
the  applicant  and  the  absence  of  other  occupants,  or  that  the 
township  plat  has  been  filed  over  six  months,  and  the  adverse 
occupation  has  existed  longer  than  that  period,  at  $2.50  per  acre. 
Occupants  making  application  to  buy  within  six  months  after 
the  filing  of  the  township  plat  are  preferred. 

COLORADO.  Counties  have  power  to  fix  the  width  of  mining 
claims  within  the  limits  prescribed  by  Congress.  Where  not  so 
fixed,  the  width  is  150  feet  on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  vein. 
In  Gilpin,  Clear  Creek,  Boulder  and  Summit  counties  it  is  75  feet 
on  each  side  of  the  vein.  A  certificate  of  location,  containing 
names  of  locators  and  vein,  date  of  location,  number  of  feet 
claimed  and  general  course  of  the  vein,  must  be  recorded  with 
the  county  recorder  in  3  months  after  the  discovery  of  the  lode. 
The  claim  must  be  located  by  sinking  within  60  days,  a  discovery 
shaft  or  tunnel  10  or  more  feet  deep,  to  show  a  defined  crevice, 
by  posting  on  the  surface  of  the  claim  a  notice  of  the  name  and 
date  of  finding  of  the  lode,  and  name  of  locator,  and  by  mark- 
ing the  surface  boundaries  by  six  squared  posts  at  each  corner 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  23 

and  in  the  middle  of  the  sides.  Lodes  dipping  beyond  the  sides 
of  a  claim  are  covered  by  the  same,  but  if  they  dip  beyond  the 
vertical  extensions  of  the  ends  they  are  not  covered .  Right  of 
way  is  given,  where  opposition  is  made  by  condemnation,  over 
other  claims  for  ditches,  tramways,  pack  trails,  etc.  A  defective 
location  may  be  relocated  if  no  other  rights  have  arisen.  This 
requires  a  new  shaft  or  tunnel,  or  an  extension  of  the  old  one  10 
feet  deeper.  But  one  location  caii  be  covered  by  a  location  cer- 
tificate. Placer  claims  must  be  recorded,  describing  same  by 
permanent  monuments  in  same  way  as  lode  claims.  Improve- 
ments must  be  made  in  the  proportion  of  $100  to  160  acres  of 
claim.  Penalties  are  provided  for  destroying  landmarks  of 
claims,  for  buying  stolen  ore,  etc.  Where  mines  drain  in  com- 
mon, either  owner  may  drain  after  notice  to  the  other  to  share 
expense.  The  washing  of  tailings  from  a  sluice  onto  the  claim 
of  another  is  forbidden.  Title  under  United  States  law  is  not 
affected  by  state  laws. 

DAKOTA.— Discoveries  of  lodes  must  be  recorded  within  20 
days.  Provisions  and  measurements  for  location  same  as  in  Col- 
orado, except  that  8  posts  are  required,  one  in  the  middle  of 
each  end.  Discovery  shaft  must  be  dug  within  30  days. 

IDAHO.— Liens  on  mines  for  labor  and  material,  good  if  filed 
within  60  days,  or  where  work  is  done  under  a  sub-contractor  by 
notifying1  owner  within  30  days,  and  tiling  within  40  days. 

MONTANA.— Statement  in  accordance  with  United  States 
law  must  be  filed  within  20  days  after  discovery,  at  the  office  of 
the  county  recorder,  a  vein  with  one  defined  wall  having  previ- 
ously been  discovered.  Claims  may  be  limited  to  25  feet  on  each 
side  of  the  middle  of  the  lode,  or  may  extend  300  feet  on  each 
Side. 

NEVADA.— Laws  relate  principally  to  recording  and  are  un- 
important. United  States  laws  govern. 

NEW  MEXICO.— Record  of  locations  must  be  made  in  3 
months  after  posting  notice  of  claim.  Vacant  unsurveyed  coal 
lands  may  be  taken  under  United  States  statute. 


GROUNDS  FOR  DIVORCE. 

In  addition  to  adultery  and  impotency— which  are  common 
grounds  for  divorce  in  pretty  much  all  the  states  and  territories 
—the  following  are  the  principal  recognized  causes,  though  others 
of  a  less  general  nature  exist,  including  many  discretionary  with 
the  courts. 

ALABAMA..— Desertion  two  years;  imprisonment  two  years, 
the  sentence  being  seven  years  or  more;  crime  against  nature, 
drunkenness  of  husband  before  marriage,  if  concealed;  preg- 
nancy of  wife  at  marriage,  if  unknown  to  the  husband,  and  for 
cruelty  of  husband. 

ARIZONA.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  conviction  of 
felony  after  marriage,  habitual  intemperance,  fraud  or  forced 
consent  of  either  party  to  the  marriage . 

ARKANSAS.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  habitual  drunk- 
enness for  one  year,  conviction  of  felony  or  infamous  crime. 

CALIFORNIA.— Desertion  or  neglect  one  year,  cruelty, 
drunkenness  one  year,  and  conviction  of  felony. 

COLORADO. —Desertion  one  year,  want  of  support  one 
year,  husband  being  in  good  health,  cruelty,  drunkenness  one 
year,  conviction  of  infamous  crime. 

CONNECTICUT.— Willful  desertion  three  years,  or  seven 
years'  absence,  drunkenness,  cruelty,  conviction  of  infamous 
crime. 

DAKOTA.— Cruelty,  desertion,  drunkenness  or  neglect  tor 
one  year;  conviction  for  felony. 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD 


DELAWARE.— Desertion  three  years,  drunkenness,  cruelty, 
and  conviction  for  felony,  neglect  to  provide  for  support  of  yrite 
for  three  years. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  —  Desertion  three  years, 
cruelty. 

FLORIDA.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty  and  drunkenness. 
Applicant  must  have  resided  in  state  two  years  previous  to  ap- 
plication. 

G-EORGT  A  .—Desertion  three  years,  imprisonment  two  years 
or  longer,  cruelty,  drunkenness,  pregnancy  of  wife  at  marriage 
if  unknown  to  husband. 

IDAHO.— Desertion  one  year,  failure  to  provide  two  years, 
husband  having  ability— cruelty  or  drunkenness  and  conviction 
of  felony,  when  the  sentence  is  two  years'  imprisonment  or  more. 

ILLINOIS.— Desertion  or  drunkenness  for  two  years,cruelty, 
attempt  on  life,  and  conviction  of  infamous  crime. 

INDIANA.— Desertion  two  years,  drunkenness,  cruelty, 
failure  to  provide  for  family  for  two  years,  and  conviction  of 
infamous  crime. 

IOWA.— Desertion  two  years,  cruelty,  drunkenness,  convic- 
tion of  felony,  pregnancy  of  wife  at  marriage  by  another  than 
husband,  unless  husband  has  illegitimate  child  unknown  to  wife. 

KANSAS.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness  neg- 
lect, conviction  of  felony,  or  pregnancy  of  wife  by  another 

KENTUCKY.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness, 
conviction  of  felony,  loathsome  disease,  pregnancy  of  wife  by 
another,  and  union  with  religious  society  requiring  renunciation 
of  marriage. 

LOUISIANA.— Conviction  of  felony,  and  after  one  year 
after  decree  of  separation  for  desertion,  drunkenness  excess 
cruelty  and  attempt  on  life. 

M&INE.— Desertion  three  years,  cruelty,  or  if  the  judge 
deems  it  reasonable  and  proper,  conducive  to  domestic  harmony 
consistent  with  the  peace  and  morality  of  society. 

MARYLAND.— Desertion  three  years  and  fonifircation  of 
wife  before  marriage,  Feparation  for  cruelty. 

MASSACHUSETTS.— Desertion  three  years,  drunkenness, 
cruelty,  neglect  to  provide  if  able;  uniting  with  religious  society 
believing  the  marriage  relation  unlawful,  and  sentence  to  im- 
prisonment for  five  years. 

MICHIGAN.— Desertion  two  years,  cruelty,  neglect  to  pro- 
vide if  able,  and  sentence  to  imprisonment  for  three  years. 

MINNESOTA.— Desertion  three  years,  cruelty,  drunken- 
ness one  year,  sentence  to  imprisonment,  separation  for  neglect 
to  provide. 

MISSISSIPPI.— Desertion  two  years,  cruelty,  drunkenness, 
and  sentence  to  penitentiary. 

MISSOURI.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness, 
vagrancy  of  husband,  conviction  of  infamous  crime  before  or 
after  marriage,  pregnancy  of  wife  at  marriage  without  husband's 
knowledge. 

NEBRASKA.— Desertion  two  years,  cruelty,  drunkenness, 
sentence  to  imprisonment  for  three  years  or  more,  failure  of 
husband  to  provide. 

NEVADA.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness,  con- 
viction of  infamous  crime,  neglect  to  provide  for  one  year  if  not 
unavoidable. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.— Desertion  or  absence  three  years, 
cruelty, 'drunken ness  three  years,  sentence  to  imprisonment  for 
one  year  or  more,  joining  religious  society  believing  marriage 
unlawful. 

NEW  JERSEY.— Desertion  three  years,  separation  for 
cruelty. 

NEW  MEXICO.— Desertion,  cruelty. 

NEW  YORK.— Separation  for  desertion  and  cruelty;  remar- 
riage is  not  allowed  the  guilty  party  divorced  for  adultery. 

NORTH   CAROLINA.— Pregnancy   of   wife   at  marriage 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  25 

without  husband's  knowledge;  separation  for  desertion,  cruelty 
and  drunkenness. 

OHIO.— Desertion  three  years,  cruelty,  drunkenness  three 
years,  imprisonment  in  penitentiary. 

OREGON.—  Desertion  three  years,  cruelty,  drunkenness  two 
years,  conviction  of  felony. 

PENNSYLVANIA.— Desertion  two  years,  cruelty,seritence 
for  felony  for  two  years. 

RHODE  ISLAND.— Desertion  five  years,  or  at  discretion  of 
court ;  cruelty,  drunkenness,  neglect  to  provide,  and  civil  death. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.—  All  laws  permitting  divorce  for  any 
cause  are  repealed. 

TENNESSEE.— Desertion  two  years,  drunkenness,  attempt 
on  life,  conviction  of  infamous  crime,  pregnacy  of  wife  at  mar- 
riage without  husband's  knowledge. 

TEXAS.— Desertion  three  years,  cruelty,  confinement  in 
state  prison  after  one  year. 

UTAH.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness,  neglect 
to  provide. 

VERMONT.— Desertion  three  years,  or  absence  seven  years; 
cruelty,  neglect  to  provide ;  sentence  to  three  years  or  more  in 
state  prison. 

VIRGINIA.  —Desertion  five  years ;  conviction  of  infamous 
crime  after  or  before  marriage,  if  without  knowledge  of  the 
other ;  prostitution,  or  pregnancy  of  wife  before  marriage  with- 
out knowledge  of  husband ;  separation  for  desertion  and  cruelty. 

"WEST  VIRGINIA.— Desertion  three  years;  sentence  to 
confinement  in  penitentiary  before  or  after  marriage;  pregnancy 
or  prostitution  of  wife  before  marriage  without  knowledge ; 
separation  for  cruelty  and  drunkenness. 

WISCONSIN.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness 
sentence  to  three  years'  imprisonment  or  more. 

Desertion  must  be  willful  and  continuing  at  the  time  of  the 
petition  for  divorce.  Cruelty  must  be  extreme,  or  dangerous, 
or  barbarous,  or  inhuman.  Drunkenness  must  sometimes  have 
been  contracted  after  the  marriage.  Its  sufficiency  is  weakened 
as  a  cause  if  not. 

A  divorce  in  one  state  is  good  in  all  others.  The  time  that 
one  must  live  in  the  state  to  be  entitled  to  a  divorce  varies, 
though  it  is  usually  one  year.  Fraud  vitiates  divorces  as  every- 
thing else. 


THE  WESTERN   WOKLD 


LAW  OF  PATENTS. 

EVERY  PERSON  IS  ENTITLED  TO  A  PATENT 

who  invents  or  discovers  any  new  and  useiul  device,  art,  process, 
manufacture,  machine  or  composition  of  matter,  or  any  new  and 
useful  re-arrangement  of  parts,  or  improvement  or  application 
thereof,  or  any  new  and  original  design  for  manufacture,  tor 
work  in  art,  for  printing  upon  fabrics,  for  painting,  casting  or  to 
be  worked  into  any  manufacture,  or  any  new  and  useful  shape  or 
configuration  of  any  article  of  manufacture  upon  proper  appli- 
cation and  proceeding,  and  after  payment.of  the  fees  established 
by  law,  provided  the  article,  etc.,  patented  has  not  been  known 
or  used  by  others  in  this  country,  or  patented  or  described  in  any 
printed  publication  in  any  country  before  the  invention  or  dis- 
covery thereof  by  the  applicant,  and  provided  the  same  has  not 
been  in  public  use  or  on  sale  for  more  than  two  years  prior  to  the 
application  for  patent,  unless  proof  of  the  abandonment  of  the 
same  is  made.  Citizenship  is  not  necessary  to  entitle  an  inventor 
to  a  patent. 

THE  APPLICATION  must  be  made  in  writing  in  the 
English  language  to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  and  ihould 
comprise  petition,  specifications,  oath  and  drawings,  and  when  re- 
quired a  model  or  specimen  and  the  first  fee  of  $15.  Until  all  the 
parts  of  the  application,  except  the  model  or  specimen,  are  re- 
ceived, it  will  not  be  put  on  file,  and  applications  signed  or  sworn 
to  in  blank,  or  without  actual  inspection  of  the  petition  and 
specifications,  or  altered  or  partially  filled  up  after  being  signed 
or  sworn  to,  are  stricken  from  the  files  if  the  irregularity  is  dis- 
covered before  delivery  of  the  patent.  All  applications  for  each 
year  are  numbered,  and  the  applicant  informed  of  the  serial  num- 
ber of  his  complete  application.  The  application  must  be  com- 
plete for  examination  within  two  years  after  filing  the  petition, 
or  it  will  be  considered  abandoned  unless  the  delay  be  shown  to 
be  unavoidable.  It  is  best  to  file  all  the  parts  of  an  application 
together.  Where  this  is  not  done  a  letter  should  accompany  each 
part  setting  forth  its  connection  with  the  others. 

THE  PETITION  is  a  written  request  to  the  Commissioner 
of  Patents  for  a  patent.  It  must  be  signed  by  the  applicant  and 
set  forth  his  address  and  the  name  of  his  invention,  and  refer  to 
the  specification  for  full  disclosures  concerning  the  same. 

THE  SPECIFICATION  is  a  written  description  of  the  in- 
vention or  discovery,  and  the  method  of  making,  constructing, 
compounding  and  using  the  same.  It  must  be  full,  clear,  con- 
cise and  exact,  so  that  any  one  with  skill  in  the  art  or  science  to 
which  the  invention  pertains  may  create  and  use  the  same.  It 
should  set  forth  the  name  and  residence  of  the  applicant,  the 
name,  object  and  nature  of  the  invention,  a  brief  description  of 
the  drawings,  indicating  what  each  represents,  a  description  in 
detail  of  the  invention  and  the  manner  of  constructing,  prac- 
ticing, operating  or  using  it,  the  specific  claims  of  tho  inventor  as 
to  what  his  invention  is,  his  signature  and  the  signatures  of  two 
witnesses,  full  names  being  given.  All  descriptions  must  be  pre- 
cise, and  must  refer  to  the  different  drawings  when  there  are  such 
by  figures,  and  the  various  parts  thereof  by  letters  or  figures,  or 
both.  When  the  claim  is  for  improvement  only  the  part  to  which 
the  improvement  relates  must  be  designated,  and  the  improve- 
ment explicitly  distinguished  from  what  is  old.  Drawings  in 
such  cases  need  only  show  so  much  as  is  necessary  to  an  under- 
standing of  the  application,  operation,  etc  ,  of  the  specific  im- 
provement. In  original  applications  the  applicant  must  state 
under  oath  whether  the  invention  has  been  patented  to  himself 
or  others  with  his  consent  or  knowledge  iu  any  country,  and  if 
so,  the  countries,  date  and  number  of  each  patent,  and  that  it 


GUIDE  AND   HAXD-BQOK.  27 

has  been  patented  in  no  other  country  than  those  given,  and  that 
it  has  not,  according  to  his  knowledge  and  belief,  been  in  public 
use  in  the  United  States  for  more  than  two  years  prior  to  his  ap- 
plication in  this  country.  Two  or  more  independent  inventions 
cannot  be  claimed  in  one  application,  but  when  inventions  de- 
pend upon  each  other  and  contribute  mutually  to  a  single  result, 
they  can  be  claimed  in  one  application.  When  an  inventor  claims 
several  inventions  determined  to  be  independent  of  each  other, 
he  must  limit  his  specification  of  the  pending-  application  to  one 
of  them,  and  file  separate  applications  on  the  others  as  in  orig- 
inal applications.  When  two  or  more  applications  are  made  re- 
lating to  the  same  subject  matter  of  invention,  all  showing,  but 
only  one  claiming,  the  same  thing,  those  not  claiming  must  con- 
tain disclaimers  thereof,  with  reference  to  the  application  claim- 
ing it.  All  specifications  must  be  clearly  written  on  one  side  of 
paper  with  a  wide  margin  to  the  left. 

THE  OATH  must  declare  that  the  applicant  verily  believes 
himself  to  be  the  original  inventor  or  discoverer  of  the  article 
for  which  patent  is  sought;  that  he  does  not  know  or  believe 
that  the  same  has  ever  been  used  or  known,  and  of  what  country 
he  is  a  citizen  or  resident.  In  reissue  cases  the  oath  must  declare 
the  belief  of  the  applicant  that  the  original  patent  was  invalid  or 
inoperative  because  of  defective  or  insufficient  specifications,  or 
of  excessive  claim  regarding  what  is  new,  and  that  the  error  was 
the  result  of  accident,  mistake  or  inadvertence,  and  without 
fraudulent  intent  to  deceive.  Oaths  by  administrators,  etc.,  are 
changed  to  meet  the  different  case,  but  correspond  in  tenor. 
The  oath  may  be  made  before  anybody  authorized  by  law  to 
administer  oaths.  Where  a  claim  not  embraced  in  the  original 
application  is  sought  to  be  introduced,  a  supplemental  oath  on 
the  same  paper  as  the  proposed  amendment  is  required,  setting 
forth  that  the  said  amendment  was  part  of  his  invention,  and 
invented  before  the  filing  of  his  original  application. 

THE  DRAWINGS  are  required  when  the  nature  of  the  in- 
vention admits  them.  They  must  be  signed  by  the  inventor  or  his 
attorney  and  by  two  witnesses,  and  must  exhibit  every  feature 
of  the  invention,  and  when  connected  with  some  previous  de- 
vice, its  connection  with  or  application  thereto.  Three  sets  of  pat- 
ent drawings  are  published,  one  6x9^  inches  for  office  use, certified 
copies,  etc.;  one  a  quarter  the  size  for  illustrating  the  volume 
sent  to  courts,  and  a  small  one  for  the  Official  Gazette.  All 
drawings  should  be  well  executed,  and  must  be  on  pure  white 
paper  of  the  thickness  of  three  sheet  Bristol  board,  with  smooth 
surface,  and  drawn  in  India  ink,  and  with  pen  only.  The  size 
of  the  sheets  must  be  exactly  10x15  inches,  and  one  inch  from 
the  edges  a  single  marginal  line  must  be  drawn,  and  within  these 
margins  all  signatures  and  drawings  must  be  included.  A  space 
at  the  top  of  each  page  of  not  less  than  1*4  inches  must  be  left 
for  the  title,  name,  number  and  date.  This  top  must  be  one  of 
the  shorter  sides  of  the  page.  All  lines  must  be  clean,  clear  and 
solid,  and  not  too  fine  or  crowded.  Surface  shading  should  be 
open;  sectional  shading  should  be  by  oblique  parallel  lines  about 
1-30  inch  apart.  As  few  lines  as  possible  should  be  used.  Letters 
and  figures  of  reference  must  be  carefully  formed,  and  should 
avoid  mingling  with  the  lines  of  the  drawing  and  be  of  sufficient 
size  to  bear  reduction  to  ^  their  size.  Drawings  must  be  signed 
by  the  inventor  at  the  lower  right,  and  by  witnesses  at  the 
lower  left  hand  corner  of  the  sheet.  The  title  should  be  written 
in  pencil  on  the  back,  and  is  inserted  by  the  officials  in  uniform 
style.  When  drawings  are  so  long  as  to  require  to  go  on  the 
sheet  lengthwise,  the  top  is  kept  to  the  right  with  signatures  at 
left.  All  views  on  a  sheet  must  stand  in  the  same  direction. 
Drawings  should  be  rolled,  not  folded,  for  sending  to  the  office, 
and  no  stamp,  advertisement  or  address  will  be  permitted  on  the 
face  of  a  drawing.  Reissue  applications  must  be  accompanied 
by  new  drawing  the  same  as  in  original  applications,  and  the 
inventor's  name  must  appear  upon  them  when  granted  after 


28  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

July  8, 1870,  and  the  drawings  must  be  upon  the  same  scale  as  the 
original  ones,  or  larger,  unless  otherwise  especially  authorized 
by  the  Commissioner.  All  lines  of  drawings  must  be  black,  and 
the  scale  must  be  large  enough  to  show  the  mechanism  without 
crowding.  More  than  one  sheet  can  be  used  when  necessary,  but 
this  should  be  avoided.  Drawings  not  well  executed  and  in  con- 
formity with  the  foregoing  will  be  returned  to  the  applicant,  or 
if  he  prefer,  the  department  will  make  the  proper  corrections. 
The  office  will  also  make  drawings,  at  cost,  as  rapidly  as  possible 
when  so  desired,  when  the  applicant  cannot  otherwise  conven- 
iently get  them. 

MODELS  are  not  required  or  admitted  unless  found  to  be 
necessary  or  useful  by  the  primary  examiner,  and  a  written 
statement  to  that  effect  is  filed  by  him.  When  required  the 
examination  is  suspended  till  the  model  is  furnished.  Appeals 
can  be  made  from  the  decision  of  the  primary  examiner  to  the 
Commissioner.  The  model  should  clearly  exhibit  every  feature 
of  the  machine,  but  should  include  as  little  not  pertinent  to  the 
invention  as  possible,  unless  a  working  model  be  desirable.  It 
must  be  neatly  made,  substantial  and  durable,  metal  being  the 
material  preferred;  but  if  the  invention  has  essentially  to  do 
with  a  material,  it  must  be  of  that  material.  It  must  not 
exceed  a  foot  in  any  of  its  dimensions,  except  by  especial  per- 
mission. If  made  of  wood,  it  must  be  painted  or  varnished,  and 
glue  must  not  be  used,  it  being  desired  that  the  connection  of 
the  parts  be  capable  of  resisting  heat  and  moisture.  The  name 
of  the  inventor  should  be  permanently  fixed  on  the  model.  Ap^ 
plications  will  not  be  examined  where  a  model  is  necessary  until 
a  proper  one  is  furnished.  Unless  for  especial  reasons,  models 
are  subject  to  the  removal  of  the  applicant  when  the  application 
has  been  rejected  more  than  two  years,  and  upon  the  filing  of  a 
formal  abandonment  of  an  application,  signed  by  the  applicant 
in  person,  before  two  years  have  expired,  the  model  may  be 
returned.  Models  belonging  to  patented  cases  are  permitted  to 
leave  the  office  only  in  charge  of  a  sworn  employe  especially 
authorized  by  the  Commissioner,  with  the  written  approval  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  Models  in  contested  cases  may  be 
returned  to  the  applicants,  and  when  not  claimed  in  a  reasonable 
time  may  be  disposed  of  at  the  discretion  of  the  claimant. 
Models  not  required  are  returned. 

SPECIMENS.— When  a  patent  is  sought  upon  some  form  or 
composition  of  matter,  specimens  of  it  and  its  ingredients  are 
required  in  sufficient  quantity  for  experiment  and  preservation 
where  not  perishable. 

EXAMINATIONS  are  made  in  regular  order,  all  applica- 
tions being  classified.  Inventions  esteemed  important  to  the 
public  service  may  be  taken  up  out  of  their  order  at  the  request 
of  any  head  of  department  of  the  government. 

REJECTIONS,  ETC.— Applicants  are  notified  of  rejections, 
and  the  reasons  for  the  same  fully  and  exactly  given,  with  such 
information  and  references  as  may  enable  him  to  judge  of  the 
advisability  of  further  prosecuting  his  application,  or  of  chang- 
ing his  specifications.  If  he  persist  with  or  without  changing  the 
specifications  the  case  will  be  re-examined,  and  if  again  rejected, 
the  reasons  therefor  will  be  again  fully  given.  Notice  of  ad- 
verse decisions  on  preliminary  or  intermediate  questions  without 
rejection  of  any  claim  is  also  given  to  applicant  with  reasons, 
and  if  he  dispute  the  propriety  of  such  decision  it  will  be  recon- 
sidered. 

AMENDMENTS  may  be  made  before  or  after  the  first  re- 
jection, and  as  often  as  new  reasons  for  rejection  are  offered. 
In  case  of  such  amendments  the  applicant  must  clearly  show  all 
patentable  points  which  the  invention  presents  in  view  of  the 
references  cited  or  objections  made,  and  must  point  out  how  the 
amendments  cover  such  objections  or, references.  The  right  to 
jimend  is  usually  denied  when  such  action  has  been  taken  on  all 
claims  as  entitle  the  applicant  to  an  appeal  to  the  Board  of  Ex- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  29 

aminers  in  Chief.  Good  reasons  for  presenting  subsequent 
amendments  must  be  shown  as  well  as  reasons  for  not  making 
them  earlier.  If  consideration  of  them  is  refused,  an  appeal  to 
the  Commissioner  may  be  made,  the  error  of  the  Examiner  being 
specifically  pointed  out.  Amendments  for  inaccuracy  and  cler- 
ical faults  may  be  made  or  required.  Nothing  not  a  part  of  the 
original  invention  can  be  covered  by  an  amendment.  The  appli- 
cation once  complete,  the  specifications  will  not  be  returned 
under  any  conditions,  but  copies  will  be  furnished  at  a  fixed 
charge. 

DESIG-NS  are  patental?1^  by  citizens  or  aliens,  after  proceed- 
ings as  in  inventions  and  payment  of  dues,  for  3^,  7  or  14  years,  as 
may  be  desired  by  the  applicant.  The  specification  must  exhibit 
the  name  and  residence  of  the  applicant,  name  of  design  and 
article  for  which  it  is  created,  description  of  the  design  as  it  ap- 
pears in  the  drawing,  using  letters  and  figures  to  indicate  the  parts, 
claims  and  signatures  of  inventor  and  two  witnesses.  A  model 
may  be  required  if  a  drawing  or  photograph  does  not  sufficiently 
represent  it.  The  drawings  and  photographs  must  conform  to 
the  requirements  in  the  case  of  inventions,  but  where  photographs 
are  used,  10  extra  copies  must  be  furnished. 

IF  AN  INVENTOR  DIE,  application  may  in  all  cases  be 
made  by  his  legal  representatives,  and  patent  will  issue  to  them 
for  the  benefit  of  his  estate. 

IF  AN  INVENTOR  BELIEVED  in  good  faith,  at  the  time 
of  making  application,  that  he  was  the  originator  of  the  article, 
compound,  design  or  improvement,  etc.,  he  may  receive  a  patent, 
even  though,  without  his  knowledge,  the  invention  was  or  had 
been  in  use  in  foreign  countries  prior  to  his  invention,  provided 
it  had  not  been  patented  or  described  in  any  printed  publication. 

JOINT  INVENTORS  receive  joint  patents ;  neither  can  ob- 
tain a  separate  one.  Inventors  of  different  parts  of  a  device  or 
different  improvements  therein  cannot,  when  independent  of 
each  other,  get  a  joint  patent.  If  one  party  furnish  the  capital 
and  another  make  the  invention  a  joint  application  cannot  be 
made,  but  the  patent  may  issue  to  them  jointly  or  to  either  if 
proper  assignment  be  mude 

PATENTS  FROM  FOREIGN  GOVERNMENTS  are 
not  an  obstacle  to  the  acquirement  of  a  patent  by  the  inventor  in 
the  United  States,  unless  the  invention  has  been  in  public  use  in 
this  country  for  more  than  two  years  prior  to  the  application, 
but  such  patent  will  expire  at  the  time  the  foreign  patent,  having 
the  shortest  life,  expires.  No  patent  will  remain  in  force  more 
than  17  years. 

RE-ISSUE  is  granted  to  the  holders  of  the  original  patent 
when  the  same  is  inoperative  through  defect  of  any  kind  arising 
from  accidental  or  other  causes,  free  from  fraud  or  intention  to 
deceive.  In  case  of  patents  dated  prior  to  July  8th,  1870,  the  ap- 
plication can  be  made  by  the  assignees,  but  in  patents  junior  to 
that  date  the  application  must  be  made  and  specification  sworn 
to  by  the  inventors,  if.  living.  The  application  must  be  accom- 
panied by  an  abstract  showing  the  complete  chain  of  title,  and  if 
made  by  the  inventor,  when  assigned,  by  a  written  consent  from 
the  owners ;  by  a  statement  of  defects  or  insufficiencies  in  the 
original  specification  which  render  the  patent  inoperative,  and 
pointing  out  such  claims  as  were  in  excess  of  the  rights  of  the  in- 
ventor ;  by  a  statement  explanatory  of  how  such  errors  came  to 
be  made  and  by  an  oath  that  the  errors  were  not  made  with 
fraudulent  intent.  If  the  examiner  declare  the  statement  insuffi- 
cient, an  appeal  lies  to  the  Commissioner.  New  matter  cannot  be 
introduced  into  the  re-issue  specifications,  nor  can  the  model  or 
drawings  be  amended  except  each  by  the  other.  When  there  is 
neither  model  or  drawing,  amendment  may  be  made  upon  satis- 
factory proof  that  the  matter  offered  was  a  part  of  the  original 
invention  and  omitted  by  inadvertence,  accident  or  error.  Several 
patents  may  issue  for  separate  parts  of  the  device  patented,  if  so 
requested  by  the  patentee,  a  fee  being  charged  for  each.  Each 


30  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

division  so  made  forms  a  subject  of  separate  specification  of  the 
part  or  parts  claimed  therein,  and  the  drawings  or  model  should 
represent  only  such  portion.  Unless  otherwise  directed  by  the 
commissioner  all  such  divisions  of  a  re-issue  issue  at  the  same  time, 
and  delay  or  controversy  in  one  will  delay  all.  An  original  claim 
reproduced  in  the  amended  specification  is  subject  to  re-examin- 
ation, and  the  application  to  revision  and  restriction  as  in  original 
cases.  The  application  for  re-issue  must  be  accompanied  by  a 
surrender  of  the  original  patent  or  an  affidavit  of  its  loss  and  a  cer- 
tified copy.  If  re-issue  is  denied  the  original  will  be  returned. 
Any  points  which  might  have  legitimately  been  claimed  in  the 
original  patent,  but  were  neglected  without  fraudulent  intention, 
may  be  covered  by  a  re-issue,  but  cannot  be  made  the  subject  of  a 
separate  patent. 

PRIORITY  OF  INVENTION  between  different  claimants 
to  an  invention  is  determined  by  proceedings  termed  interference, 
and  is  not  barred  by  the  issue  of  a  patent.  It  may  arise  between 
original  applicants,  original  applicants  and  holders  of  patent  in 
force,  original  applicants  and  applicants  for  re-issue,  two  or  more 
applicants  for  re-issue,  a  re-issue  applicant  and  unexpired  patent 
and  re-issue  applicants  of  unexpired  patents. 

THE  PATENT  issues  when  on  due  examination  it  appears 
that  the  applicant  is  entitled  to  one.  He  is  notified  of  the  allow- 
ance prior  to  the  issue,  and  must  remit  the  final  fee,  when  the 
patent  will  be  delivered  or  mailed  to  him  on  date  of  issue  or  to 
his  attorney,  as  the  latter  may  direct,  but  to  no  one  else  unless 
especially  requested.  When  the  fee  is  paid  and  date  and  number 
given  the  case,  a  withdrawal  is  not  permitted  for  any  reason  ex- 
cept fraud,  a  mistake  on  the  part  of  the  patent  office,  interfer- 
ence or  illegality. 

DATE,  DURATION  AND  FORM  OF  PATENTS.- 
Patents  bear  date  not  later  than  6  months  after  date  of  passing  on 
application  and  allowance,  if  final  fee  is  paid.  On  failure  to  pay 
in  the  time  named  the  patent  is  withheld.  Patents  cannot  be 
antedated.  They  contain  a  recital  of  the  invention  in  brief,  in- 
dicating its  nature  and  purpose,  and  grant  to  the  patentee  and 
his  legal  representatives  exclusive  right  to  make,  use  and  sell  the 
invention  in  the  United  States  and  Territories  for  17  years,  or  so 
long,  if  patented  abroad,  as  the  shortest  of  the  foreign  patents 
is  in  force,  not  to  exceed  17  years.  Design  patents  run  8^3,  7  and 
14  years  as  stated,  a  copy  of  specifications  and  drawings  forms 
part  of  the  patent. 

CORRECTIONS  in  patents,  of  errors  made  by  the  Patent 
Office,  will  be  made  on  due  application,  and  if  sufficient  to 
warrant  a  reissue,  such  will  be  made.  No  charge  is  made  for  such 
corrections  or  re-issue,  but  mistakes  made  by  the  patentee,  or 
not  through  any  fault  of  the  office  unless  forming  grounds  for  a 
reissue,  will  not  be  corrected  after  delivery  of  patent. 

PATENTS  ABANDONED,  FORFEITED,  ETC. -Appli- 
cations not  completed  for  examination  in  2  years  after  filing 
petition,  or  not  prosecuted  in  proper  manner  in  2  years  after  no- 
tice of  action,  therein,  or  in  regard  to  which  a  written  declara- 
tion of  abandonment  has  been  filed,  are  held  to  be  abandoned,  and 
the  same  cannot  be  renewed  unless  the  failure  to  prosecute  be 
shown  to  have  been  unavoidable.  If  an  abandoned  application 
be  renewed,  new  specifications,  oath,  fees  and  drawings  are  re- 
quired, but  the  old  model,  if  suitable,  may  be  used.  Failure  to 
pay  the  final  fee  within  the  time  fixed  works  a  forfeiture  of 
patent.  When  so  forfeited  any  one  interested  may  file  a  new 
application  any  time  within  2  years. 

DISCLAIMER  in  writing  maybe  filed  upon  payment  of  the 
prescribed  fee,  whenever  the  original  patentee  has,  by  uninten- 
tional error,  claimed  more  than  he  was  entitled  to,  disclaiming 
such  parts,  and  his  patent  is  valid  for  what  portion  is  justly  his 
if  such  part  is  a  material  portion  of  the  thing  patented.  Such 
disclaimer  may  be  filed  by  any  one  interested  in  the  patent,  such 
interest  being  duly  set  forth  therein,  but  pending  actions  are  un- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  31 

affected  by  it.  One  witness  is  required,  and  the  disclaimer  must 
be  recorded  in  the  patent  office.  It  must  be  distinguished  from 
disclaimers  filed  in  original  or  reissue  applications,  or  to  avoid 
prolonged  interference  cases. 

CAVEATS  are  notices  to  the  Patent  Office  of  claims  to  in- 
vention to  prevent  the  grant  of  a  patent  to  another  for  the  same 
invention  upon  application  filed  during  the  life  of  the  caveat 
without  proper  notice  to  the  filer  of  the  same.  A  caveat  may 
be  filed  by  any  inventor  who  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or 
has  been  a  resident  for  1  year  and  swears  to  his  intention  to 
become  a  citizen,  and  wants  time  to  perfect  his  invention,  upon 
payment  of  the  proper  fee.  The  caveat  sets  forth  the  principle 
and  purpose  of  the  invention,  and  asks  protection  until  the  same 
shall  be  perfected.  They  are  preserved  in  secret  and  are  valid  for 
1  year  from  date  of  filing.  It  must  cover  only  one  invention,  con- 
tain a  specification  and  oath,  and,  if  possible,  a  drawing,  but  the 
description  need  not  be  so  precise  as  in  an  application  for  patent. 
The  caveat  may  be  renewed.  If  an  application  for  a  patent  be 
filed  by  any  other  person  during  the  life  of  the  caveat  for  an  in- 
vention interfering  with  that  set  forth  in  the  caveat,  and  said 
application  shall  be  found  patentable  before  the  expiration  of  the 
caveat,  the  application  will  be  suspended,  notice  given  the 
caveator  and  an  interference  granted,  if  the  latter  files  a  com- 
plete application  within  the  prescribed  time.  The  last  named 
application  must  be  filed  within  3  months  from  the  date  indorsed 
on  the  notice  afore-mentioned.  No  notice  is  given  the  caveator 
of  actions  pending  at  the  time  of  filing  the  caveat,  or  of  applica- 
tions filed  after  it  has  expired.  Caveats  may  be  renewed  from 
time  to  time,  a  new  fee  being  paid  each  time.  It  gives  no  rights 
or  protection  except  the  notice  of  interfering  applications.  It 
is  not  assignable,  although  the  invention  covered  is  assignable; 
caveat  papers  cannot  be  removed  from  the  office,  but  copies  will 
be  issued,  for  which  a  charge  is  made.  All  new  matter  requires 
a  separate  caveat. 

ALIENATION  of  any  patent  or  interest  therein  may  be 
made  in  writing,  and  may  cover  all  or  any  specified  part  of  the 
Union.  The  rights  accruing  under  a  patent  may  be  granted  in 
writing  to  any  person  to  make  and  use  the  invention  in  the 
United  States,  or  any  specified  part  thereof,  or  to  grant  the  right 
in  turn  to  others,  and  may  exclude  the  patentee  therefrom.  A 
patent  may  be  mortgaged  in  writing.  License  to  use  the  patent 
may  also  be  granted  orally  or  in  writing.  An  assignment,  grant, 
conveyance  or  mortgage,  unless  recorded  in  the  patent  office 
within  3  months  from  date  of  execution,  is  void  against  subse- 
quent purchasers,  mortgagees,  etc.,  for  a  valuable  consideration. 
Instruments  which  amount  to  a  license,  mortgage,  convey- 
ance, assignment,  grant  or  lien,  or  affect  the  title  to  the  patent, 
may  be  recorded,  and  no  others.  Conditional  assignments 
(recorded)  are  regarded  as  absolute  until  canceled  by  consent  of 
both  parties  or  the  decree  of  a  competent  court.  When  it  is  desired 
that  the  patent  shall  issue  to  an  assignee,  the  assignment  must  be 
recorded  at  the  patent  office  not  later  than  the  date  of  payment 
of  the  final  fee. 

FEES  are,  as  a  rule,  payable  in  advance  upon  application  for 
each  action.  They  are  as  follows : 

On  filing  each  application  for  design  patent  for  3^  years..  $1C  00 

On  issuing  same  no  further  charge. 

On  filing  each  original  application  for  design  patent  for 

seven  years 15  00 

On  filing  each  original  application  for  design  patent  for 

fourteen  years 30  00 

On  filing  each  caveat 10  00 

On  filing  each  original  application  for  patent 15  00 

On  filing  each  original  application  for  invention  or  dis- 
covery   20  00 

On  filing  a  disclaimer 10  00 


32  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

On  filing  each  application  for  re-issue $30  00 

On  filing-  each  application  for  division  of  a  reissue 30  00 

On  filing  every  application  for  extension  of  a  patent 50  00 

On  the  grant  of  every  extension 50  00 

On  filing  an  appeal  from  a  primary  examiner  to  the  exam- 
iners in  chief 10  00 

On  filing  appeal  to  the  commissioners  from  examiners  in 

chief 20  00 

For  certified  copies  of  patents  or  other  instruments,  except 
copies  of  printed  patents  sold  by  the  office  for  every  100 

words 10 

For  certified  copies  of  printed  patents  sold  by  the  office,  10 
cents  for  every  100  words,  less  the  price  actually  paid 
for  such  copies  without  certification. 
For  certified  copies  of  drawings,  the  reasonable  cost  of 
making  them. 

For  recording  an  assignment  of  300  words  or  less 1  00 

For  recording  an  assignment  of   more  than  300  and  not 

more  than  1,000  words 2  00 

For  recording  every  assignment  of  more  than  1,000  words. .     3  00 
For  uncertified  copies  of  the  specifications  and  accompany- 
ing drawings  of  all  patents  which  are  in  print : 

Single  copies 25 

Twenty  copies  or  more,  whether  of  one  or  several  patents, 

per  copy 10 

For  uncertified  copies  of  the  specifications  and  drawings  of 
patents  not  in  print,  the  reasonable  cost  of  making  the 
same. 
For  copies  of  matter  in  any  foreign  language,  per  100  words, 

or  fraction  thereof 20 

For  translations,  per  100  words,  or  fraction  there9f 50 

For  assistance  to  attorneys  and  others  in  examination  of 

records,  one  hour  or  less 50 

Each  additional  hour,  or  fraction  thereof 50 

For  assistance  to  attorneys  in  examination  of  patents  and 

other  works  in  the  Scientific  Library,  one  hour  or  less. .  1  00 
Each  additional  hour,  or  fraction  thereof 1  00 

MISCELLANEOUS.— All  business  must  be  done  in  writing. 

All  letters  mast  be  addressed  to  the  "Commissioner  of  Patents." 

All  charges  on  matter  sent  to  the  Patent  Office  must  be  pre- 
paid or  the  same  will  not  be  received. 

The  personal  presence  of  applicants  at  the  Patent  Office  is  un- 
necessary. 

A  separate  letter  should  be  written  on  each  subject  of  inquiry 
or  application. 

Assignments  for  record,  final  fees  and  orders  for  copies  or 
abstracts  must  each  be  in  a  separate  letter. 

Letters  concerning  applications  should  give  name  of  applicant 
and  invention,  serial  number  and  date  of  the  application. 

Letters  relating  to  a  patent  should  give  name  of  patentee  and 
article  patented,  and  number  and  date  of  patent. 

After  patent  is  granted  models,  specifications  are  open  to  pub- 
lic inspection. 

Any  person  of  good  moral  character,  duly  empowered  by  power 
of  attorney,  may  act  as  attorney,  but  a  power  of  attorney  exe- 
cuted to  a  firm  must  specify  names,  and  the  power  must  be  filed 
at  the  Patent  Office  before  the  authority  of  the  attorney  will  be 
recognized. 

Orders  for  copies  of  assignments  must  give  book  and  page  of 
record  and  name  of  inventor,  or  an  extra  charge  will  be  made. 

No  one  is  permitted  to  make  copies  or  tracings  from  the  files 
or  records  of  the  Patent  Office. 

The  weekly  issue  of  patents  is  made  on  Thursday,  and  the 
patents  bear  date  on  the  3d  Tuesday  thereafter. 

All  money  sent  is  at  the  risk  of  the  sender.  Money  paid  by 
mistake,  in  excess,  when  not  required,  will  be  returned,  but  no 


GUIDE  AND  BAND-BOOK.  .  33 

return  will  be  made  to  those  changing  their  intention  and  wishing 
to  withdraw  applications  etc. 

COPYRIGHTS  may  be  obtained  by  any  citizen  or  resident 
of  the  United  States  who  is  the  author,  inventor,  designer  or 
owner  of  any  book,  map,  chart,  dramatic  or  musical  composition, 
engraving,  cut,  print  (unless  a  trade-mark  or  label),  photograph 
(or  negative  of  same),  painting,  drawing,  chromo,  statuary, 
statue,  or  any  model  or  design  intended  to  be  perfected  as  a  work 
of  art.  The  title  or  description  must  be  deposited  with  the 
Librarian  of  Congress  before  the  publication  of  the  worn.  A  copy- 
right is  granted  for  twenty-eight  years,  and  may  be  renewed 
for  fourteen  years.  It  may  be  assigned,  the  assignment  to  be 
recorded  in  the  Library  of  Congress.  The  fee  to  the  government 
is  SI. 

TRADE-MARKS  used  in  commerce  with  any  foreign 
country,  or  with  any  Indian  tribe,  may  be  registered  by  the  owner 
in  the  Patent  Office  for  the  period  of  thirty  years,  and  are 
protected  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  March  3, 1881.  Trade-marks 
registered  under  prior  unconstitutional  acts  may  be  re-registered 
without  the  payment  of  any  additional  Government  fee.  Trade- 
marks may  be  assigned,  and  the  deed  should  be  recorded  in  the 
Patent  Office  within  sixty  days  after  its  execution.  The  Govern- 
ment fee  is  $25. 

LABELS  include  any  device,  picture,  word  or  words,  figure  or 
figures  (not  a  trade-mark)  applied  to  articles  of  manufacture  to 
indicate  the  contents  of  a  package,  the  name  of  the  manufact- 
urer or  place  of  manufacture,  the  quality  of  the  goods,  direc- 
tions for  use,  etc.,  and  may  be  registered  in  the  Patent  Office. 
The  term  of  the  grant  is  for  twenty-eight  years.  The  Govern- 
ment fee  is  $6.  If  application  is  made  for  registration  as  a  label 
when  the  application  should  be  for  a  trade-mark,  the  registration 
will  be  refused  and  the  fee  paid  lost. 

APPLICATIONS  FOR  TRADE-MARK  OR  LABEL 
should  give  names,  residence  and  place  of  business  of  the  owners 
of  the  trade-mark  or  label  (if  owned  by  a  company  a  statement 
that  the  same  is  or  is  not  incorporated);  a  fac-simile  of  the  mark 
or  label ;  a  statement  of  the  class  of  merchandise  to  which  it  has 
been  applied,  and  the  particular  description  or  kind  of  goods 
comprised  in  such  class ;  a  description  of  the  particular  manner 
in  which  the  mark  or  label  has  been  applied,  whether  direct  to 
the  article,  or  to  wrappers  or  to  packages  or  other  vessels  con- 
taining the  article,  and  whether  applied  in  colors  or  not.  The 
owner  of  a  mark  or  label  is  not  confined  to  any  particular  man- 
ner of  applying  the  mark  or  label,  although  it  is  necessary  to 
state  in  what  manner  it  has  been  usually  applied  and  how  long 
the  mark  or  label  has  been  used  on  the  particular  class  of  goods, 
and  if  used  on  goods  in  commerce  with  foreign  nations  or  Indian 
tribes,  with  what  nation  or  tribe  it  has  been  so  used  should  be 
stated. 

CANADIAN  PATENTS  may  be  taken  out  at  any  time 
within  a  year  after  issued  here.  Model  is  required  and  must  not 
exceed  one  foot  by  eighteen  inches  in  size.  The  term  of  the 
patent  is  five,  ten  or  fifteen  years,  at  the  option  of  the  applicant, 
and  may  be  taken  at  first  for  a  short  term,  and  afterwards  ex- 
tended to  the  longer  term.  The  Government  fee  for  five  years  is 
$20 ;  for  ten  years,  $40 ;  and  for  fifteen  years,  $60.  The  proced- 
ure and  laws  are  Hiuch  the  same  as  in  the  United  States, 


84  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


PENSIONS. 

PENSIONS  ARE  GRANTED  to  all  soldiers  and  sailors 
disabled  by  wounds  or  disease  incurred  in  the  line  of  duty  in  the 
military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States.  Where  the  sol- 
dier or  sailor  has  died  of  such  wounds  or  disease  so  contracted, 
his  widow  is  entitled  to  a  pension  till  she  remarry.  If  she  be 
dead  or  remarry,  the  pension  goes  to  the  children  under  16  years 
old  of  the  soldier  or  sailor.  If  there  are  neither  widow  nor  chil- 
dren under  16  years  old  the  deceased  soldier's  or  sailor's  mother, 
if  dependent  wholly  or  in  part  upon  him  for  support,  takes  the 
pension,  and  when  there  are  neither  widow,  children,  nor  mother, 
sisters  under  16  years  old  dependent  on  the  deceased  are  entitled 
to  pension.  Injuries  or  disease  hereafter  received  in  the  service 
as  stated  also  entitle  to  pension. 

.  THE  AMOUNT  OF  PENSION  allowed  is  for  total  disa- 
bility to  officers,  commissioned  or  non-commissioned,  privates, 
musicians  and  marines  as  follows : 

Lieutenant-Colonel  or  higher  rank,  per  month $  30  00 

Major,  per  month 25  00 

Captain,  per  month  20  00 

First-Lieutenant,  per  month , 17  00 

Second  Lieutenant,  per  month 1500 

Non-commissioned  officers,  musicians  and   privates,  per 

month 8  00 

In  the  naval  service  the  amount  of  pension  allowed  is  as  fol- 
lows: 

Captains,  commanders,  surgeons,  paymasters  and  chief  en- 
gineers, ranking  by  law  with  commander,  lieutenants- 
commanding  and  masters-commanding,  per  month $30  QQ 

Lieutenants,  surgeons,  paymasters,  chief  engineers,  rank- 
ing with  lieutenant  by  law  and  passed  assistant  sur- 
geons, per  month 25  00 

Professors  of  mathematics,  masters,  assistant-surgeons, 

assistant-paymasters  and  chaplains, per  month 20  00 

First  assistant-engineers  and  pilots,  per  month 15  00 

Passed  midshipmen,  captains  and  paymasters,  clerks,  sec- 
ond and  third  assistant-engineers,  masters,  mates,  and 

all  warrant  officers,  per  month 10  00 

Petty  officers,  seamen,  etc.,  per  month .' 8  00 

INCREASE  AND  ARREARS  of  pensions  are  allowed  and 
pensions  are  granted  in  cases  of  partial  disability.  Pensions  are 
also  granted  to  the  Missouri  militia. 

BUT  ONE  FULL  PENSION  is  allowed,  and  is  the  prop- 
erty of  the  person  having  precedent  right  in  the  order  above 
stated.  When  it  goes  to  children  or  sisters  it  must  be  equally 
divided  between  them. 

PENSIONS  BEGIN  at  the  date  of  discharge  from  service 
in  invalid  cases,  if  application  be  made  within  a  year  thereafter, 
otherwise  at  the  date  of  application.  Tensions  to  widows,  etc., 
begin  with  the  death  of  the  husband,  etc. 

PROOF  OF  RIGHT  TO  PENSION.— The  declaration  of 
the  right  of  the  claimant,  including  evidence  of  identity,  must 
be  sworn  to  before  a  court  of  record  or  some  officer  of  such  court 
having  authority. 

In  support  of  the  allegations  in  the  claimant's  declaration,  tes- 
timony must  be  produced  and  the  following  rules  observed: 

1.  The  claimant's  identity  must  be  proved  by  two  witnesses, 
certified  by  a  judicial  officer  to  be  respectable  arid  credible,  who 
are  present  and  witness  the  signature  of  the  declarant,  and  who 
state,  upon  oath  or  affirmation,  their  belief,  either  from  personal 
acquaintance  or  for  other  reasons  given,  that  he  or  she  is  the  iden- 
tical person  he  or  she  represents  himself  or  herself  to  be- 


GUIDE  AND   HANlS-BOOK.  35 

2.  Every  applicant  for  an   invalid   pension  must,  if  in    his 
power,  produce  the  certificate  of  the  captain,  or  of  some  other 
commissioned  officer  under  whom  he  served,  distinctly  stating 
the  time  and  place  of  the  said  applicant's  having-  been  wounded 
or  otherwise  disabled,  and  the  nature  of  the  disability-  and  that 
the  said  disability  arose  while  he  was  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States  and  in  the  line  of  his  duty. 

3.  ff  it  be  impracticable  to  obtain  such  certificate,  by  the  rea- 
son of  the  death  or  removal  of  said  officers,  it  must  be  so  stated 
under  oath  by  the  applicant,  and  his  averment  of  the  fact  proved 
by  persons  of  known  respectability,  who  must  state  particularly 
all  the  knowledge  they  may  possess  in  relation  to  such  death  or 
removal;  then  secondary  evidence  can  be  received.    In  such  case 
the  applicant  must  produce  the  testimony  of  at  least  two  cred- 
ible witnesses  (who  were  in  a  condition  to  know  the  facts  about 
which  they  testify),  whose  good  character  must  be  vouched  for 
by  a  judicial  officer,  or  by  some  one  known  to  the  department. 
The  witnesses  must  give  a  minute  narrative  of  the  facts  in  rela- 
tion to  the  matter,  and  must  show  how  they  obtained  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  facts  to  which  they  testify. 

4.  The  usual  certificate  of  disability  for  discharge  should  show 
the  origin,  character,  and  degree  of  the  claimant's  disability; 
but  when  that  is  wanting  or  defective,  the  applicant  will  be  re- 
quired to  be  examined  by  some  surgeon  regularly  appointed, 
unless  clearly  impracticable. 

5.  The  habits  of  the  applicant,  and  his  occupation  since  he  left 
the  service,  should  be  shown  by  at  least  two  credible  witnesses. 

If  the  applicant  claims  a  pension  as  the  widow  of  a  deceased 
officer  or  soldier,  she  must  prove  the  legality  of  her  marriage,  the 
death  of  her  husband,  and  that  she  is  still  a  widow.  She  must  also 
furnish  the  names  and  ages  of  the  decedent's  children  under  16 
years  of  age  at  her  husband's  death,  and  the  place  of  their  resi- 
dence. On  remarriage  her  pension  ceases,  and  the  child  or  children 
of  the  deceased  officer  or  soldier,  if  any  be  living,  under  the  age 
of  16  years,  are  entitled  to  the  same  in  her  stead,  from  the  date  of 
such  remarriage,  on  the  requisite  proof,  under  a  new  declaration. 
Proof  of  the  marriage  of  the  parent?  and  of  the  age  of  claimants 
will  be  required  in  all  applications  in  behalf  of  minor  children. 
The  legality  of  the  marriage,  in  either  case,  may  be  ascertained 
by  the  certificate  of  the  clergyman  who  performed  the  marriage 
ceremony,  or  by  the  testimony  of  respectable  persons  having 
knowldge  of  the  fact,  in  default  of  record  evidence,  which  last 
must  always  be  furnished,  or  its  absence  shown.  The  ages  and 
number  of  children  may  be  ascertained  by  the  deposition  of  the 
mother,  accompanied  by  the  testimony  of  respectable  persons 
having  knowledge  of  them,  or  by  transcripts  from  the  parish  or 
town  registers  duly  authenticated. 

A  mother,  to  be  entitled  to  a  pension,  as  haying  been  wholly  or 
partly  dependen'  o  ^  a  deceased  officer  or  soldier,  must  prove  that 
the  latter  contributed  to  her  support  for  a  certain  period,  show- 
ing specifically  in  what  manner  and  to  what  extent. 

If  the  claimant  be  a  dependent  sister,  like  proof  will  be  re- 
quired of  the  marriage  of  her  parents  and  of  her  relationship  to 
the  deceased. 

Guardians  of  minor  claimants  must,  in  all  cases,  produce  evi- 
dence of  their  authority  as  such,  under,  the  seal  of  the  court  from 
which  their  appointment  is  obtained. 

Applicants  of  the  last  four  classes  enumerated  at  the  head  of  the 
chapter,  who  have  in  any  manner  aided  or  abetted  the  rebellion 
against  the  United  States  Government,  are  not  entitled  to  the 
benefits  of  this  act. 

Invalid  applicants  who  are  minors  may  apply  in  their  own  be- 
half, without  the  intervention  of  a  guardian. 

Attorneys  for  claimants  must  have  proper  authority  from 
those  in  whose  behalf  they  appear.  Powers  of  attorney  must  be 
signed  in  the  presence  of  two  witnesses  and  acknowledged  before 


36  THE     "WESTERN  WORLD 

a  duly  qualified  officer,  whose  official  character  must  be  certified 
under  seal. 

In  all  cases  the  post-office  address  of  the  claimant  must  be  dis- 
tinctly stated,  over  his  or  her  proper  signature. 

In  filing  additional  evidence,  correspondents  should  always 
give  the  number  of  the  claim  as  well  as  the  name  of  the  claimant. 

Pensions  are  also  drawn  by  invalid  soldiers  of  the  war  of  1812 
and  the  Mexican  war,  and  their  unmarried  widows,  unless  barred 
by  acts  construed  as  against  the  government  in  the  war  of  1861- 
1865. 

ALL  INFORMATION  relative  to  pensions  and  the  means 
of  procuring  them,  together  with  a  copy  of  the  pension  laws  and 
all  necessary  blanks  and  directions  for  proceedings,  are  fur- 
nished free  on  application  to  the  Commissioner  of  Pensions,  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  or  to  any  pension  agent. 


POSTAL  RATES  AND  RULES. 

(NEW.) 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  MAILING-.- All  mail  matter  must  be 
directed  to  a  postoffice,  otherwise  it  will  not  be  forwarded.  Di- 
rections should  be  as  full  as  possible.  If  name  and  address  of 
sender  is  on  the  envelope  or  package,  same  will  be  returned  if  not 
delivered  without  passing  through  the  Dead  Letter  Office. 

FIRST  CLASS  MATTER  includes  letters  and  all  matter 
partly  or  wholly  i^ti  writing,  sealed  or  unsealed,  and  all  other 
matter  sealed,  or  in  any  way  fastened  against  easy  inspection. 
The  rate  on  this  class  of  matter  is  2  cents  for  each  ounce  or 
fraction  of  an  ounce,  and  there  is  no  limit  to  the  weight  of  pack- 
age which  may  be  mailed. 

SECOND  CLASS  MATTER  includes  newspapers  and 
periodicals  when  sent  by  publisher  or  news-agents,  and  are 
mailable  at  1  cent  per  pound  or  fraction  thereof.  They  may  be 
marked  except  by  written  or  printed  word  without  increase  of 
postage.  Newspapers  and  periodicals  sent  by  persons  other  than 
the  publisher  or  a  news  agent  must  be  stamped  at  the  rate  of  1 
cent  for  every  four  ounces  or  fraction  thereof.  No  limit  to 
weight. 

THIRD  CLASS  MATTER  includes  printed  matter  in  un- 
sealed envelopes  only  (it  is  not  sufficient  that  the  envelope  be  • 
notched,  it  must  be  unsealed),  and  is  mailable  at  the  rate  of  1 
cent  for  each  two  ounces  or  fraction  thereof.  This  class  includes 
books,  circulars,  chromos,  engravings,  music,  hand-bills,  proof 
sheets,  lithographs,  pamphlets,  magazines,  papers,  manuscript 
(accompanying  proof  sheets),  or  any  reproduction  upon  paper  by 
any  process  but  hand  or  type-writing  not  in  the  nature  of  per- 
sonal correspondence.  The  weight  cannot  exceed  4  pounds,  ex- 
cept the  article  mailed  be  a  single  book. 

FOURTH  CLASS  MATTER  includes  all  mailable  matter 
not  included  in  the  above,  so  mailed  as  to  be  easily  examined. 
It  must  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  1  cent  per  ounce  or  fraction  of 
an  ounce,  and  the  weight  of  each  package  is  limited  to  four 
pounds 

POSTAL  CARDS  are  first-class  matter.  They  must  not 
have  anything  written  or  printed  on  the  address  side  except  the 
directions,  and  must  not  have  anything  pasted  or  attached  to 
them. 

PERMISSIBLE  WRITING. -On  third  and  fourth  class 
matter  the  following  writing  only  is  permitted  :  Name  and  ad- 
dress of  sender  preceded  by  the  word  "from,"  and  list  of 
articles  contained  in  the  cover,  and  a  dedication  or  inscription  on 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  87 

the  fly  leaf  or  back  of  book  or  pamphlet.  A  passage  may  also  be 
marked  in  a  book,  goods  marked  for  identification,  and  the 
name  of  the  one  addressed  or  sender,  with  date,  written  in  circular. 
Any  other  writing  will  be  liable  at  letter  rates,  and  to  a  fine  of 
$10  for  each  offense.  Printed  matter  inclosed  with  fourth  class 
matter  is  subject  to  fourth  class  rates. 

A  SPECIAL  STAMP  of  the  value  of  10  cents  is  issued, 
which,  when  attached  to  a  letter,  in  addition  to  the  lawful  post- 
age thereon,  entitles  the  letter  to  immediate  delivery  at  any 
place  containing  4,000  population  or  over,  according  to  the  Fed- 
eral census,  within  the  carrier  limit  of  any  free-delivery  office, 
or  within  one  mile  of  the  postoffice,  or  any  other  postoffice 
coming  within  the  provisions  of  this  law,  which  may,  in  like 
manner,  be  designated  as  a  special  delivery  office.  Such  specially- 
stamped  letters  shall  be  delivered  between  7  o'clock  a.  m.  and 
midnight,  and  a  book  is  provided  in  which  the  person  to  whom 
the  letter  is  addressed  shall  acknowledge  its  receipt. 

BATES  TO  CANADA  are  the  same  in  all  respects  as  in  the 
United  States,  but  merchandise  is  rigidly  excluded,  except  sam- 
ples of  goods  for  sale  to  weight  of  8  ounces  charged  for  at  10 
cents  each. 

BATES  TO  FOBEION  COUNTBIES  m  the  Universal 
Postal  Union  5  cents  for  each  half  ounce  or  fraction  thereof  for 
letters,  and  2  cents  for  postal  cards.  Registration  fee  10  cents. 
Printed  matter  and  samples  1  cent  for  each  2  ounces  or  fraction 
thereof.  Merchandise  rigidly  excluded.  The  Postal  Union  in- 
cludea  all  considerable  powers  and  many  lesser  ones,  and  others 
are  joining  constantly.  Countries  out  of  the  Union  have  especial 
rates  which  will  be  given  by  any  postmaster. 

UNMAILABLE  MATTEB.— Obscene  books,  letters,  pa- 
pers, pictures  and  postal  cards,  lottery  circulars  and  letters, 
liquids,gunpowder  and  other  explosives,  live  reptiles,  animals  and 
insects  (except  queen  bees),  poisons,  and  any  article  liable  to  in- 
jure the  mails  or  those  handling  them,  are  unmailable. 

LETTEBS  BEFOBWABDED.— First-class  matter  will  be 
forwarded  from  one  office  to  another  at  the  request  of  the  one  to 
whom  it  is  addressed  without  charge.  Other  classes  of  matter 
have  to  be  paid  for  again. 

GENEBAL  INFOBMATION. -Postmasters  are  not 
obliged  to  take  mutilated  money,  or  to  take  more  than  25  cents 
in  coppers  or  nickels.  They  are  forbidden  to  give  credit  for 
stamps.  Packages  of  mutilated  currency  may  be  registered  to 
the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  free.  Money  orders  must  be 
paid  for  in  cash.  Any  other  payment  is  forbidden  under  pen- 
alty. Spoiled  postal  cards  are  not  redeemable  by  postmasters. 
Postoffice  emplojres  must  not  change  an  incorrect  address,  even 
though  they  know  the  right  one. 

POSTAL  NOTES  are  issued  at  all  money-order  offices  for 
sums  less  than  $5,  payable  to  bearer  at  any  time  within  3  months 
from  the  last  day  of  the  month  of  issue.  The  fee  for  a  postal 
note  is  three  cents.  The  person  who  presents  a  postal  note  for 
payment  is  required  to  receipt  it.  A  postal  note  may  also  be  re- 
paid at  the  office  of  issue  to  the  bearer  at  any  time  within  three 
months  from  the  last  day  of  the  month  of  issue.  Lost  or  de- 
stroyed postal  notes  are  not  duplicated,  and  notes  not  paid  in  the 
time  above  specified  are  invalid,  and  a  return  of  the  money  can 
only  be  secured  by  an  application  for  a  duplicate  at  the  issuing 
office  and  the  payment  of  a  fee  of  3  cents. 

POSTAL  MONEY  OBDE  JIS  are  issued  for  any  amount  up 
to  $100,  and  offer  security  and  convenience  in  the  transmission  of 
small  sums.  Safety  is  secured  by  leaving  out  of  the  order  the 
name  of  the  person  for  whom  the  money  is  intended.  An  advice 
or  notification,  containing  full  particulars  of  the  order,  is  trans- 
mitted without  delay  by  the  issuing  postmaster  to  the  postmaster 
at  the  office  of  payment.  The  latter  is  thus  furnished,  before  the 
order  itself  is  presented,  with  information  which  will  enable  him 
to  prevent  its  payment  to  any  person  not  entitled  thereto,  pro- 


38  THE  WESTERN  WOULD 

vided  the  remitter  complies  with  the  regulation  of  the  Department 
which  prohibits  him  from  sending  the  same  information  in  a  let- 
ter inclosed  with  his  money-order.  After  once  paying  a  money- 
order,  by  whomsoever  presented,  the  post  office  department  will 
not  be  liable  to  any  further  claim  therefor.  Under  no  circum- 
stances can  payment  of  an  order  be  demanded  on  the  day  of 
its  issue.  The  fees  or  charges  for  domestic  money-orders  is  as 
follows:— 
For  orders  not  exceeding  $10 8  cents. 


For  orders  exceeding  $10  and  not  exceeding  $15 10  cents. 

For  orders  exceeding  $15  and  not  exceeding  $30  . . , 15  cents. 

For  orders  exceeding  $30  and  not  exceeding  $40 20  cents. 

For  orders  exceeding  $40  and  not  exceeding  $50 25  cents. 


For  orders  exceeding  $50  and  not  exceeding 


160 .,.  30  cents. 

>70  .... 35  cents. 


For  orders  exceeding  $60  and  not  exceeding  !„ 

For  orders  exceeding  $70  and  not  exceeding-  $80. ......    40  ceuts. 

For  orders  exceeding  $80  and  not  exceeding  $100 ,  45  cents. 

When  a  larger  sum  than  $100  is  required,  additional  orders  to 
make  it  up  must  be  obtained.  But  postmasters  are  instructed 
to  refuse  to  issue  in  one  day,  to  the  same  remitter  and  in  favor  of 
the  same  payee,  more  than  three  money-orders  payable  at  the 
same  post  office.  Money  orders  may  be  indorsed  directing  pay- 
ment to  any  person ;  and  it  is  the  duty  of  the  postmaster  upon 
whom  the  order  is  drawn  to  pay  the  amount  thereof  to  the  per- 
son thus  designated,  provided  the  postmaster  is  satisfied  that  such 
indorsement  is  genuine,  and  that  the  second  party  shall,  if  re- 
quired, prove  his  identity,  and  shall  give  correct  information  as 
to  the  name  and  address  of  the  person  who  originally  obtained 
the  order.  More  than  one  .indorsement  is  prohibited  by  law,  and 
will  render  and  order  invalid  and  not  payable.  The  signature  to 
the  receipt  on  the  face  of  the  order  should  be  that  of  the  person 
who  presents  and  receives  payment  of  the  same.  Orders  may  be 
repaid  by  the  issuing  office  within  a  year  after  issue.  Lost  orders 
on  proper  application  and  indemnity  are  duplicated  if  the  orig- 
inal is  unpaid  and  the  latter  then  becomes  invalid. 

FOREIGN  MONEY  ORDERS  -Money  may  be  trans- 
mitted by  postal  order  between  the  United  States  and  Switzer- 
land, Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Germany,  France,  Italy,  Canada 
and  Newfoundland,  Jamaica,  New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  New 
Zealand,  Queensland,  the  Cape  Colony,  the  Windward  Islands, 
Belgium,  Portugal,  Tasmania,  and  the  Hawaiian  Kingdom.  The 
fees  are: 

For  sums  not  exceeding  $10 15  cents. 

Over  $10  and  not  exceeding  $20 30  cents. 

Over  $20  and  not  exceeding  $30 45  cents. 

Over  $30  and  not  exceeding  $40 60  cents. 

Over  $40  and  not  exceeding  $50 75  cents. 

REGISTERED  MATTER.— First,  third  and  fourth  class 
matter  may  be  registered  at  all  post  offices  on  payment  of  a  fee 
of  10  cents  for  each  letter  or  parcel  in  addition  to  the  postage, 
and  the  fee  is  the  same  whether  the  matter  be  addressed  to 
domestic  or  foreign  post  offices.  Registered  letters  are  protected 
with  great  care,  and  delivered  to  the  person  to  whom  they  are 
addressed,  and  a  receipt  from  him  returned  to  the  sender.  A 
receipt  is  also  given  by  the  postmaster  at -the  time  of  reg- 
istering. 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK. 


THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  is  formed  of  three  dis- 
tinct branches,  the  Legislative,  Executive  and  Judicial. 

THE  LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT  comprises  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  and  makes  all  laws.  Each 
state  has  two  representatives  in  the  Senate,  elected  for  6  years  by 
the  state  legislatures.  The  number  of  congressmen  from  each 
state  is  governed  by  its  population,  but  each  state  has  at  least 
one.  They  are  elected  for  two  years  by  the  voters  of  the  con- 
gressional districts  into  which  the  states  are  divided.  One-third 
of  the  senators  go  out  of  office  every  two  years.  The  pay  of 
both  senators  and  congressmen  is  $5,000  per  year,  with  mileage 
(at  20  cents  per  mile  )  and  other  extras.  The  Speaker  of  the 
House  gets  $8,000.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  is 
President  of  the  Senate,  and  receives  $10,000  per  year.  Senators 
must  be  32  years  old,  nine  years  citizens  of  the  United  States 
and  live  in  the  states  they  represent.  A  congressman  must  be  25 
years  old,  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  and  live  in 
the  district  he  represents.  Congress  now  comprises  76  senators 
and  325  representatives. 

THE  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT  enforces  the  laws 
made.  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  who  is  elected  for  four  years  by  electors 
chosen  in  each  state  by  the  voters  thereof.  The  number  of 
electors  for  each  state  is  equal  to  the  number  of  its  con- 
gressmen, and  United  States  senators,  or  two*  more  than  the 
number  of  its  congressmen.  The  electors  (now  numbering 
in  all  401)  cast  their  ballots,  the  same  are  sealed,  and  opened 
by  the  President  of  the  Senate  in  the  presence  of  the  two 
Houses  of  Congress.  When  two  candidates  receive  the  same 
number  of  electoral  votes  the  election  is  thrown  into  the 
House  of  Representatives,  which  elects  a  president.  The  Presi- 
dent must  be  born  in  the  United  States,  have  lived  in  the  same  for 
14  years  and  be  '35  years  old.  His  pay  is  $50,000  per  year.  He  is 
commander  in  chief  of  the  amny  and  navy,  and  appoints  cabinet, 
judicial  and  executive  officers,  the  appointments  being  confirmed 
by  the  Senate.  The  qualifications  for  Vice-President  are  the 
same  as  for  President.  The  Cabinet  comprises  the  Secretaries  of 
State,  Treasury,  War,  Navy  and  Interior,  ari<t  the  Postmaster  and 
Attorney  Generals,  each  of  whom  receives  $8,000  per  year. 

THE  JUDICIARY  comprises,  1st:  A  Supreme  Court  setting 
at  Washington,  composed  of  a  chief  justice  (salary  $10,500  per 
year)  and  eight  associate  judtres  at  $10,000  per  year.  They  are 
appointed  by  the  President,  and  hold  office  for  life,  unless  re- 
moved for  malfeasance.  2nd.  Nine  Circuit  Courts,  having 
jurisdiction  over  one  or  more  states.  3d.  Fifty-eight  district 
courts.  Appeals  lie  from  the  district  to  the  circuit  courts,  and 
from  the  latter  to  the  Supreme  Court.  4th.  Court  of  Claims, 
where  suits  against  the  United  States  must  be  brought. 

THE  STATES  are  governments  within  a  government,  and 
all  powers  not  expressly  granted  to  the  general  government 
remain  in  the  st,it<\s 

THE  TERRITORIES  are  governed  by  officers  appointed 
by  the  Presid-nt  of  the  United  States. 

THE  REVENUE  of  the  United  States  is  derived  from 
custom  and  internal  revenue  taxes  on  liquors  and  tobacco,  and 
the  sale  of  land. 


40  THE  WESTERN  WOULD 

PAY  OF  UNITED  STATES 
OFFICERS. 

ARMY  AND  NAVY  OFFICERS  rank  in  the  order  given 
below  and  receive  the  salaries  opposite  each  rank : 

ARMY.  NAVY. 

General $13,500  Admiral $13,COO 

Lieutenant  General 11,000  Vice  Admiral. . , 9,000 

Major  General 7,500  Rear  Admiral. 6,000 

Brigadier  General 5,500  Commodore  . . . . 5,000 

Colonel 3,500  Captain 4,500 

Lietenant  Colonel 3,000  Commander 3,500 

Major 2,500  Lieutenant  Commander.  2,800 

Captain 2,000  Lieutenant 2,400 

Regimental  Adjutant...  1,800  Master 1,800 

First  Lieutenant 1,600  Ensign ,  1,200 

Second  Lieutenant 1,-lOG  Midshipman ,  1,000 

MINISTERS  ABROAD  receive  pay  as  f ollows : 

To  England .  $17,500       To  Hawaiian  Isles $7,500 

"  Germany 17,500             Belgium 7,500 

44  France 17,500             Hayti .;  7,500 

44  Russia 17,500            Columbia 7,500 

"  Austria 12,000             Turkey 7,500 

44  China 12,000             Venezuela   7,500 

44  Brazil 12,000             Sweden. 7,500 

"  Mexico 12,000             Netherlands 7,500 

44  Italy * 12,000             Switzerland 5,000 

44  Japan 12,000          4  Portugal 5,000 

44  Spain 12,000          '  Bolivia 5,000 

44  Chili 10,000          4  Denmark 5,000 

"  Peru 10,000         4  Paraguay.... 5,000 

44  Central  America 10,000          4  Liberia 4,000 

44  Argentine  Confed...     7,500 

HEADS  OF  DEPARTMENTS  are  compensated  as  below: 

Director  Geolog.  Surveys .  $6,000       Supt.  Signal  Service $4  000 

Supt.  Coast  Surveys 6,000       Commr.  Land  Office 4,000 

Treasurer 6,000       Commr.  Customs 4,000 

Supt.  Census 5,000       Commr.  Pensions 3,600 

Supt.  Naval  Observatory.  5,000  Commdr.  Marine  Corps...  3,500 

Supt.  Bureau  Engraver.     4,500       Commr.  Agriculture 3,000 

Public  Printer 4,500  Commr.  Indian  Affairs. . .   3,000 

Director  Mint 4,500       Commr.  Education 3,000 

Register  Treasury 4,000 

POSTAL  DEPARTMENT.— Three  Assistant  Postmaster 
Generals,  $3,500  each :  Chief  Clerk,  $2,200.  Postmasters  are  paid 
as  follows,  except  at  New  York,  where  salary  is  $8,000 : 

First  Class $3,000  to  $4,000       Third  Class $1,000  to  $2,000 

Second  Class. . . .  $2,000  to  $3,000       Fourth  Class . . .  less  than  $1,000 

Postmasters  of  the  first,  second  and  third  classes  are  appointed 
by  the  President,  all  others  by  the  Postmaster  General. 


TJ.  S.  ARMY  RATION.— The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Com- 
ponents of  the  Army  Ration  as  established  by  existing  law,  the 
General  Regulations,  and  the  orders  of  the  War  Department,  viz : 

12  oz.  of  pork  or  bacon,  or  20  oz.  of  fresh  beef,  or  22  oz.  of  salt 
beef. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK  41 

18  oz.  of  soft  bread  or  flour,  or  16  oz.  of  hard-bread,  or  20  oz. 
Of  corn -meal. 
And, 

15  Ibs.  of  beans  or  peas,  or  10  Ibs.  of  rice  or  hominy. 
o5    10  Ibs.  of  green  coffee,  or  8  Ibs.  of  roasted  (or  roasted  and 

ground)  coffee,  or  2  Ibs.  of  tea. 
•p    15  Ibs.  of  sugar. 
«    4  quarts  of  vinegar. 
K  i  V&  Ibs.  of  adamantine  or  star  candles. 

§4  Ibs.  of  soap. 
4  Ibs.  of  salt, 
fc    4  oz.  of  pepper. 

p<    *».  nd  to  troops  in  the  field,  when  necessary,  4  Ibs.  of  yeast- 
l      powder  to  100  rations  of  flour. 

SUBSTTTUTIVE  ISSUES.— Fresh  mutton  may  be  issued 
in  lieu  of  and  at  the  same  rate  as  fresh  beef,  when  the  cost  of  the 
former  does  not  exceed  that  of  the  latter. 

14  oz.  of  dried  fish,  or  18  oz.  of  pickled  or  fresh  fish  may  be 
issued  in  lieu  of  the  meat  component  of  a  ration. 

Molasses  or  syrup  may  be  issued  in  lieu  of  sugar  at  the  rate  of 
2  gal  Ions  of  molasses  or  syrup  in  lieu  of  15  Ibs.  of  sugar. 

Three  pints  of  liquid  coffee  to  each  man  may  be  issued  daily 
in  lieu  of  sugar  and  coffee  components  to  the  ration  to  troops 
travel  ng  upon  cars  or  having  no  facilities  for  cooking  coffee,  the 
cost  thereof  not  to  exceed  21  cents  per  day. 

The  following  issues  may  be  made  to  troops  traveling  or  in 
the  field  when  it  is  impracticable  to  cook  rations. 

|  In  lieu  of  the   usual   meat  j  75  Ibs.  canned  fresh  beef,  or 
portion  of  the  ration.          1  75  Ibs.  canned  corned  beef, 
f  33    one-pound    cans    baked 
j       beans;  or 
20    two-pound    cans    baked 

beans;  or 
15  three-pound  cans  backed 

beans ;  or 
5     one-gallon     cans    baked 

beans q  or 
25  pounds  cheese. 

Similar  issues  may  be  made  when  in  the  interest  of  economy 
or  a  supply  of  the  articles  is  on  hand  in  excess  of  the  probable 
wants  of  troops  traveling  or  in  the  field. 


In  lieu  of  the  dry  vegetable 
portion  of  the  ration. 


U.  S.  ENSIGNS  AND  FLAG-S.-ENSiGN.-flead  or  Hoist— 
ten-nineteenths  of  its  length.  Field-.  Thirteen  horizontal  stripes 
of  equal  breadth,  alternately  red  and  white,  beginning  with  red. 
Union.  A  blue  field  in  the  upper  quarter,  next  the  head.  4  of  the 
length  of  the  ensign  and  seven  stripes  in  depth,  with  white  stars, 
ranged  in  equidistant  horizontal  and  vertical  lines,  equal  in  num- 
ber to  the  number  of  states  of  the  Union.  JACK.  Like  the 
Union  of  an  Ensign. 

CUSTOMS  OR  REVENUE  FLAa.-TTmrt  or  Hbist-ten- 
sixteenths  of  its  length.  Meld.— Sixteen  perpendicular  stripes, 
alternately  red  and  white,  beginning  with  red  at  the  head. 
Union.— Composed  of  the  Coat  of  Arms  of  the  United  States  in 
dark  blue  on  a  white  field,  in  the  upper  quarter  next  the  head, 
eight-sixteenths  of  the  length  of  the  flag,  or  to  the  first  edge  of 
the  fifth  red  stripe  from  the  head,  and  extending  down  the  head 
half  way. 


42 


THE     WESTERN   WORLD 


COINS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


WEIGHT. 


WEIGHT.  WEIGHT. 

Double  Eagle=  $20,gold  510  grs.    Half  Dollar silver.  .192.9  grs. 

Eagle  =    10,    >k    25$    '       Quarter  Doll....      "     ..  93.45     l 


Eagle 
Half  Ea<rl  » 
Quart  r  Eagle—     2 
Three  Dollars  ...... 

One  Dollar 


......... 

Trade  Dollar  .....  silver  420 

One  Dollar 


25$    '       QUL 

129   l       Twenty  Cents. .      "     ..  77.16 

64.5'       Dime "     ..  38.58 

77.4'       Five  Cents  .cop'r-nick'l  77.16 
^3.b'       Three  Cents  30 

One  Cent bronze   48 

ic  -Lvvj.u.ai. t*A7% 

IT.  S.  gold  and  silver  coins  are  9-10  fine.  The  coinage  of  the 
silver  dollar  of  412^  grains,  the  five  and  three-cent  silver  pieces, 
and  the  bronze  two-cent  pieces  was  discontinued  under  the  Coin- 
age Act  of  1873.  The  act  of  February  28,  1878,  again  authorized 
the  Coinage  of  the  silver  dollar  of  412^  grains,  and  restored  its 
legal  tender  character. 

THE  TOTAL  AMOUNT  OF  MONEY  circulating  or 
otherwise  held  in  the  United  States  is  estimated  at  $1,559,783.216,  of 
which  $346,681,016  is  Legal  Tender  notes;  $301,013,221  National  Bank 
Notes- $579,377,878  gold  and  gold  certificates,  and  $332,712,095  silver 
and  silver  certificates,  fractional  currency,  etc. 


Years. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Minor. 

Prior  to  1835 

$15,780,160.00 
221,011,460.00 
580,114,258.50 
50,442,600.90 
33,553,965.00 
38,178,962.50 
44,078,199.00 
52,798,980.00 
40,986,912.27 
56,157,635.00 
78,733,864.00 
89,413,447.50 
35,936,927  50 
27,932,824.00 
24,861,123.50 
34,077,380.00 
22,393,297.00 

$39,690,079.90  ) 
39,523,292.00  > 
65,928,512.70  ) 
5,983,601.30 
10,070,368.00 
19,126,502.50 
28,549,935.00 
28,290,825.50 
27,227,882.50 
27,942,437.50 
27,657,009.75 
27,784,490.75 
28,836,470.15 
28,773,659.80 
28,848,959.65 
30,022.347.95 
34,666,483.75 

$11,919,888.55 

411,925.00 
230,375.00 
260,350.00 
62,125.00 
30,694.00 
97,798.00 
269,971.50 
405,119.95 
644,757.55 
1,428,307.16 
1.174,709.73 
527,556.80 
67,377.60 
943,650.65 

1835  to  1852,  incl... 
1852  to  1873,  incl... 
1874  

1875 

1876  

1877 

1878  

1879 

1880  

1881     ..  . 

1882  

1883 

1884    

1885    .. 

1886  
1887  

Total  

$1,446,451,825.50 

$498,915,005.70 

$18,424,659.74 

INDIAN  MOUND. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


VALTTE  OF  FOREiaN  COIN  IN  TJ.  S.  MONEY.  -The 
first  section  of  the  act  of  March  3, 1873,  provides  *k  that  the  value 
of  foreign  coin,  as  expressed  in  the  money  of  account  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  that  of  the  pure  metal  of  such  coin  of 
standard  value,"  and  that  "  the  values  of  the  standard  coins  in 
circulation  of  the  various  nations  of  the  world  shall  be  estimated 
annually  by  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  and  be  proclaimed  on  the 
first  day  of  January  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  The  esti- 
mates of  values  contained  in  the  following-  table  are  those  made 
by  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  Jan.  1,  1885. 


Country. 

Monetary  Unit. 

Standard. 

Value. 

D.  C.  M. 

Argen.  Rep  

Peso  fuerte  

Double 

0  95  5 

Austria     

Florin 

Silver 

0  35  9 

Belgium 

Franc  . 

Gold  and  S'lvcr 

0  19  3 

Bolivia  
Brazil 

Bolivians  
Milreis  of  1  000  reis 

Silver  

Gold 

0  ^  7 
0  54  6 

British  Am  

Dollar  

Gold 

100 

Bogota 

Peso 

Gold 

0  98  5 

Central  Am.  . 
Chili  

Dollar  
Peso 

Silver  
Double 

0918 
0  91  2 

Cuba  

Peso  

Double 

0  93  2 

Denmark   .  .  . 

Crown. 

Gold 

0  26  8 

Ecuador  

Sucre     

Silver 

0  72  7 

Egypt  

Pound  of  100  p  last's 

Gold 

4  94  3 

France  
Gt.  Britain  . 

Franc  
Pound  sterling 

Gold  and  Silver.  . 
Gold 

0  19  3 

4  86  C>% 

Greece  
German  E.... 

Drachma  
Mark    

Gold  and  Silver.. 
Gold  

0  19  3 
0  23  H 

India  
Italy  

Rup.,  16  an  
Lira     

Silver  
Gold  and  Silver 

0  34  6 
0  19  3 

Japan  .. 

Yen        . 

Gold 

0  78  4 

Liberia  

Dollar   

Gold 

100 

Mexico  

Dollar  

Silver  

079 

Netherlands  

Florin   

Double 

0  40  2 

Norway 

Crown 

Gold 

0  26  8 

Paraguay  

Peso  

Gold 

100 

Peru  
Porto  Rico  

Sol  
Peso  

Silver  .  .  . 
Gold 

0  72  7 

C  92  5 

Portugal  

Mil.,  1,000  r's  

Gold  .. 

108 

Russia  
Sandwich  Islands 

R'bl.,  100  co  

Dollar 

Silver  
Gold 

0  58  2 
100 

Spain.. 

Peseta  of  100  c'ntim 

Gold  and  Silver 

0  19  3 

Sweden  

Crown  .  .        

Gold  . 

0  26  8 

Switzerland 

Franc 

Gold  and  Silver 

0  19  3 

Tripoli  
Tunis    

Mah.,  20  pi's  
Pi's  ,  16  car. 

Silver  
Silver 

0  65  6 
0  11  8 

Turkey 

Piaster 

Gold 

044 

Columbia  

Peso  

Silver 

0  72  7 

Uruguay  

Patacoii. 

Gold 

0  94  9 

The  above  rates  are  the  true  or  commercial  values^  proclaimed 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  are  taken  at  the  custom 
houses  in  estimating  the  values  of  all  foreign  merchandise  made 
out  in  any  of  said  currencies.  They  should  not  be  confounded 
with  the  Mint  values. 


LEGAL  HOLIDAYS.— In  all  the  states  and  territories  of  the 
United  States  the  following  are  legal  holidays :  Christmas  (Dec. 
25th),  kth  July,  and  Thankwnrintj  (usually  last  Thursday  in  Nov.); 
New  Year's  is  a  legal  holiday  in  all  the  states  and  territories  ex- 


44 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


cept  Arkansas,  Delaware,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Maine,  Massachu- 
setts, New  Hampshire.  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina  and  Rhode 
Island.  Decoration  Day  (May  80),  is  ^a  legal  holiday  in  Colorado, 
Maine,  Vermont,  Connecticut,  MiYhigan,  New  Hampshire,  New 
Jersey,  Rhode  Island,  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  District  of 
Columbia.  Washington's  Birthday  (Feb.  22)  is  a  legal  holiday  in 
Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Indiana,  Kansas, 
Maine,  Missouri,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Texas,  Oregon  and  Ten- 
nessee. In  Louisiana  Shrove  Tuesday,  Anniversary  of  Battle  of 
\vw  Orleans  (Jan.  8),  Lincoln'*  Birthday  (Feb.  12),  Firemen's  Anni- 
versary (March  4,)  and  Good  Friday  are  legal  holidays.  In  Texas 
the  Anniversary  of  Texan  Independence  (March  2,)  and  Battle  of 
San  Jacinto  (April  21,)  are  legal  holidays.  In  Georgia  Memorial 
Day  (April  26);  in  Mobile,  Montgomery  and  Selma,  Ala.,  Shrove 
Tuesday,  and  in  Florida,  Minnesota  and  Pennsylvania  Good  Friday 
are  legal  holidays.  General  Election  days  are  ordered  as  holidays  ' 
in  California,  Maine,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Oregon, 
South  Carolina  and  Wisconsin. 


SIL.VE11  SPRINGS,  FLORIDA. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


45 


PUBLIC  DEBT   OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  in  each 
year  since  1790.    (.official.) 


1791 

1793 

$75,4*3,476  T3  1 
77  227  924  68 

1839 

1840 

Jan.  1  $11,983,73753 
**      5  125  077  63 

1793 

80  352  (534  04 

1841 

"      6  737  398  00 

1794 

78,427,404  rt  7 

1842 

.  .  "     15,028,486  37 

1795 

80,747,587  38 

1843 

July  1   27,203,450  69 

1796 

83,762,173  07 

1844 

"     24,748,188  23 

1797 

...  82  064,479  33 

1845 

"     J7  093  794  80 

1798 
1799 

79,228,529  13 

78  408,669  77 

1846 

1847 

"     16,750,926  33 
....*'     38  956.623  38 

1800 

82,976,294  35 

1848 

"     48,526,379  37 

1801 

83,038,050  80 

1849 

.  ..Dec.  1  64,704,69371 

1803 

80  712  G32  25 

1850 

**     64  228  238  37 

1803 

...  .   77,054,686  30 

1851 

..  .  .Nov.30  62560,39526 

1804 

86,427,120  88 

1853 

Dec.  20  65,131,692  13 

1805 

82,312,150  50 

1853 

July  1  67,340,62878 

1806 

75,723.2066 

1854 

"     47,242,206  05 

1807 

69,218.398  64 

1855 

Nov.  17  39,969,731  05 

1808 

.  65,196  317  97 

1856 

»*  15  30,963,909  64 

1809 

57  023  1P2  09 

1857 

.  .July  1  29  060  386  90 

1810 

...   53,173,217  53 

1858 

.  .  .  .  **     44  910,777  66 

1811 

48,005,587  76 

1859 

"     58,754,699  33 

1812 

.  .  .  45,209,737  90 

1860 

.  .  .  .  **     64,769,703  08 

1813 

.  55  962  827  57 

1861 

..-.**     90  867  828  68 

1814 

81  48^  846  24 

1862 

"     514  211  371  92 

1815 

.  .  99833,660  '5 

1863 

.  .  .  .  **    1  098,793  181  37 

18K 

127  334  9;33  74 

1864 

"    1  740  690  489  49 

1817 

...  123491,965  16 

1865 

.  .  .  .  "   2,682*593  026  53 

18  '8 

103  466  f  33  83 

1866 

.  .  "    2  783  425  879  21 

1819 

.   95,?  29,648  28 

1867 

"   2,692,199,215  12 

1820 

94  015  566  15 

1868 

*»   2  636  320  964  67 

1821 
1823 

89,987,427  f  6 
.   93  546,67(5  98 

1869 
1870 

"    3,489,003.4^058 
"   2,386  358  599  74 

1823 

...   90,875,877  27 

1871 

Jan.  1  2,332,067,793  75 

1824 

90,269,777  77 

1873 

.  "    2,243,838,411  14 

1825 

Jan  1   83  788432  71 

1873 

..."    2  162  252  338  12 

182<  > 

"     81,054,059  99 

1874 

»*   2,159,315,336  17 

1827 

"     73,987,357  20 

1875 

"    2,143,598,303  02 

1828 

4  '    67,475,043  87 

1876 

*»   2,119,832,195  27 

1829 
1830 
1831 
1833 
1833 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 

....  l     58,421,413  67 
....  *     48,565,406  50 
....  *     39,123,191  68 
....  "     24,322,235  18 
..  .."      7,001,03288 
...  .  "      4,760,081  08 
...  .  "       351,289  05 
...  .  "       291,089  05 
...  .  "      1,878,223  55 
.  "      4.857.60046 

3877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1883 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 

"   2,092,921,241  81 
"   2,045,955,442  79 
"   2,028,648,11109 
"   2,011,798,504  87 
July  1  1,819,650,150  00 
"    1,675,023,474  00 
"   1,538,781,82500 
"    1,438,542,995  00 
Jan.  1  1,418,548,371  00 
,  .  .  Julv  1  1.290.521.525 

In  the  last  twenty  amounts  the  cash  in  the  Treasury  is  de- 
ducted from  the  aggregate  debt,  and  bonds  issued  in  aid  of  the 
Pacific  Railroads  are  not  included  ;  these  amounted,  on  the  first 
day  of  January,  1887,  to  $107,870,475,  including  interest  paid  by 
the  United  States. 


MASON  AND  DIXON'S  LINE  is  a  popular  term  used  to 
signify  the  dividing  line  between  the  free  and  slave  states.  It 
originated  from  the  fact  that  the  line  between  Pennsylvania 
and  Maryland  and  Virginia  was  surveyed  by  Charles  Mason 
and  Jeremiah  Dixon.  Its  more  general  application  is  due  to  John 
Randolph,  of  Roanoke. 


46 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


POPULAR  AND  ELECTORAL  VOTE  at  all  Presi- 
dential Elections  since  the  Revolution  are  given  in  the 
following  tables.  Until  1804  each  elector  voted  for  two  candi- 
dates for  President;  the  one  receiving-  the  highest  number  of 
votes  was  elected  President ;  and  the  next  highest,  Vice-Presi- 
dent, provided  he  received  a  majority  of  the  votes.  New  York, 
North  Carolina  and  Rhode  Island  did  not  vote  at  the  first  election: 


!• 

PARTY. 

CANDIDATES. 

VOTK. 

Popular. 

Elecotral. 

1789 

1792 
1796 

1800 
1804 

G-i  orge  Washington  .  .        .... 

69 
34 
9 
6 
6 
4 
3 
2 
2 
1 

1 

4 

132 

77 
50 

1 
3 

71 

68 
59 
30 
15 
11 
7 
5 
3 
2 
2 
2 
1 

73 
73 

65 
64 

1 

162 
14 

John  Adams 

Li    H   Harrison 

John  Rutledg'e  ...,..,  . 

G  corge  Clinton  

Samuel  Huntingdon.   ..' 

John  Milton  
James  Armstrong'        .... 



Benjamin  Lincoln  

Edward  Telf  air 

Federalist 

Vacancies 

G-eorge  Washington  

Federalist  
Republican  

John  Adams  
George  Clinton  

Thomas  Jefferson  

Aaron  JhJurr  

Federalist  
Republican  
Federalist 

Vacancies  

John  Adams  

Ttiomas  Jefferson 

Thomas  Pinckney  

Republican 

Aaron  Burr 

Samuel   A  dams  
Oliver  Ellsworth  
George  Clinton      

John  Jay 

James  Iredell  
George  Washington    . 

John1  Henry  

S   Johnson               

Republican  — 
Republican  
Federalist  
Federalist  

Charles  C.  Pinckney  
Thomas  Jefferson 

Aaron  Burr.       .  .          

John  Adams 

Charles  C.  Pinckney  
John  Jay.  . 

Republican  
Federalist  

Tlie  election  being  a  tie,  was 
thrown    into    Congress,   and 
Jefferson  chosen,  with  Burr  as 
Vice. 

j  Thomas  Jefferson  for  P.   ) 
1  George  Clinton  for  V.P.  f 
j  Chas.  C.  Pinckney  for  P.  1 
"(  Rut  us  King  f  or  V  .  P  .         J 

GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


47 


s 

1808 
1812 
1816 

1820 
1824 

1828 
1832 

1836 

PARTY. 

CANDIDATES. 

VOTE. 

Popular. 

«a 

8 

J3_ 

122 

47 

131 

89 

183 

34 

231 

8 

99 
41 
37 

182 
24 
13 
9 
2 
84 
30 

178 
83 

219 
49 
11 

170 
147 

73 
26 
14 
11 

77 
47 
23 

Republican  

j  James  Madison  for  P. 
j  George  Clinton  for  V.  P.  f 
j  Chas.  C.  Pinckney  for  P   j 
1  Ruf  us  King  for  V.  P.        f 

j  James  Madison  for  P.        } 
]  Elbridge  Gerry  for  V.P.  j" 
j  De  Witt  Clinton  tor  P        ) 
(  Jared  Ingersoll  for  V.  P.  f 

j  James  Monroe  for  P.         ) 
j  D.  D.  Tompkins  for  V.P.  f 
Ruf  us  King  for  P.               ) 
•j  John  E.  Howard  for  V.P.  v 
(     and  Scattering  . 

j  James  Monroe  for  P.         ) 
1  D.  D.  Tompkins  for  V.P.  j" 
(  John  Q.  Adams  for  P. 
•<  Richard     Stockton      for  > 
(     V.  P.  and  Scattering1.      \ 

(  Andrew  Jackson  for  P.     ) 
•<  Wm.  H,  Crawford  for  P.  V 
(  Henry  Clay  for  P.               ) 
John  C.  Calhoun  for  V.P.  1 
Nathaniel  Macori  for    i% 
1  Andrew  Jackson  for    "     }- 
Martin  Van  Buren  for  <k 
[Henry  Clay  lor 
j  John  Q    Adams  for  P.        ( 
I  Nathan  Sanford  for  V.P.  f 

Election  thrown  into  House, 
and  Adams  chosen,  with  Cal- 
houn as  Vice. 

Andrew  Jackson  for  P. 
(JohnC.  Calhoun  for  V.P. 
f  J.  Q.  Adams  for  P. 
1  Richard  Rush  for  V.  P. 

{  Andrew  Jackson  for  P.     \ 
1  MartinVan  Buren  forV.P  f 
j  Henry  Clay  for  F.                \ 
\  John  Sargent  for  V.P.     j 
J  John  Floyd  for  P.                { 
1  Henry  Lee  for  V.P.          ( 
J  William  Wirt  for  P.          ! 
"  Amos  -Lllnuiker  for  V.  P   f 

Martin  Van  Buren  for  P.  1 
R.  M.  Johnson  for  V.  P.  f 

fWm.  H.  Harrison  for  P. 
HughL.  White  for  P. 
1  Daniel  Webstor  for  P. 
i  W   P.  MangumforP. 
Francis  Granger  for  V.P. 
John  Tyler  for  V.  P. 
L  William  Smith  for  V.  P. 

Republican  

Republican  
Federalist 

Republican  

Republican  

Republican  
Coalition  

155,872 

44,282 
46,58: 

105,321 

Democratic  
Nat.  Republic  .  . 

Democratic  
Nat.  Rep  
Independent  .  .  . 
Anti-Mason  

Democratic  

* 
Whig  

647,231 
509,097 

687,502 
530,189 

76J  ,5-19 

7M,05C 

48 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


1 

PARTY. 

CANDIDATES. 

VOTE. 

Popular. 

Elect'l. 

Election   of   Vice-President 

thrown    into     Congress    and 

Johnson  chosen. 

1840 

Whig      

j  Wm.  H.  Harrison  for  P.  ) 
i  John  Tyler  for  V.  P.          j 

1,275,017 

234 

f  Martin  Van  Buren  for  P.  1 

1,128,702 

60 

Democratic  

J  R.  M   Johnson  f  or  V.  P    I 
IS    W  Taze  well  for  V   P.   f 

48 
11 

I  James  K.  Polk  for  V.  P'.  J 

1 

Liberty    

James  G.  Birney  for  P  

7,059 

1844 

Democratic  

j  James  K.  Polk  for  P.         } 
<  George  M.  Dallas  forV.P.  f 

1,337,243 

170 

Whig  

j  Henry  Clay  for  P.               I 
I  T.  Frelinghuysen  f  orV.  P  f 

1,299,068 

105 

Liberty 

James  G.  Birney  for  P.  ...... 

62,300 

1848 

Whig      

j  Zachary  Taylor  for  P.        I 
1  Millard  Fillmore  for  V.  P.  f 

1,360,101 

163 

Democratic.  ... 

j  Lewis  Cass  for  P.                I 
1  Wm.  O.  Butler  for  V.  P.  J 

1,220,544 

127 

Free  Soil...  

j  Martin  Van  Buren  for  P.  1 
"i  Charles  F.  Adams  for  V.  P  f 

291,263 

1852 

Democratic  .... 

j  Franklin  Pierce  for  P.  ...  1 
1  Wm.  R.  King  for  V.P.  .  .  .  j 

1,601,474 

254 

Whig 

j  Winfield  Scott  f  or  P  ....  1 
1  Wm.  A.  Graham  for  V.P.  f 

1,386,578 

42 

Free  Democ  — 

i  John  P.  Hale  f  or  P    I 
"i  Geo.  W.  Julian  for  V.  P.  .  f 

156,143 

1856 

Democratic  

j  James  Buchanan  for  P.  .  ) 
1  J.C.Breckenridge  tk  V.P.  f 

1,838,10 

174 

Republican  

\  John  C.  Fremont  for  P.  .  ) 
1  Wm.  L.  Dayton  for  V.  P.  f 

1,341,261 

114 

American  

j  Millard  Fillmore  for  P.  .  .  j 
1  A.  J.  Donelson  for  V.  P.  j 

874,53-: 

8 

1860 

Republican  .  . 

I  A   Lincoln  for  P  .  \ 

1,866,352 

180 

1  Hanibal  Homlinfor  V.  P.  f 

Democratic  

j  J.C.Breckenridge  for  P,  . 
1  Joseph  Lane  for  V.  P  .  . 

845,763 

72 

Cons.  Union  — 

(  John  Bell  for  P  

589,581 

39 

1  Edward  Everett  for  V.P. 

Ind.  Democrat. 

j  Stephen  A.  Douglas  for  P.  I 
{  H.  V.  Johnson  for  V.  P.  .  j" 

1,375,157 

12 

1864 

Republican  

j  A.  Lincoln  for  P  ) 
1  A.  Johnson  for  V.  P.  ...  j 

2,216,067 

212 

Democratic  

j  Geo.  B.  McClellan  for  P.  .  ) 
{  G.  H.  Pendleton  for  V.P.  1 

1,808,725 

21 

Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida, 

Georgia,  Louisiana,  Missis- 

sippi, North  Carolina,  Ten- 
nessee, Texas  and  Virginia, 

did  not  vote. 

GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK. 


49 


(H 

03 

| 

1868 
1872 

1876 

1880 
1884 

PARTY. 

CANDIDATES. 

VOTE. 

Popular. 

1 

H 

214 

80 

286 

47 

5 
5 

185 
184 

214 
155 

219 

182; 

Republican  
Democratic...   . 

Republican  
Dem.  and  Liber. 

Democratic  
Temperance  

Republican  
Democratic  
Greenback  

JUS   Grant  f  or  P  > 

3,01,5,071 
2,709,613 

3,597,070 
2,834,079 

29,408 
5,608 

4,033,950 
4,284,885 
81,740 
9,522 

4,449,053 
4,442,035 
307,306 

4,833,319 
4,844.061 
208,553 
150,335 

IS.  Colfax  for  V.  P.  .,       .  f 
Horatio  Seymour  for  P.  .  \ 
1F.  P.  Blair,  Jr.,  for  V.  P.  f 

Mississippi,   Texas  and    Vir- 
ginia did  not  vote. 

JU.  S.  Grant  for  P  ( 
1  H   Wilson  for  V    P  j 

j  Horace  Greeley  for  P  .  .  .  .  f 
IB.  G.  Brown  for  V.  P...  j 

Vote  of  Georgia  for  Greeley, 
and  of  Arkansas  and  Louis- 
iana for  Grant  rejected. 

j  Charles  O'Connor  for  P..  \ 
1G.  W.  Julian  for  V.  P.     1 
j  J    Black  for  P                      I 

1  A.  H.  Colquitt  for  V.  P..  f 

Votes  opposed  to  Grant  scat- 
tered in  Electoral  College. 

j  R   B.  Hayes  for  P  { 

1  Wm.  A.  Wheeler  f  or  V.P.  I 
S   J   Tilden  for  P               I 

T.  A.  Hendricks  for  V.P.  f 
Peter  Cooper  for  P  i 

Prohibition  

Republican  
Democratic  — 

(  C.  Gary  for  V.  P  \ 
_|  Green  Clay  Smith  for  P.  .  J. 

j  James  A.  Garfield  for  P.  } 
/  C.  A.  Arthur  for  V.  P...  1 
j  W.  S.  Hancock  for  P.  ...  \ 
1  W.  H.  English  for  V.  P.  y 
j  J.  B.  Weaver  f  or  P  \ 

Democratic  
Republican  
Greenback  
Prohibition  

1  B.  J.  Chambers  for  V.  P.  f 

j  S.  G.  Cleveland  for  P.  ...  \ 
1  T.  A.  Hendricks  for  V.  P.  I" 
j  J   G   Blaine  for  P    ( 

1  J.  A.  Logan  for  V.  P....  f 
IB.  F.  Butler  for  P    r 

JJ   P.  St.  John  for  P  \ 

50  THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


PORTRAITS  ON  UNITED  STATES  CURRENCY 
AND  POSTAGE  STAMPS,  and  on  legal  tender  (United  States 
notes):  $1,  Washington;  $2,  Jefferson;  $5,  Jackson;  $10,  Webster; 
$20,  Hamilton;  $50,  Franklin;  $100,  Lincoln;  $500,  Gen.  Mansfield; 
$1,000,  De  Witt  Clinton;  $5,000,  Madison;  $10,000,  Jackson.  On 
silver  certificates:  $10,  Robert  Morris;  $20,  Commodore  Decatur; 
$50,  Edward  Everett;  $100,  James  Monroe;  $500,  Charles  Sumner, 
and  $1,000,  W.  L.  Marcy.  On  gold  notes:  $20,  Garfield;  $50,  Silas 
Wright;  $100,  Thomas  H.  Benton;  $500,  A.  Lincoln;  $1,000,  Alex- 
ander Hamilton,  $5,000,  James  Madison;  $10,000,  A  ndrew  Jackson. 
On  postage  stamps:  10  cent,  Jefferson;  6  cent,  Lincoln;  5  cent, 
Garfield;  4  cent,  Jackson;  2  cent,  Washington;  1  cent,  Franklin. 


WARS    OF    THE    UNITED     STATES -COST    AND 
NUMBER  TROOPS: 

No.  Troops.  Cost. 

Revolution 395,364  $   135,205,604 

War  of  1812 449,671  109,159,303 

Mexican  War 101,282  101,235,000 

Civil  War  (Number  Federal  Troops).  ...  2,859,132  6,189,929,908 


UNION  SOLDIERS  LOST  IN  CIVIL  WAR. -The  fol- 
lowing table  shows  the  number  of  soldiers  who  lost  their  lives 
in  the  Union  armies  during  the  rebellion,  and  the  general  causes 
of  their  death.  The  figures  are  official: 

Officers.  Men.   Aggregate. 

Killed  or  died  of  wounds 6,365  103,673  1 10,038 

Died  of  disease 2,795  221,791  324,586 

Drowned  106  4,838  4,944 

Other  accidental  deaths 142  3,972  4,114 

Murdered 37  587  624 

Killed  after  capture 14  86  100 

Committed  suicide 26  365  391 

Executed. 267  267 

Executed  by  enemy 4  60  64 

Died  from  sunstroke 5  308  313 

Other  known  causes 60  1,962  2,022 

Causes  not  stated 28  12,093  12,121 


Total 9,584          349,912          359,496 

Number  of  deserters,  199,105;  number  taken  prisoner,  212,842; 
number  died  in  prison,  28,258. 


NUMBER  OF  CONFEDERATES  LOST.-Died  of  wounds 
or  disease,  131,643 ;  deserted,  94,362 ;  killed  in  action,  49,482 ;  taken 
prisoner  (including  final  surrender  of  all  armies  at  end  of  war), 
476,169;  died  in  prison,  26,774. 


THE  FIRST  MONEY  COINED  by  authority  of  the 
United  States  consisted  of  copper  cents,  which  were  issued  in 
1793.  In  1794  silver  dollars  were  coined,  and  in  1795  gold  eagles. 
In  1835  branch  mints  were  established  at  New  Orleans,  Charlotte, 
N.  C.,  and  at  Dahlonega,  Ga.  Another  was  established  at  San 
Francisco  in  1854,  and  another  at  Carson  City,  Nev.,  in  1870. 


COAL  FIELDS  OF  THE  WORLD: 

United  States 200,266  square  miles. 

Europe 34,000 

Great  Britain 6,195 

British  America 2,200 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK. 


51 


PRODUCTS,  EXPORTS  AND  IMPORTS.— The  value  of 
products,  etc.,  of  the  United  States  are  estimated  as  below: 

Total  value  of  products  of  industry $10,000,000,000 


Average  annual  coal  production  — 

Average  annual  value  exports  merchandise 

Average  annual  value  imports  merchandise 

Average  annual  value  exports  of  cotton  

Average  annual  value  imports  cotton  ma'factures. 

Total  imports  year  ending  J  une  £0.  1885 

"     export**     '  "      "     "   

Exports  of  gold  "  "   

"       silver  "  "      "     "   


AREA  AMERICAN  COAL  FIELDS: 


78,161,744 

791,633,259 

022,589,714 

12,322.428 

31,949,892 

577,476,085 

741,893,683 

8,477,892 

33,753,633 


miles. 


Massachusetts   )                         AnthmpitP                                       onn 
Rhode  Island     f  Anthracite  300 

Pennsylvania                                                                                      ^fl 

Oregon        

100 

Pennsylvania                             Bitun 

inous                                  12  656 

Maryland  

550 

West  Virginia  

15  000 

Virginia  

225 

North  Carolina  . 

45 

Tennessee  

3700 

Georgia 

170 

Alabama  

4300 

Kentucky  

....             .            13^700 

Ohio         .... 

7  100 

Indiana  

6  700 

Illinois 

30000 

Michig'an  

...       13'  ooo 

Iowa                ... 

24000 

Missouri  

gj  000 

Nebraska, 

4000 

Kansas  

12000 

Arkansas 

12000 

Indian  Territory 

lo'ooo 

Texas  

3000 

Oregon  

.     .                                500 

Washington  Territory  

750 

West  of  Rocky  Mountains.  .  .  . 
Total... 

.        ..      5,000 

..   200.266 

To  which  may  be  added  as  recent  formations  Tertiary 

Coals,  Lignites,  etc.,  mostly  near  Rocky  Mountains. . . .  200,000 


THE  NUMBER  OF  INDIANS  in  the  United  States  is 
estimated  at  360,000.  

NICKNAMES  OF  CITIES  of  the  United  States  are  as 
follows:  Baltimore;  "Monumental  City";  Boston,  "Hub  of  the 
Universe,1'  or  "  Modern  Athene  ";  Brooklyn,  "  City  of  Churches  "; 
Buffalo,  "  Queen  City  of  the  Lakes ";  Chicago,  "  Garden  City "; 
Cincinnati,  "Queen  City'1;  Cleveland,  "Forest  City";  Detroit, 
"  City  of  tho  Straits  ";  Indianapolis,  "  Railroad  City ";  Kansas 
City,  "City  of  Bluffs";  Keokuk,  la.,  "Gate  City";  Louisville, 
"Falls  City";  Lowell,  "City  of  Spindles11;  Milwaukee,  "Cream 
City  »;  Nashville,  "  City  of  Rocks  ";  Now  Haven,  "  City  of  Elms  "; 
New  Orleans,  "Crescent  City11;  New  York,  "Empire  City,"  or 
"  Gotham  ";  Philadelphia,  "  City  of  Brotherly  Love,"  or  "  Quaker 
City";  Pittsburgh,  "Iron  City";  Portland,  Me.,  "Forest  City'1; 
Rochester,  "Flour  City";  Springfield,  111.,  "Flower  City";  St. 
Louis,  "Mound  City";  Washington,  "City  of  Magnificent  Dis- 
tances." 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


DISTANCES  FROM  NEW  YORK  to  various  cities  of  the 
Union  and  other  parts  of  the  world,  with  the  latest  corrections, 
will  be  found  below: 


Miles. 

Adrian,  Mich  775 

Akron,  Ohio 610 

Albany,  N.  Y 143 

Alexandria,  Va 238 

Algiers,  La 1,556 

Allegheny,  Pa 434 

Allentown,  Pa 92 

Alton,  111 1,068 

Annapolis,  Md 222 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich 7J6 

Atchison,  Kan 1,368 

Atlanta,  Ga 1,018 

Auburn,  N.  Y 328 

Augusta,  Me 407 

Augusta,  Ga 887 

Aurora,  Til 951 

Baltimore,  Md 188 

Bangor,  Me 482 

Bath,  Me 382 

Baton  Rouge,  La 1,320 

Belfast,  Me 424 

Belief  ontaine,  Ohio 658 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 215 

Blaekstone,  Mass 272 

Bloomington,  111 1,037 

Boston,  Mass 236 

Bristol,  R.  I 215 

Bucyrus,  Ohio 632 

Buffalo,N.Y 4:  (3 

Burlington,  N.  J 74 

Burlington,  Iowa 1.122 

Burlington,  Vt 280 

Cambridge ,  Mass 239 

Camden,  N.  J 91 

Canandaigua,  N.  Y 377 

Carson  City,  Nevada 2,800 

Chambersburg.  Pa  246 

Charleston,  S.  C 874 

Chariest-own,  Mass 235 

Chattanooga,  Tenn 982 

Chicago,   111  911 

Chillicothe,  Ohio.   .     645 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 754 

Circleville,  Ohio  640 

Cleveland,  Ohio 581 

Columbia,  S.  C 744 

Columbus,  Ohio 624 

Concord,  N    H 308 

Covington,  Ky 755 

Cumberland,  Md 364 

Davenport,  Iowa 1,093 

Dayton,  Ohio 804 

Denver  City,  Col 1,998 

Des  Moines,  Iowa 1,251 

Detroit,  Mich 679 

Dover,  N.  II     304 

Dubuque,  Iowa 1,100 

Dunkirk,  N.  Y 460 

Elmira,  N.  Y 274 

Erie,  Pa 508 

Evansville,  Tnd 1,026 

Fall  River,  Mass 180 


Miles. 

Fitchburg,  Mass  218 

Fort  Kearney,  Neb 1,598 

Fort  \Vayne,  Ind    763 

Fredericksburg,  Va 296 

Galena,  111 1,083 

Galesburg,  111    1,076 

Galveston,  Tex  1,900 

Georgetown,  D.  C 228 

Hamilton,  Ohio 766 

Harrisburg,  Pa 182 

Hartford,  Conn 112 

Hudson,  N.  Y 115 

Indianapolis ,  Ind 838 

Jackson,  Miss 1,498 

Jefferson  City,  Mo 1,210 

Kalamazoo,  Mich 822 

Kansas  City,  Mo  1,367 

Kingstown,  N.  Y 88 

Lafayette,  Ind 903 

Lansing,  Mich  785 

Lawrence,  Mass  262 

Lea  yen  worth,  Kan 1,388 

Lexington,  Ky 841 

Lexington,  Mo 1,354 

Little  Rock,  Ark 1,430 

Lockport,  N.  Y 507 

Louisville,  Ky 904 

Lowell,  Mass 261 

Lynchburg,  Va 40 1 

Macon,  Ga  1,121 

Madison,   Wis 1,049 

Memphis,  Tenn 1,289 

Milledgeville,  Ga.  1,110 

Milwaukee,  Wis : .  996 

Mobile,  Ala  1,370 

Montgomery,  Ala 1,193 

Montpelier,  Vt 454 

Nashua,  N.  H 275 

Nashville,  Tenn 1,088 

New  Albany,  Ind 907 

New  Bedford,  Mass 181 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J .       32 

Newburgh,  N.  Y 53 

New  Haven,  Conn 76 

New  Orleans,  La 1,550 

Newport,  Ky 744 

Newport,  R.  1 102 

Norwalk,  Conn 45 

Omaha,  Neb 1,455 

Oswego,  N.  Y 237 

Philadelphia 89 

Pittsburg,  Pa  445 

Pittsfleld,  Mass 161 

Portland,  Me 341 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y ......       76 

Providence,  R.  I 189 

Richmond,  Va 343 

Rochester,  N .  Y 37 1 

Sacramento,  Cal 3, 183 

St.  Louis,  Mo 1,066 

St.  Paul,  Minn 1,322 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 2,476 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


53 


Miles.  Miles. 

San  Antonio,  Tex 1,952       Trenton,  N.  J 58 

San  Francisco,  Cal 3,273       Troy,  N.  Y 151 

Savannah,  G a    9)3       Utica,  N.  Y ,.      240 

Springfield,  111 1,032       Vicksburg,  Miss.. 1,287 

Spring-field,  Mass 139       Washington,  D.  C 228 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 293       Wheeling,  W.  Va 511 

Terre  Haute,  Ind 899       Wilmington,  Del 118 

Toledo,  O 706       Worcester,  Mass 193 

BY  WATER. 

Place.  Country.  Miles. 

Alexandria, Egypt 5,095 

Amsterdam Holland  3,530 

Bermudas West  Indies. 680 

Bombay India 11,575 

Bordeaux France ,. 3,334 

Brussels Belgium 3,418 

Cape  of  Good  Hope Africa 6,840 

Cape  Horn South  America 7,000 

Constantinople Turkey 5,156 

Copenhagen Denmark 3,650 

Calcutta India  12,510 

Canton China 14,115 

Gibralter Spain 3,290 

Glasgow Scotland 2,934 

Halifax Nova  Scotia 563 

Havana Cuba 1,275 

Lima Peru 11,312 

Lisbon Portugal 3,184 

London ...  England 3,376 

Liverpool England 3,080 

Madras British  India 11,864 

Naples Italy 4,327 

Pekin China 15,325 

Pernambuco  ....  , Brazil 4,926 

St.John Newfoundland 786 

St.  Petersburg Russia 4,437 

Honolulu Sandwich  Islands 7,159 

San  Francisco California .  18,843 

Shanghai China 14,510 

Stockholm Sweden 4,075 

Valparaiso . .   Chili 4,813 

Vera  Cruz Mexico 2,185 

Vienna Austria. . 4,095 

Yokohama Japan 7,529 


THE  USTTEBNAIi  BEVENUE  KECEIPTS for  1886  were 
$116,902,869,  and  were  distributed  about  as  follows:  Alabama,  $81,038; 
Arizona,  $2,750;  Arkansas,  $94,893;  California,  $2,090,785;  Colorado, 
$201,482;  Connecticut,  $461,972;  Dakota,  $10,000;  Delaware,  $200,000; 
Florida,  $237,272;  Georgia,  $304,384;  Idaho,  2,500;  Illinois,  $23,852,- 
253,000;  Indiana,  $4,873,230 ;  Iowa,  $2,547,341 ;  Kansas,  $t04,146;  Ken- 
tucky, $15,746,941;  Louisiana,  $552,115;  Maine,  $57,801;  Maryland, 
$2,462,092;  Massachusetts,  $2,292,679;  Michigan,  $1,671,994;  Minne- 
sota, $534,532;  Mississippi,  50,000;  Missouri,  $7,060,652;  Montana, 
$90,840;  Nebraska,  $1,674,013;  Nevada,  $57,000;  New  Hampshire, 
$375,000;  New  Jersey,  $3,951,676;  North  Carolina,  $1,744,959;  New 
Mexico,  $65,124;  Ohio,  $12,921,349;  New  York,  $14,365,209;  Oregon, 
$124,034;  Pennsylvania,  $7,847,231;  Rhode  Island,  $132,080;  South 
Carolina,  $100,014;  Tennessee,  $1,024,913;  Texas,  $196,851;  Vermont, 
$32,503;  Virginia,  $2,982,728;  West  Virginia,  $486,063;  Wisconsin, 
$309,317. 


54 


THE     WESTERN   WORLD 


DISTANCES  FROM  WASHINGTON  to  various  points 
in  an  air  line: 


ARtes. 

Alexandria,  Egypt 5,275 

Amsterdam,  Holland 3,555 

Athens,  Greece 5,005 

Aukland,  N.  Z 8,290 

Algiers,  Algeria 3,425 

Berlin,  Prussia 3,847 

Berne,  Switzerland 3,730 

Brussels,  Belgium 3,5 '  5 

Batavia,  Java 11,118 

Bombay,  Hindostan 8,548 

Buenos  Ay  res,  A.  C 5,013 

Bremen,  Pr 3,500 

Constantinople,  Turkey..  4,880 
Copenhagen,  Denmark  . .  3,895 

Calcutta,  Hindostan 9,348 

Canton,  China 9,000 

Cairo,  Egypt 5,848 

Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony.  6,684 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 7,380 

Caraccas,  Venezuela 1,058 

Charlotte  Town,  P.  E.  I. .     820 

Dublin,  Ireland 3,076 

Delhi,  Hindostan 8,368 

Edinburgh,  Scotland 3,275 

Frederick  ton,  N.  B 670 

Gibraltar,  Spain 3,150 

Glasgow,  Scotland 3,215 

Halifax,  N.  S 780 

Hamburg,  Germany 3,570 

Havana,  Cuba 1,139 

Honolulu,  S.  1 4,513 

Jerusalem,  Palestine 5,495 

Jamestown,  St.  Helena...  7,150 

Lima,  Peru 3,515 

Lisbon,  Portugal 3,190 

Liverpool,  England 3,228 

London,  England 3,315 

City  of  Mexico,  Mex 1,867 

Montevideo,  Uruguay. . . .  5,003 

Montreal,  Canada 471 

Madrid,  Spain 3,485 

Moscow,  Russia 4,466 


Miles. 
Manilla,  Phil.  Islands. ....  9,360 

Mecca,  Arabia.   6,598 

Muscat,  Arabia 7,600 

Monrovia.  Liberia 3,645 

Morocco,  Morocco 3,305 

Mourzouk,  Fezzan 5,525 

Mozambique,  Moz 7,348 

Ottawa,  Canada 462 

Panama,  New  Granada...  1,825 

Parana,  A.  C 4,733 

Port  au  Prince,  Hayti ....  1,425 

Paris,  France 3,485 

Pekin,  China 8,783 

Quebec,  Canada 601 

Quito,  Ecuador 2,531 

Kio  Janeiro,  Braxil 4,280 

Rome,  Italy 4,365 

St.  Petersburg,  Russia. . . .  4,296 

Stockholm,  Sweden 4,055 

Shanghai,  China 8,600 

Singapore,  Malay 11,300 

St.  Johns,  N.  F 1,340 

San  Domingo,  S.  D 4.300 

San  Juan,  Nicaragua..  ..  1,740 

San  Salvador,  A.  C 1,650 

Santiago,  Chili 4,970 

Spanish  Town,  Jamaica. .  1,446 

Sidney,  C.  B.  1 975 

Sydney,  Australia 8,963 

St.  Paul  de  Loanda 5,578 

Timbuctoo,  Soudan 3,395 

Tripoli,  Tripoli 4,425 

Tunis,  Tunis 4,240 

Toronto,  Canada 343 

Venice,Italy 3,835 

Vienna,  Austria 4,115 

Valparaiso,  Chili 4,934 

Vera  Cruz,  Mexico 1,680 

Warsaw,  Poland 4,010 

Yeddo,  Japan 7,630 

Zanzibar,  Zanzibar 7,078 


THE  MORTALITY  OF  CITIES  in  the  United  States  is 
as  follows,  the  number  following  each  city  indicating  the  number  of 
deaths  per  year  to  the  1,000  of  population:  New  York,  25;  Phila- 
delphia, 20;  Chicago,  20;  St.  Louis,  19;  Baltimore,  20;  Cincinnati, 
19;  Louisville,  24;  San  Francisco,  20;  Atlanta.  19;  Washington,  23; 
Pittsburgh,  20;  New  Orleans,  23;  Brooklyn,  22;  Boston,  22;  Savan- 
nah, 24;  Charleston,  24;  New  Haven,  18:  Salt  Lake  City,  20;  Provi- 
dence, 19:  Memphis,  24;  Jacksonville,  24;  Richmond,  19;  Cleve- 
land, 18;  Newark,  21;  Milwaukee,  19;  Mobile,  23;  Nashville,  22 ;  St. 
Paul,  25;  Minneapolis,  25. 


EXPENDITURES   IN   THE    UNITED    STATES  are 

approximately  as  follows:  For  liquor,  $980,000,000;  for  bread, 
$525,000,000;  for  meat,  $312,000,000;  for  iron  and  other  metals, 
$365,000,000;  for  woolen  goods,  $224,000,000;  for  cotton  goods, 
$198,000,000;  for  lumber,  $235,000,000;  for  boots  and  shoes,  $197,000,- 
000:  for  sugar  and  molasses,  $55,000,000;  for  educational  purposes, 
$96,00., 000. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


55 


THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE  DOLLAR  dates  from  July  6, 1785, 
prior  to  which  the  English  pound  was  used  in  the  colonies.  The 
weight  was  fixed  in  August  of  the  following  year,  and  was  based 
on  that  of  the  old  Spanish  dollar.  The  first  dollar  ever  issued 
by  any  government  wa  coined  at  Joachimsthall,  in  Bohemia. 


IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1820-1884. 

Previous  to  1820  no  record  of  immigrants  was  kept,  but  the 
whole  number  landed  from  the  close  of  the  Revolution  to  that 
£ate,  is  put  at  about  270,000. 


Year. 
1830 

Immi- 
grants. 
.    8385 

Year. 

1837. 

Immi- 
grants. 
79340 

Year. 

1854... 
1855.... 
1856 

Immi- 
grants. 

...427,833 
...200,877 
195  857 

Year.      Immi- 
grants. 
1871  321,350 
1872  404,806 
1873            459  803 

1821.... 

....  9,127 

1&38.... 
1839.... 
1840.... 
1841.  .. 

...  38,914 
.   .  68,069 
...  84,066 
...  80,289 

1822  . 

6911 

1823.... 

6,354 

1857.... 
1858.  .  .  . 

.  .  .246,945 
.  .  .  119,501 

1874..        .313,339 
1875..        .227,408 
1876..        .169,986 
1877.         .141,857 
1878..        .138,469 
1879  177,826 

1824.... 
1825.. 

....  7,912 
...  10,199 

1842.  .. 
1843.  .  .  . 
1844.  .  .  . 
1845.  .. 
1846. 

...104,565 
.  ,  .  52,496 
...  78,615 
...114,371 
154416 

1859 

118,615 

1826..   . 

....10,837 

1880.  .. 
1861. 

.  .  150,237 

89  724 

1827.... 
1828.... 

....18,875 

27,382 

1&62.  .  .  . 

.     89007 

1829  . 

22520 

1863.... 
1864.... 
1865.... 
1866.... 
1867.  .. 
1868.... 
1869.  .  .  . 
1870.... 

...174,524 
.  .  .  193,195 
...247,453 
...167,757 

..298,967 
...282,189 
...352,768 
...387,203 

1880  .457,257 
1881  669,431 
1882  788,992 
1883  603,322 
1884  518,592 
1885  395,346 
1886  334,208 
Total..  13,448,657 

1830  

....23,322 

1847.  .  .  . 
1848.... 
1849.  .  .  . 
1850.  .. 

.  .  .234,968 
...226,527 
...297,024 
369980 

1831.... 
1832.... 
1833.. 

....22,633 
....60,482 
.  .58,640 

1834.... 

65,365 

1851.... 
1852.... 
1853.  .  .  . 

...379,466 
...371,603 
...368,645 

1835.... 
1836.... 

.  .  .  .45,374 
....76,242 

NATIONALITY  OF  IMMIGRANTS  TO  THE  UNITED 
STATES.— Up  to  1884  the  countries  named  each  contributed  im- 
migrants as  follows: 


England  946,872 

Ireland 216,876 

Scotland 168,113 

Wales   21,643 

Great  Britain,  not  speci- 
fied    564,914 

Austria-Hungary 72,492 

Belgium 25,671 

Denmark 51,605 

France  344,716 

Germany 3,509,128 

China 274,381 


Greece 712 

Italy 79,673 

NetheYland 48,428 

Poland 19,218 

Portugal 11,104 

Russia 41,213 

Spain 29,694 

Sweden  and  Norway. . .  698,114 

Switzerland 89,807 

Turkey 1,108 

Total 8,915,502 


NATURAL  WONDERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.— 

Yosemite  Valley,  California,  57  miles  from  Coulterville.  A  valley 
from  8  to  ten  miles  long,  and  about  one  mile  wide.  Has  very 
steep  slopes  about  3,500  ft.  high;  has  a  perpendicular  precipice 
3,089  ft.  high;  a  rock  almost  perpendicular,  3,270  ft.  high;  and 
waterfalls  from  700  to  1,000.  Niagara  Falls— A  sheet  of  water 
three-quarters  uf  a  mile  wide,  with  a  fall  of  175  ft.  Natural 
Bridge  over  Cedar  Creek  in  Virginia;  Mammoth  Cave  in  Ken- 
tucky; Yellowstone  National  Park  in  Montana;  Peaks  of  Otter  in 
Virginia;  Grand  Menans  Land  in  Maine;  Mount  Desert  in  Maine; 
the  Palisades  of  the  Hudson  river;  Great  Salt  Lake  in  Utah;  Hot 
Springs  in  Arkansas;  the  Royal  Gorge,  the  Mount  of  the  Holy 
Cross,  the  Garden  of  the  Gods  in  Colorado. 


THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

(Official.) 


DENOMINA- 

1 

B 

CD 

E 

o 

DENOMINA- 

1 

B 

B 

TIONS. 

1 

.0 

TIONS. 

§ 

1 

1 

@ 

g 

1 

g 

S 

Advent.  2d., 

800 

600 

70000 

Meth.  Free... 

107 

~~260 

12,318 

Adv7thDay 
Baptist  

640 
26,060 

114 

16,596 

15,570 
2,296,3,27 

Meth.  Cong... 
Meth.  Prim.  .  . 

£00 
14 

225 

52 

13,750 
3,36? 

BapAnti-M! 

900 

400 

40,000 

Meth.  Prot... 

573 

1,385 

135,000 

"  FreeWill. 

1,432 

1,213 

78,012 

Meth.     Welsh 

11  7th  Day.. 

94 

110 

8,539 

Calvinistic.  . 

1,134 

600 

118,979 

"  SixPrin. 

20 

12 

2,000 

Meth.  Wesley. 

148 

400 

17,087 

Christian  .  .  . 

5,100 

3,782 

591,821 

Moravian  

84 

94 

9,491 

Congreg'nl. 
Dunkards 

3,604 

3,713 

381,697 

Mormon  
New  Jerus'lm 

654 

3,906 

110,377 

Brethren  . 

250 

200 

100,000 

(Swed'brgn) 

93 

89 

3,994 

Epis.  Prot.. 

3,000 

3,432 

338,383 

Presbyterian  . 

5,858 

5,218 

600,695 

Epis.  Ref... 

100 

9,448 

Presb.  (South) 

2,010 

1,081 

123,806 

Evang.  Ass. 

l',576 

1,545 

117,027 

"     Cum'bl'd 

2,457 

1,386 

111,863 

Friends  

392 

200 

60,0'  0 

Presb.  Ref  .... 

167 

143 

17.273 

Jews 

260 

202 

13633 

Presb   United 

826 

719      K4.?vra 

Lutheran  .  .  . 

3,132 

950,868 

Ref  'd.  Church 

Mennonite.  . 

'300 

350 

50,000 

(Dutch)  

509 

545 

80,167 

Method.  Ep. 

17,935 

24,658 

1,724,420 

Ref.  Church.. 

1,405!    748 

155,857 

Method.  Ep. 

Rom.  Catholic 

6,241 

6,546 

6,901,324 

(South)  .. 

4,942 

11,703 

860,687 

Shaker  .. 

18 

68 

2,400 

Method.  Ep. 

Unitar'n  Con- 

African .  .  . 

381 

1,738 

387,566 

gregational. 

335 

394 

17,960 

Method.  Ep. 

United  Breth. 

Afr.  Zion. 

629 

1,800 

300,000 

in  Christ.... 

4,524 

2,196 

157,835 

Method.  Ep. 

Universalist  .. 

9*6 

729 

27,429 

Colored  .  .  . 

388 

63F 

112,938 

WinebrenVs. 

400 

350 

30,000 

THE  GREAT  CANALS  OF  THE  WORLD.-The  Im- 
perial Canal  of  China  is  over  1,000  miles  long.  In  the  year  of  1861 
was  completed  the  greatest  undertaking  of  the  kind  on  the  Euro- 
pean continent,  the  Canal  of  Langedoc,  or  the  Canal  du  Midi,  to 
connect  the  Atlantic  with  the  Mediterranean;  its  length  is  148 
miles,  it  has  more  than  100  locks  and  about  50  aqueducts,  and  its 
highest  part  is  no  less  than  600  feet  above  the  sea;  it  is  navigable 
for  vessels  of  upward  of  600  tons.  The  largest  ship  canal  in 
Europe  is  the  great  North  Holland  Canal,  completed  in  1825—125 
feet  wide  at  the  water  surface,  31  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and 
has  a  depth  of  20  feet ;  it  extends  from  Amsterdam  to  the  Helder, 
51  miles.  The  Caledonia  Canal,  in  Scotland,  has  a  total  length  of 
60  miles,  including  three  lakes.  The  Suez  Canal  is  88  miles  long, 
of  which  66  miles  are  actual  canal.  The  Erie  Canal  is  a50J£  miles 
long;  the  Ohio  Canal,  Cleveland  to  Portsmouth,  332;  the  Miami 
and  Erie,  Cincinnati  to  Toledo,  291,  the  Wabash  and  Erie  (aban- 
doned) Evansville  to  the  Ohio  line,  374. 


HEIGHT  OF  GREAT  MOUNTAIN  PEAKS.-Fike's 
Peak,  N.  A.,  14,000  ft,;  Mt.  Cervin,  Europe,  14,835  ft.;  Mt.  Iztacci- 
huatl,  N.  A.,  15,705ft.;  Mt,  Kasbek,  Europe,  16,500  ft.  Mt.  St. 
Elias,  N.  A.,  17,850  ft.;  Mt.  Chimborazo,  S.  A.,  21,422  ft.;  Mt. 
Chumulari,  Asia,  23,946  ft.;  Mt.  Kintchinjunga,  Asia,  28,178  ft.; 
Mt.  Everest,  Asia,  29,002  ft.;  Mt.  Dhawalagheri,  Asia,  28,826  ft.; 
Mt.  Aconcagua,  S.  A.,  22,422  ft.;  Mt.  Elbruz,  Europe,  18,514  ft.; 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


57 


Popocatapetl  Vol.,  N.  A..  17,5iO  ft.;  Mt.  Blanc,  Europe,  15,732  ft  • 
Mt.  liosa,  Europe,  15,150ft.;  Mt.  Fair  weather  N.  A.,  24,500  ft.: 
Mt.  LeGeant,  Europe,  13,800  ft. 


WINTER  IN  THE  SOUTH. 

THE  FIRST  IRON  FURNACE  in  America  was  at  Fall- 
ing-  Creek,  a  few  miles  below  Richmond,  Va.,  but  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  James.  The  works  were  begun  in  1619,  but  in  1622  were 
destroyed  in  an  Indian  massacre.  They  were  never  renewed,  and 
the  next  attempt  to  manufacture  iron  was  made  by  Gov. 
Spottswood,  near  the  present  site  of  Fredericksburg,  about  172(3. 
To  this  the  plantation  of  George  Washington's  father,  Aug-ustine, 
contributed  much  ore. 


58  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


THE 

NATIONS    OF    THE    WOKLD, 

Their  Areas,  Populations,  Characteristics,  Governments  and  Rulers. 

ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC.— Area,  1,619,500  sq.  miles;  pop., 
about  3,000,000;  abounds  in  fertile  plains,  called  pampas,  with  rich 
alluvial  soil  four  or  five  feet  thick,  formed  by  decay  of  vegeta- 
tion; consists  of  14  provinces;  Buenos  Ayres  is  the  most  im- 
portant, pop.  500,000;  capital  city,  Duonos  Ayres,  200,000  pop.; 
country  sparsely  populated.  Population  of  Buenos  Ayres  largely 
European,  and  immigration  has  increased  enormously  of  late 
years.  Eminently  a  pastoral  country,  with  about  18,000,000  cattle, 
140,000,000  sheep;  exports  largely  wool,  hides  and  tallow.  Twelve 
lines  of  steamers  run  to  Europe,  the  passage  occupying  29  days; 
miles  of  railway,  1,800;  telegraph,  8,000;  Atlantic  cable  com- 
municates with  London.  Revenue,  1883,  $31,236,749,  derived  from 
import  and  export  duties;  expenditure,  832,694,490;  national  debt, 
$134,672,500.  The  government  is  a  federal  republic,  modeled  on 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  except  that  the  ministry  is 
responsible  to  Congress.  The  laws  are  the  same  for  all,  native  or 
foreign;  immigrants  may  naturalize  or  maintain  their  foreign 
nationality.  National  Congress  cpnsists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of 
Deputies;  the  executive  power  is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the 
president,  who  is  held  responsible  for  the  acts  of  that  department. 
The  president,  Gen.  Julio.  A.  Roca,  was  elected  J880  for  seven 
years,  with  a  salary  of  $20,000. 


AUSTRIA.— Empire,  called  since  1867  Austro-Hungary;  area, 
240,000  sq.  miles;  pop.,  1880,  37,741,413;  comprises  five  countries, 
each  bearing  the  name  of  kingdom;  largest  city  and  capital, 
Vienna,  pop.,  1880,  726,105.  Population  embraces  several  distinct 
races,  the  most  numerous  being  the  German,  numbering  9,000,000; 
Slavic  races,  16,500,000— Poles,  Croats,  Servians,  Czechs,  Moravians, 
etc.;  Magyars,  or  Hungarians,  5,500,000;  Wallachians,  3,000,000 -, 
Jews,  1,100,000;  Italians,  515,000;  Gypsies,  140/00.  Two-thirds  of 
people  Roman  Catholics.  Education  compulsory  on  all  children 
from  6  to  12;  there  are  92  gymnasia,  or  higher  schools,  and  6 
universities,  while  Hungary  has  142  gymnasia  and  one  university. 
Agriculture  chief  pursuit;  about  30#  engaged  in  trade  or  manu- 
factures. The  productive  land  of  Austria  is  estimated  at  89$  of 
its  area;  Hungary,  84^.  The  great  crop  is  grain,  annual  yield  of  over 
400,000,000  bushels.  Principal  sea-port,  Trieste,  on  the  Adriatic. 
Total  imports,  1882,  $336,000,000;  exports,  $376,000,000.  The  legisla- 
tive body,  or  Reichsrath,  consists -of  a  House  of  Lords  nominated 
by  the  emperor,  consisting  partly  of  life  members  and  partly  of 
hereditary  nobles;  and  a  Houso  of  Representatives,  353  members, 
elected  by  all  citizens  who  possess  a  small  property  qualification. 
Hungary  has  a  Reichstag,  consisting  of  a  House  of  Magnates  for 
high  officers  and  peers  of  the  Jiingdom,  and  a  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives elected  for  three  years.  The  sovereign  (the  Austro- 
Hungarian  emperor)  is  styled  king  in  Hungary.  Austria  pays  70# 
and  Hungary  30$  toward  the  expenses  of  the  empire.  The  budget 
of  1883  summed  up:  receipts,  $380,000,000;  expenditures  about  the 
same;  public  debt  of  empire,  $1,097,978,118.  The  army,  on  a 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  ,  59 

peace  footing,  consisted  in  1883  of  284,071  men  and  16,635  officers; 
military  service  compulsory  lor  ten  years.  The  navy  in  1883  con- 
sisted of  68  vessels  (11  ironclads,  30  steam  vessels),  with  330  guns. 
The  emperor  is  Franz  Joseph  I;  born  1830;  crowned  December 
2,  1848. 


BELGIUM.— Kingdom ;  area,  11,378  sq.  miles;  pop.,  1880, 
5,519,844;  capital,  Brussels,  164,598.  Most  of  the  people  Roman 
Catholics;  16,000  Protestants  and  3,000  Jews.  Revenue,  1884, 
$63,337,830;  expenditures,  $65,374,150;  public  debt,  1884,  $337,371,090. 
Imports,  1883,  $336,179,380;  exports,  $360,054,000.  Army,  peace 
footing,  46,383.  Railways  in  operation,  18b3,  3,634  miles,  two- 
thirds  owned  and  managed  by  the  government ;  miles  of  tele- 
graph, 1883,  3,313.  The  great  interests  are  agriculture  and  manu- 
facturing. Belgium  a  great  workshop.  Education  promoted  by 
government.  King  Leopold  II,  born  1835,  called  to  throne  De- 
cember 10, 1865. 


BOLIVIA.— Republic;  named  in  honor  of  Bolivar;  area,  536,300 
sq.  miles;  pop.  estimated  3,400,000,  including  Indians;  divided  into  9 
departments,  each  having  a  distinct  governor.  The  govermentis 
popular  in  form,  three  legislative  chambers  being  elected  for 
four  years,  eight  years  and  for  life.  The  president  is  elected  for 
life  by  a  majority  of  the  collective  legislature.  President, 
Nicolas  Campero,  inaugurated  June  30,  1880.  The  administra- 
tion belongs  \*  holly  to  the  ministry,  which  is  responsible  to  the 
Senate.  Religion  is  free,  the  Roman  Catholic  being  the  prevailing 
form.  Public  debt,  1881,  $31,925,000;  revenue,  $3,537,515, 1883;  one- 
fifth  was  derived  from  customs,  one-fifth  from  Indian  tribute 
and  one-tenth  from  the  sale  of  guano ;  expenditure,  $3,300.528. 
Imports,  1881,  $6,150,000;  exports,  $9,381,973.  Bolivia  abounds  in 
high  plateaus  suited  to  wheat,  has  much  valuable  timber;  low- 
lands clothed  with  tropical  forests  and  swampy;  climate  varied; 
coffee,  cotton,  sugar-cane,  garden  vegetables  and  fruits,  staples. 
Western  Bolivia  contains  the  highest  mountains  of  the  two 
Americas,  with  frequent  volcanoes.  The  Cordillera  culminate  in 
the  peak  of  Sorata,  24,800  feet  high.  The  silver  mines  of  Potosi, 
famous  for  richness,  have  yielded  over  $1,600,000,000  since  1545. 
Boads  bad;  railroads  almost  unknown,  great  natural  difficulties 
in  the  way  of  their  construction. 


BRAZIL.— Empire;  area,  3,287,964  sq.  miles;  pop.  estimated  at 
13,500,100;  largest  of  the  South  American  countries;  discovered  by 
Spaniards  in  1500;  a  Portuguese  possession,  passed  under  Spanish 
rule,  but  reverting  to  Portugal  in  1640.  The  legislative  power  is 
vested  in  a  Senate  of  58  members  elected  for  life  and  a  Chamber 
of  Deputies,  133  members,  chosen  for  four  years  by  direct  suf- 
frage. The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  emperor  (now  Don 
Pedro  II,  Alcantara,  born  1835,  called  to  throne  1831)  and  his 
ministers  and  secretaries  of  state.  Divided  into  twenty  provinces, 
comprising  642  municipalities,  each  having  a  council  chosen 
directly  by  citizens.  Public  debt  about  $431.584,400,  of  which 
$85,000,000  is  paper  money;  revenue,  1884,  $66,524,700,  more  than 
one-half  custom  duties,  and  one-sixth  from  export  duties;  the 
expenditure  in  1884  was  $75,737,168.  The  army  consists  of  11,333 
men,  raised  to  33,000  on  a  war  footing;  the  naval  force  embraces 
35  ster.m  vessels,  with  123  guns  and  5,704  seamen.  Free  public 
schools  supported  by  state  exist;  in  some  provinces  instruction 
compulsory.  Roman  Catholic  religion  established;  other  forms 
tolerated  if  practiced  privately;  dissenters  enjoy  civil  rights. 
There  are  33  lines  of  steam  vessels,  besides  the  North  American 
Line,  between  Brazil  and  New  York.  The  imports,  1884,  $90,354,- 
860;  exports,  chiefly  coffee,  hides  and  sugar,  $108,354,900.  By  a 
decree  of  1867  the  Amazon  opened  to  the  trading  ships  of  all 
nations.  In  1874  submarine  telegraph  cable  was  completed  from 


60  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

Europe.     Roads  bad ;  railways  rapidly  extending  by  state  and 
private  enterprise;  miles  of  railway,  over  2,000. 


CANADA,  DOMINION  OF.  —Confederate  government,  em- 
bracing  British  North  American  Provinces  of  Ontario,  Quebec, 
New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  Manitoba,  British  Columbia,  North- 
west Territory,  Vancouver's  Island,  and  Prince  Edward  Island. 
Has  a  representative  Parliament,  meeting  annually  at  Ottawa, 
the  capital  ;  senators,  77  in  number,  nominated  for  life,  by  sum- 
mons of  Governor-General  ;  House  of  Commons,  206  members, 

ears  ;  right  of  suffrage  subject 
Governor-General,  appointed, 

,  ne,  salary,  $50,OCO.     Debt,  1883, 

$202,159,104.  Revenue,  1883,  $35,794,650,  derived  from  customs,  ex- 
cise, public  works,  including  railways  and  canals  and  postoffice. 
Expenditure,  1883,  $28,730,157.  Population,  1881,  4,352,080.  In- 
dian population,  99,650.  Miles  railway,  1885,  9,066;  miles  under 
construction,  2,299. 


, 

elected  by  the  people  for  five  years  ;  right  of  suffrage  subject 
to  property  qualification.  The  Governor-General,  appointed, 
1883,  is  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  salary,  $50,OCO.  Debt,  1883, 


CHILI.— Republic;  area,  124,084  square  miles;  population  esti- 
mated 2,500,000,  including  about  50,000  Indians;  a  mountainous 
country  subject  to  earthquakes  ;  has  almost  every  variety  of 
climate,  its  long,  narrow  territory  extending  from  the  hot  deserts 
near  the  equator  to  the  cold  and  wet  region  within  twelve  degrees 
of  the  Antarctic  Circle.  One-quarter  of  the  country  is  near  the 
level  of  the  sea,  while  the  great  Andes  range  of  mountains  rise  to 
a  mean  elevation  of  11,830  feet,  the  highest  peak  (Aconcagua) 
being  22,427  feet;  originally  a  Spanish  settlement:  became  in- 
dependent in  1810-'17.  Legislative  power  is  in  a  National  Con- 
gress composed  of  37  members,  elected  for  six  years,  and  a 
Chamber  of  Deputies,  109  members,  for  three  years.  Suffrage 
universal  to  citizens  able  to  read  and  write  and  paying  a  small 
annual  tax.  The  executive  power  resides  in  a  President,  elected 
for  five  years,  a  council  of  state  and  five  cabinet  ministers,  hav- 
ing salaries  of  $6,000  each.  President  Domingo  Santa  Maria, 
elected  1881,  salary  $18,000.  Debt  in  1884,  $87,644,520.  Revenue, 
1884,  $44,160,120,  one  halt'  from  customs  and  monopolies.  Ex- 
penditure, $46,536,550.  Exports,  $71,374,126,  1882.  Imports,  $53,- 
502,214.  Agriculture  nourishes.  About  80$  of  entire  surface 
desert,  pasture  or  forests,  with  only  20^  arable  land.  Wheat  the 
most  important  product,  crop  averages  over  10,000,000  bu.  Rich 
in  gold,  silver  and  copper.  Army,  1883, 13,926  men.  Navy,  22  steam 
vessels,  manned  by  2,225  men.  Education  largely  aided  by  gov- 
ernment, which  supports  810  schools  through  the  country,  besides 
lyceums  and  the  University  of  Chili,  with  700  students,  37  profes- 
sors, and  free  instruction.  Roman  Catholic  religion  recognized 
by  constitution,  but  public  profession  of  other  forms  tolerated. 


CHINA.— Empire;  area,  4,560,107  sq.  miles;  pop.  375,000,000  (esti- 
mated) ;  has  of  late  years  opened  dipj  >matic  and  commercial  in- 
tercourse with  other  nations.  It  includes  Tibet,  Mongolia  and 
Manchuria,  besides  China  proper;  the  country  abounds  in  nu- 
merous rivers,  forming  the  chief  highways  of  the  empire.  The 
government  despotic,  Emperor  absolute;  present  Emperor 
Kwang  Su,  born  1871,  called  to  throne  1875.  Civilization  the 
most  ancient  in  the  world  ;  comparatively  unknown  to  Europe 
and  America;  the  excJusiveness  slowly  giving  way.  The  em- 
pire now  sends  ministers  to  the  United  States,  England,  France, 
Germany,  Russia,  Spain,  the  West  Indies  and  Japan.  Fourteen 
of  its  numerous  ports  open  to  foreign  trade.  Imports,  1882, 
$116,572,842;  exports,  $101,005,269.  Silk  and  tea  make  up  three- 
fourths  of  the  exports,  while  opium  and  cotton  goods  constitute 
two-thirds  of  the  imports.  Revenues  estimated  at  $121,500,000. 
Public  debt  unknown.  One  foreign  loan  of  $9,750,000  at  8%,  re- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  61 

cently  contracted,  and  guaranteed  by  the  customs  receipts. 
Army,  270,000  men,  organized  after  the  European  custom.  On 
paper  800,000  Chinese  and  271,000  Manchoos.  The  navy  embraces 
56  vessels.  Miles  of  railroad,  6. 


COLOMBIA  (the  United  States  of ).— Republic;  includes  a 
large  part  of  New  Granada ;  area  320,635  sq .  miles ;  pop.  3,300,000 
whites :  10,000  Indians.  Present  political  organization  dates  from 
1863.  Largest  city,  Bogota  (capital),pop.  50,000.  Panama  20,000  pop. 
Legislative  power  vested  in  a  senate  of  27  members,  and  a  rep- 
resentative chamber  of  61,  elected  by  general  suffrage.  The 
executive  power  is  exercised  by  a  president  chosen  for  two  years 
by  the  people  of  the  different  states,  and  by  four  ministers. 
President,  E.  Nunez,  elected,  1884.  Revenue,  1883,  $6,244,000,  two- 
thirds  from  customs.  Expenditure,  $6,744,000,  1883.  Debt,  $21.- 
589,527, 1883.  Imports,  1883,  $16,032,500.  Exports,  $5,625,000.  Cof- 
fee, cotton,  tobacco  and  cinchona  bark  chief  exports.  Agricult- 
ure the  leading  industry.  Two  railways  in  operation.  Panama 
line  across  the  Isthmus,  46  miles,  being  the  principal  one.  Tele- 
graphs, 1,820  miles.  No  navy.  Army  3,000  men.  Education 
recently  much  improved,  in  hands  of  the  state  which  requires 
compulsory  instruction;  general  public  subsidizes  the  states 
to  maintain  schools.  Religious  freedom  prevails.  No  state 
church.  Predominant  religion  Roman  Catholic. 


COSTA  RICA.— Republic;  area,21,495  sq.miles;  pop. (estimated 
215,000,  mostly  Spanish  descent.  Contains  six  provinces.  Gov- 
ernment vested  in  a  President  elected  for  4  years,  two  vice-presi- 
dents and  four  ministers.  President,  Prospero  Fernandez,  elected 
1882.  The  legis'ative  power  is  in  a  congress  of  deputies  chosen 
for  4  years.  Revenue,  1883,  $1,607,425,  one-third  from  monopoly 
of  tobacco  and  brandy  by  the  government,  the  rest  from  customs 
and  various  taxes.  Expenditure,  $2,504,130.  Debt,  $16,950,000. 
Exports,  1880,  $4,134920,  coffee  alone,  $3,728,000.  Imports, 
$3,140,961,  chiefly  manufactures.  Standing-  army,  900.  Militia, 
16,370  men,  all  between  age  of  15  and  30.  State  religion  Roman 
Catholic .  Religious  liberty  guaranteed  by  the  constitution.  Soil 
extremely  fertile.  Vast  forests  of  mahogany,  ebony,  Brazil- 
wood, and  India-rubber  trees.  Climate  fosters  almost  all  fruits 
of  the  tropic  and  temperate  zones,  about  1,100  square  miles  un- 
der cultivation.  Railways,  105  miles ;  telegraphs,  451  miles. 


CUBA.— A  colony  of  Spain,  area,  72,000  sq.  miles;  population 
estimated,  1,750,000,  half  blacks  and  enfranchised  slaves.  Island 
governed  by  a  Captain-General,  appointed  by  the  Spanish  crown. 
Staple  is  sugar,  of  which  450,000  to  600,000  tons  are  annually  ex- 
ported, two-thirds  to  the  United  States,  besides  4,000,000  to  5,000,- 
000  gallons  of  molasses. 


DENMARK.— Area,  14,553 sq.  miles;  population,  1880, 2,096,400. 
Constitutional  kingdom.  Climate  is  like  that  of  Scotland.  Mean 
annual  temperature  47  deg.  at  Copenhagen.  Constitution  vests 
the  legislative  power  in  the  Rigsdag,  consisting  of  a  Foikethmg, 
102  members,  and  a  Landsthing,  66  members.  Folkething  elected 
for  three  years  by  universal  suffrage,  Landsthing  for  eight  years 
by  electoral  districts,  except  12  members  nominated  for  lilt-  by 
the  King.  King,  Christian  IX,  born  1818.  Called  to  throne,  1868. 
Seven  ministers.  Receipts,  $13,674,025;  $8,300,000  from  indirect  and 
$2,300,000  from  direct  taxes.  Expenditure,  $1 4,808,805;  debt,  1883, 
$64,786,910.  Army  (recruited  by  conscription),  sr,,7:.'7  mm;  rea 
ir..25S.  Navy,  1882,  included  33 steam  vessels,  230  guns  and  2J»  Bail 
vessels.  Imports,  1881.  $64,744,310;  exports,  $51,576,810,  cb; 
grain  and  provisions.  There  are  1,105  miles  of  railway,  two- 
thirds  operated  by  the  state .  Government  telegraph.  2,283  miles. 


62  THE  WESTERN   WOULD 

Established  church  Lutheran,  Protestant;  Roman  Catholics 
tolerated  in  Scandinavia.  Lutherans.  1883,  1,777,000;  Jews,  4,30U; 
Baptists,  3,200;  Mormons,  2,200;  Roman  Catholics,  1,800.  Education 
compulsory. 


ECUADOR.— Republic,  traversed  by  the  equator,  from  which 
it  takes  its  name;  area,  248,312  sq.  miles;  population,  1,500,000,  in- 
cluding- Indians;  capital,Quito,  population,  80,000;  Guayaquil,  prin- 
cipal seaport,  26,OtO.  Quito  is  the  loftiest  inhabited  city,  9,500 
feet  above  the  sea.  Country  traversed  by  the  two  vast  mountain 
ranges  of  the  Cordilleras,  reaching  to  a  height  of  18,000  feet; 
many  volcanoes  and  mountains  divided  by  magnificent  valleys. 
Cotopaxi  and  Chimborazo  famous  peaks.  Government  vested  in 
a  President,  chosen  by  900  electors  appointed  by  popular  vote. 
President,  J.  M.  P.  Caamayno,  elected,  1883;  Vice-President, 
who  is  Minister  of  the  Interior,  and  three  other  cabinet  officers. 
The  Congress  consists  of  a  Senate  of  sixteen,  and  a  House  of 
thirty  members,  chosen  by  popular  suffrage.  Army  J,20sj  men. 
Navy  three  small  steamers.  Revenues,  1 883  (half  from  customs), 
$3,050,000 ;  expenditures,  $3,688,000.  Debt,  1883,  $]6,]25,000.  Roads 
almost  unknown,  mostly  mere  mule  tracks.  All  transportation 
is  on  the  backs  of  mules  or  by  hand.  Miles  of  railway,  75.  Prin- 
cipal export,  cacao,  $4,539,641,  out  of  a  total  of  $7,193,645;  im- 
ports, $6,000,000.  Religion,  Roman  Catholic.  Education  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  clergy,  with  about  600  schools,  one  university  and 
several  colleges. 


EG-YPT.— Dependency  of  Turkey;  area,  1,152,948  sq.  miles; 
population  18,000,000  (estimated),  including-  Nubia  and  Soudan. 
Imports,  1881,  $35,554,340;  exports,  $68,423,150.  Executive  power 
absolute,  in  hands  of  the  Khedive,  a  prince  tributary  to  the 
Sultan.  Largest  city  Cairo,  349,883  inhabitants.  Revenue,  1881 
(estimated),  $52,621,350;  expenditures,  $51,930,400.  Debt,  $508,625,- 
840.  Army,  15,0.00  men;  navy,  14  vessels.  Railways  in  1882,  942 
miles;  telegraphs,  5,260  miles. 


FRANCE.— 204,030  sq.  miles;  population  1881,  37,682,048.  Leg- 
islative power  vested  in  a  Corps  JLegislatif,  consisting  of  a  Senate 
of  300  members,  225  of  whom  are  chosen  for  9  years  by  the  de- 
partments and  the  colonies,  and  75  for  life  by  the  National  Assem- 
bly; and  a  Chamber  of  Deputies,  now  532  irembers,  elected  by 
universal  suffrage,  one  deputy  to  each  100,000  inhabitants.  Sal- 
ary of  Senators  and  Deputies,  $1,800.  Every  Frenchman  of  21 
years  has  the  right  to  vote,  and  there  were  in  1876,  9,948,070  legal 
voters.  Executive  power  is  vested  in  a  President,  elected  for 
seven  years  by  a  joint  assembly  of  the  Senate  and  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies;  salary,  $120,000  and  $32,480  for  household  expenses; 
has  power  to  dissolve  Chamber  of  Deputies  upon  the  advice  of 
the  Senate.  President,  F.  P.  Jules  Grevy,  elected  1879.  The  min- 
istry consists  of  nine  members,  responsible  to  the  Chambers  for 
conduct  of  the  government.  President  responsible  only  in  case 
of  high  treason.  France  is  divided  into  87  departments,  subdi- 
vided into  362  "'arrondisements,"  2,865  "  cantons,"  and  about  36,- 
000  "  communes."  The  President  appoints  a  prefect  for  each  de- 
partment, who  is  head  of  the  police,  issues  local  decrees,  superin- 
tends tax  collection  and  represents  the  government  as  general 
agent,  assisted  by  a  council  elected  by  the  people.  Funded  debt, 
$4,750,337,109;  floating  debt,  $65,000,000.  Revenue,  1883,  «f 713,718,598; 
expenditure,  $712,542,421.  Imports,  1883,  $1,028,496400;  exports, 
$752,215,000.  Miles  of  railway  Jan.  1,  1883,  18,023.  Revenues  de- 
rived chiefly  from  excise  and  stamp  taxes.  Army,  503,000  men  in 
peace  and  19,057  officers,  costs  about  $115,000,000  per  annum. 
Every  Frenchman  of  20  years  owes  five  years  active  service  with 
slight  exemptions.  Navy,  302  vessels,  1,758  officers,  and  about 
60,000  marines.  Roman  Catholic  Church  most  powerful.  Pro- 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  63 

vision  is  made  for  public  instruction,  every  commune  having  to 
maintain  primary  schools.  Education  neither  gratuitous  nor 
compulsory.  Half  the  people  engaged  in  agriculture,  and  the 
multitude  of  small  landed  proprietors  is  great;  9,000,000  land 
owners;  value  of  land  under  tillage  varies  from  $105  to  $323  per 
acre. 


GERMANY.— Empire  area;  208,624  square  miles;  pop.,  1880, 
45,194,172.  It  is  a  union  of  25  sovereign  states,  consisting  of  4 
kingdoms,  6  grand  duchies,  5  duchies,  7  principalities,  and  3  free 
towns.  Alsace-Lorraine,  ceded  by  France,  1870-71,  forms  a  26th 
member,  but  is  governed  by  imperial  authority.  Germany  is  a 
constitutional  monarchy,  the  Emperor  (Wilhelm  I,  born  1799; 
crowned  1871)  exercising  imperial  power  in  the  name  of  the  25 
confederate  states.  The  Bundesrath,  or  federal  council,  has  59 
members  appointed  for  each  session  by  the  government  of  the 
several  states.  The  Reichstag,  or  House  of  Representatives,  has 
397  members,  elected  for  3  years  by  universal  suffrage— every 
German  of  21  years  being  an  elector.  The  sessions  of  the  legisla- 
ture are  annual,  and  every  law  must  receive  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  of  members  of  both  houses,  and  the  sanction  of 
the  Emperor.  Revenue,  1884,  $147,704,835;  half  from  customs, 
one-third  excise  on  sugar,  salt,  tobacco,  spirits  and  malt,  and  re- 
mainder from  various  sources.  Expenditure,  $147,695,846;  $90,- 
600,000  for  army.  Debt,  $99,000,000  funded,  $38,000,000  floating. 
Army  on  peace  footing,  445,462  men.  Military  service  compulsory 
upon  every  German  capable  of  bearing  arms.  Navy  86  vessels,  965 
officers  and  15,000  men.  Education  compulsory ;  number  schools, 
60,000.  There  are  360  gymnasia  for  preparatory  training  for  the  uni- 
versities; of  the  latter  there  are  21,  with  1,913  professors.  Popula- 
tion embraces  about  27,000,000  Protestants,  15,000,000  Roman  Catho- 
lics, and  500,000  Jews.  Imports,  1883,  $822,719,125 ;  exports,  $833,874,- 
365;  miles  railroad,  21 ,693;  11,000  miles  worked  by  the  government. 
Miles  of  telegraph  lines,  41,411.  Postal  and  telegraphic  depart- 
ments managed  by  the  government. 


GREAT  BRITAIN.— Kingdom,  embraces  England,  Wales, 
Scotland,  Ireland  and  the  Channel  Islands,  area  121,571  sq.  miles: 
pop.,  1881,  35,246,633;  has  also  immense  landed  possessions  in  all 
parts  of  the  globe ;  its  colonies  in  Asia,  chiefly  British  India,  em- 
brace over  250,000,000  inhabitants,  in  America  over  5,000,000,  and 
in  Australia  2,700,000.  Legislative  power  is  in  Parliament,  which 
holds  for  7  years  unless  sooner  dissolved  by  royal  proclamation. 
The  House  of  Lords  (537  members  in  1880)  consists  of  5  peers  of 
the  Queen's  family,  2  archbishops  and  24  bishops,  201  dukes,  mar- 
quises, earls  and  viscounts,  261  barons,  16  Scottish  and  28  Irish 
representative  peers ;  all  of  these  but  the  last  named  hold  for 
life.  The  House  of  Commons  consists  of  658  members  elected  by 
limited  suffrage,  of  whom  40  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business; 
members  of  Parliament  receive  no  salary.  Executive  govern- 
ment nominally  in  the  Crown,  is  practically  in  the  Cabinet,  con- 
sisting of  13  members,  whose  tenure  of  office  is  dependent  upon 
their  measures  commanding  a  majority  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. At  the  head  of  the  Cabinet  is  the  First  Lord  of  the  Treas- 
ury, known  as  the  Premier  or  Prime  Minister  ;  he  dispenses  the 
patronage  of  the  Crown,  his  colleagues  being  appointed  at  his 
recommendation.  Revenue,  1881,  $43<>,025,<)20 ;  expenditure. 
$434,997,820,  of  which  $157,000,000  was  for  the  army  and  navy, 
PubMcdebt,  1884,  $3,732,110,820.  Imports,  1884,  $2,134,467,895;  ex- 
ports, $1,527,185,350.  Army,  1883,  181,971  men,  7,199  officers,  136,778 
militia  and  102,810  volunteers.  Navy,  246  vessels.  Miles  railroad, 
1883,18,457;  telegraph,  27,103  miles,  owned  and  operated  by  the 
government.  Expenditure  for  elementary  schools,  $20,000,000  m 
1883.  England  abounds  in  iron,  tin  and  coal  mines,  the  product  of 
pig  iron  amounting  to  about  $80,000,000  per  annum,  und  of  coal 


64  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

about  $230,000,000.  Textile  industries  are  of  enormous  extent, 
employing  nearly  1,000.000  hands ;  the  metal  manufacturers  come 
next,  employing-  650,000  hands.  Agriculture  excellent.  The  land 
held  by  a  small  number  of  proprietors.  Established  church 
Episcopal,  in  Scotland,  Presbyterian.  In  Ireland  no  church  is 
now  established  by  law.  A  free-trade  country.  Queen,  Victoria 
I,  born  1819 ;  crowned,  1837. 


GKREECE.-Kingdom;  area, 20,018sq.  miles;  pop.  1879, 1  979,423. 
Governed  by  George  I,  born  18 15,  elected  king  1863.  Legislative 
power  vested  in  a  Parliament  of  a  single  chamber  of  187  deputies, 
elected  for 4  years  by  universal  suffrage.  Revenue,  1884,  $16,340,- 
000,  a  third  from  customs.  Expenditure  $14,967,900,  Debt  $90,- 
496,660,1884.  Imports,  1881,  $19,586,270;  exports  $12,091,160,  prin- 
cipally raisins,  currants  and  olive  oil.  Army  29,368  men,  capable 
of  increase  to  2UO,000  in  war.  Navy  has  11  steamers  and  10 
sailing  vessels.  Commercial  marine  5,001  vessels.  Greece  has 
only  7>£  miles  of  railway,  from  Athens  to  the  Piraeus,  and  2,916 
miles  of  telegraph.  Pofet-offices,  415. 


GTJATEMALA.-Republic  ;  area,  44,800  sq.  miles ;  pop.,  1872, 
1,197,054,  of  which  360,608  were  whites  and  830,146  Indians ;  rev- 
enue in  188%  $6,725,000,  one-third  imports  ;  expenditures.  $6,625,- 
000;  debt,  $8,203,060 ;  imports,  1884,  $2,630,'JOO ;  exports,  $3,716,240, 
1884,  principally  coffee.  Miles  of  railway,  105 ;  and  ones  is  com- 
menced traversing  the  republic  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  the 
Pacific.  Miles  of  telegraph,  1,100,  operated  by  the  government. 
Public  instruction  is  cared  for  by  the  government;  army  2,180 
men ;  no  navy.  Capital,  Gautemala,  59,000  inhabitants,  finest  city 
in  Central  America.  Executive  power  vested  in  a  president  and 
cabinet  of  4  ministers.  Legislative  power  is  in  a  National 
Assembly. 

G-TJI  AN  A.— Climate  hot.  Principal  products,  sugar,  rum  and 
molasses  and  fine  woods.  BritishGuiana-86,000  sq.miles,with  248,110 
inhabitants  in  1879— is  divided  into  Essequibq,  Demerara,and  Ber- 
bice ;  has  a  governor  appointed  by  the  British  Crown  ;  capital, 
Georgetown;  pop.  36,562.  Imports,  1879,  $10,325,225;  exports, 
$l3,577,t?75.  French  Guiana,  area  48,000  sq.  miles;  pop.,  1877, 36,760; 
capital,  Cayenne  on  the  island  of  the  same  name,which  is  a  French 
penal  settlement.  Dutch  Guiana,  or  Surinam,  lies  between  Brit- 
ish and  French  ;  area  45,000  sq,  miles;  pop.  68,255,  four-fifths  of 
whom  are  negroes ;  capital,  Paramaribo. 


HAYTI.-Republic:  area  estimated  8,000  sq.  miles;  pop.  550,000, 
nine-tenths  negroes,  the  rest  chiefly  mulattoes.  Language 
French.  State  religion  Catholic.  Legislative  power  is  in  an 
assembly  and  a  president,  chosen  for  four  years.  President,  Gen. 
Salomon.  Revenue,  1882,  $5375,000,  three-fourths  from  duties  on 
imports  and  exports.  Expenditure,  $5,689,000 ;  debt,  $14,000,000. 
Army  6,828  men  ;  navy  2  steam  corvettes  with  8  guns.  Imports, 
1881/87,283,621;  exports,  $6,240,460,  chiefly  coffee,  cotton  and 
cocoa. 


HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS.-Kingdom  ruled  by  Kalakaua  I. 
Area,  6,000  sq.  miles;  pop.  42,000.    Sugar  chief  product. 


HONDURAS.— Republic  ;  area,  58,168  sq.  miles ;  pop.  876,410. 
Governed  by  a  president  (Luis  Bogran,  elected  1883),  a  single 
minister,  and  an  assembly  of  37  representatives.  Revenue,  1882, 
$1,120,000,  a  third  from  customs  and  about  a  third  from  monopo- 
lies. Expenditure  nearly  same.  Debt,  $31,000,000.  Exports, 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  65 

$1,305,000.    Army  about  1,500  men.    One  line  of  railway  56  miles 
long ;  1,000  miles  of  telegraph.    Education  prominent. 

ITALY.— Kingdom ;  area,  114,380  sq.  miles;  pop.,  1881, 
28,459.451,  26,658,679  Catholics.  Divided  into  69  provinces.  Gov- 
ernment a  constitutional  monarchy,  with  a  senate  of  270  mem- 
bers appointed  for  life,  and  a  chamber  of  508  deputies  elected  by 
general  suif  rage.  Absolute  freedom  of  the  press  prevails.  The 
government  supports  education,  which  is  compulsory  and  free. 
Agriculture,  silk,  cotton,  woolen  and  straw  manufactures  chief 
pursuits.  Italy  abounds  in  populous  cities,  of  which  Naples, 
450,804,  is  the  largest,  and  Rome,  the  capital,  has  303,383.  Revenue. 
1883,  $307,545,000;  expenditure,  $311,135,315;  debt,  $2,201,903,485; 
imports,  1883,  $276,172,130;  exports,  $239,732,259,  of  which  silk 
made  $56,000,000.  Standing  army,  750,765 ;  militia,  553,005 ;  navy, 
72  vessels  with  339  guns  ;  5,324  miles  of  railway  in  1882,  and  16,753 
miles  of  telegraph.  Umberto  I,  King,  born,  1844 ;  crowned,  1878. 


JAPAN.— Empire,  ruled  by  a  Mikado,aided  by  a  great  council, 
and  without  a  legislative  body ;  area,  146,613  sq.  miles ;  pop.,  1882, 
36,700,118.  Revenue,  1883,  $63,319,140,  four-fifths  from  land  tax; 
expenditures,  $62,648,390;  debt,  $270,545,621.  Army  36,777  men  in 
1882,  navy  27  steam  vessels  with  5,551  men.  Imports,  1883,  $29,168,- 
041 ;  exports,  $37,235,775,  one-half  raw  silk.  Railroads,  220  miles ; 
telegraphs,  4,733  miles;  postoffices,  5,094.  Mikado,  Mutsu  Hito, 
born,  1852 ;  crowned  1867. 


MEXICO.— Republic;  area,  741,598  sq.  miles;  pop.,  1877,  9,389,- 
461;  divided  into  27  states,  besides  Lower  California  and  the  federal 
district;  governed  by  a  president  elected  for  4  years  (President, 
Porfirio  Diaz,  elected  1883),a  senate  of  56  memberschosen  for6  years 
and  a  house  of  deputies  of  331  members  for  2  years.  The  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court,  elected  for  6  years,  is  vice-president. 
Each  state  has  local  constitution,  with  elective  governors  and 
legislatures.  Language,  Spanish;  Catholic  religion  predominates, 
though  all  are  equally  protected ;  4,000  public  schools ;  railways 
rapidly  extending,  about  3,200  miles  in  operation.  The  country  is 
rich  in  agriculture  and  mineral  wealth,  vast  table-lands,  varying 
from  3,000  to  5,000  feet  in  elevation,  producing  almost  every 
variety  of  grain  and  vegetables,  while  in  the  warmer  regions 
oranges  and  other  tropical  fruits  grow  profusely.  Coffee  and 
cotton  are  largely  cultivated.  The  northern  states  are  full  of  vast 
herds  of  cattle  and  sheep.  Manufactures  are  poorly  developed; 
commerce  increasing,  imports,  $30,271,000;  exports,  $40,875,000. 
Navigable  rivers  rare.  Revenue,  1884,  $36,060,000,  $12,500,000  was 
from  custom  duties;  expenditure,  $33,316,630;  public  debt,  $144,700,- 
000  to  $395,500,000.  Army,  22,330  men ;  the  navy,  8  small  gunboats. 
Capital,  Mexico,  built  in  1521,  on  Lake  Tezcoco,  7,435  feet  above 
the  sea  level;  pop.,  about  250*000. 


NETHERLANDS.— Kingdom;  area,  12,727  sq.  miles;  pop., 
1880,  4,060,580,  nearly  all  natives  of  Holland.  Revenue,  1883, 
$44,464,919;  expenditure,  $55,966,396;  debt,  1883,  $376,908,500.  Army, 
1883,  65,113  men ;  navy,  1880,  165  vessels,  503  guns  and  5,197  men. 
Imports,  1883,  $396,843,039;  exports,  $300,824,984.  Railways,  1883, 
1,390  miles,  half  managed  by  the  state ;  telegraphs,  2,582  miles. 
Post-offices,  1,300.  King,  William  III,  born  1817;  crowned  1849. 


NICABAO-TJA.-^Republic;  area,  58,000  sq.  miles;  pop.,  300,000 
(estimated),  one-half  Indians;  largely  covered  with  forests  of 
mahogany,  rosewood  and  dye-woods.  Country  distracted  by 
internal  dissensions.  Governed  by  a  president  elected  for  4  years, 
a  cabinet  of  4  ministers,  a  senate  of  10  members  and  an  assembly 


66  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

of  11  representatives.  Revenue,  1882,  $1,624,180;  expenditure, 
rather  more;  debt  of  $1,128,274.  Exports,  $4,022,000;  imports, 
$3,362,000.  Principal  exports,  coffee,  elastic  gum  and  gold  and 
silver  bullion*.  President,  Adam  Cordenas,  elected  1883. 


PARAG-TJ AY.— Republic;  area.  91,980  sq.  miles;  pop.  in  1876, 
293,844;  has  no  cities  and  almost  without  civilization.  Language 
is  chiefly  Indian,  mixed  with  a  little  Spanish.  Government, 
though  nominally  republican,  under  control  of  Brazil.  The 
country  owes  $236,000,000.  Revenue,  1882,  $450,000;  expenses, 
$313,429.  Imports,  1882,  $1,278,000;  exports,  $1,812,000.  Army,  500 
men.  Railway,  45  miles;  telegraph  lines,  same  length.  President, 
General  B.  Caballero,  elected  1882. 


PERSIA.— Ruled  by  Shah,  with  absolute  power  over  all 
subjects  within  the  limits  of  the  Mohammedan  religion.  Through 
his  direction  the  executive  powers  are  exercised  by  a  Ministry 
of  seven  departments.  Shah,  Nassr-ed-Din,  crowned  1848.  The 
whole  revenue  of  the  country  is  at  his  disposal. 


PERTJ.-Republic;  area,  432,297  sq.  miles;  pop.  in  1876, 3,050,000. 
Governed,  under  a  constitution,  by  a  president  chosen  for  4  years 
(Gen.  Caceres),  a  senate  of  44,  and  a  house  of  representatives  of  110 
members.  Revenue,  1879,  $66,900,000;  expenditures,  068,600,000;  debt. 
$241,340,684.  The  revenue  is  chiefly  derived  from  the  sale  of 
guano  and  the  nitrate  of  soda.  Imports,  1870,  024,000,000;  exports, 
$31,000,000;  army,  4,670  men,  1,000  gendarmes  and  1,200  vigilantes. 
There  were  1,750  completed  miles  of  railway  and  600  more  in  con- 
struction in  1879.  Silver  largely  mined,  annual  product  $4,000,000. 
Soil  fertile,  producing  cotton,  sugar,  grapes  and  olives,  while  the 
forests  abound  in  the  cinchona-tree,  which  yields  the  precious 
Peruvian  bark,  or  quinine.  Capital,  Lima;  population  in  1876, 


PORTUGAL.— Kingdom;  area,  34,595  square  miles;  popula- 
tion, 1878,  4,348,551.  The  legislative  power  is  in  a  cortes  with  a 
chamber  of  100  peers,  appointed  for  life  by  the  king,  and  a  cham- 
ber of  deputies,  149,  elected  by  the  people.  Revenue,  1884,  $34,661,- 
150;  expenditure,  $35,051,907;  debt,  1883,  $490,828,642.  Imports,  1882, 
$26,950,000,  exports,  $18,998,000.  Army,  1883,  33,994;  navy,  44  ves- 
sels, with  156  guns  and  3,470  men.  Railways  in  1879,  750  miles; 
telegraphs,  2,300  miles ;  postoflices,  903;  king,  Luis  I,  born  1838, 
crowned  1861. 


RTJSSI  A  .—Empire;  area,  8,138,541  sq.  mile;  population,  98,356,- 
100.  Revenue,  1883,  $450,375,365  ;  expenditure,  $459,063,204  ;  debt, 
1885,  $3,754,866,210.  Army,  1883,  780,081  men  ;  navy,  389  men-of-war 
with  561  guns.  Imports,  1882,  $224,100.000;  exports,  $460,150,000. 
Railways  in  1882,  15,885;  telegraphs,  69,412  miles.  Postoflices,  4,521. 
Emperor,  Alexander  III.*  absolute,  born  1845  ;  crowned,  1881. 


SAN  SALVADOR.—  Republic;  area,  7,226  sq.  miles;  popula- 
tion in  1878,  482,422.  Governed  by  a  president  elected  for  four 
years,  a  ministry  of  5  members  and  a  congress  of  12  senators  and 
24  deputies,  elected  for  2  years.  Suffrage  is  universal,  except  for 
servants  and  persons  without  legal  occupation.  Education  mod- 
erate. Roman  Catholic  religion  recognized,  others  protected. 
Army,  1,000  men.  Revenue,  1883,  $4,060,300;  expenditure,  $4,200,- 
000;  debt,  $2,078,855  ;  imports,  1883,  $3,017,210;  exports,  $5,220,720, 
one-half  indigo,  and  one-third  coffee.  President,  Rafael  Z.  Laso, 
elected  1876. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  67 

SWITZERLAND.— Republic;  area,  15,908  sq.  miles;  popula- 
lation,  1880,  2,831,787.  Legislative  body  consists  of  a  national 
council  of  141  members,  or  1  to  every  20,000  inhabitants,  elected 
for  three  years,  and  of  a  council  of  states  of  44  members,  two  for 
each  canton.  The  executive  power  is  in  a  federal  council,  chosen 
for  three  years  by  the  federal  assembly,  and  in  a  president  of  the 
Swiss  confederation,  elected  for  one  year  by  the  federal  assembly 
from  the  members  of  the  federal  council.  Revenue,  1883,  $8,667  - 
060;  expenditure,  $8,556,940;  debt,  $6,120,780.  Army  (all  men 
between  22  and  32)<  119,440,  besides  the  landwehr,  comprising1  all 
between  33  and  44, 91,595  in  1880.  Railways,  1,735  miles  ;  telegraphs, 
4,020  miles.  Postoffices,  2,874.  President,  Dr.  K.  Schenk,  elected 
1885.  

SIAM.— The  legislative  power  exercised  by  King,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Supreme  Council  of  State  and  Council  of  Ministers. 
The  royal  dignity  hereditary.  King  Chulalonkorn  I.  succeeded 
to  the  throne  in  1868. 


SWEDEN  AND  NOB W; AY.  -Kingdom ;  King-,  Oscar  II, 
born  1829,  crowned  1872.  United  under  one  dynasty.  Sweden. 
170,927  sq.  miles ;  population,  1881,  4,565,668.  Revenue,  $21,894,760 ; 
expenditure,  $21,638,480 ;  debt,  1883,  $66,372,410 ;  army,  40,548  men ; 
navy,  42  steamers  and  97  small  vessels,  with  218  guns.  Imports, 
1881,  $79,180,640;  exports,  $62,260,040.  Railways,  3,637  miles,  one- 
third  operated  by  the  state ;  telegraphs,  1G,421  milcc ;  postoffices, 
1,800.  Norway,  122,823  sq.  miles ;  population,  1876, 1,806,900.  Rev- 
enue, 1883,  $11,770,000 ;  expenditure,  $10,030,000;  dobt,  1883,  $28,791,- 
240;  imports,  1882,  $44,576,390 ;  exports,  $34,154,415;  army,  18,750 
men ;  navy,  1881,  29  steamers  and  88  small  vessels,  with  154  guns. 
Railways,  972  miles,  telegraphs,  5,672  miles,  operated  by  the  gov- 
ernment. Postoffices  in  1581,  938. 


SPAIN.— Kingdom ;  area,  193,171  sq.  miles ;  population,  1877, 
16,333,293.  Legislative  power  in  the  Cortes,  a  senate  and  a  chamber 
of  deputies,  elected  for  5  years  by  indirect  suffrage.  Revenue, 
1883,  $176,066,280;  expenditure,  $176,046,280;  debt,  1884,  $1,190,000,- 
000 ;  imports,  1882,  $122,088,079 ;  exports,  $127,661,841 ;  army,  152,895 
men ;  navy,  124  vessels  and  552  guns.  Railways,  1882,  5,600  miles ; 
telegraphs,  10,417  miles,  Postoffices.  2,655.  King,  Alfonso  XII, 
born  1857,  crowned  1874. 


SANTO  DOMINGO.— Republic;  forms  the  larger  portion  of 
the  island  of  Hayti,  lying  east  of  the  republic  of  that  name;  area, 
20,591  sq.  miles;  population,  1876,  250,000  (estimated),  principally 
mixed  Spaniards,  Indians  and  negroes.  Language,  Spanish. 
Established  religion,  Roman  Catholic.  Government  vested  in  a 
president  elected  for  6  years,  who  appoints  a  council  of  4  min- 
isters, a  senate  of  9  members,  also  chosen  for  6  years,  and  a 
house  of  15  members.  Revenue,  1882,  $1,500,000;  expenditure, 
$1,381,000;  debt,  $3,780,060.  Imports,  01,761,316;  exports,  $1,691,075, 
chiefly  tobacco  and  sugar.  Soil  fertile ;  climate  mild  and  salubri- 
ous. Civilization  backward.  Education  neglected.  No  roads; 
transportation  on  the  backs  of  horses  and  mules.  Army,  4,000 
men;  navy,  5  small  vessels,  with  44  guns.  Capital,  Santo 
Domingo,  pop.  6,000.  President,  General  Bellini,  elected  1884. 


TURKEY.— Monarchy ;  area,  935,110  sq.  miles;  pop.  in 
Europe.  8,866,500;  in  Asia,  18,000,000  (estimated).  Governed 
by  a  sultan,  Abdul  Hamid  II,  born  1842,  crowned  1876,  who  is 
irresponsible,  convoking  and  dissolving  the  general  assembly  at 
his  pleasure.  The  ministers  are  responsible  to  the  chamber  of 
deputies ;  the  senate  are  nominated  for  life  by  the  sultan,  and 


68  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


the  deputies  elected  by  secret  ballot,  one  to  every  150,000  males. 
Revenue,  $68,430,000:  expenditures,  $70,495,000.  Debt,  1883,  $538,- 
186,170.  Imports  (estimated),  $107,000,000;  exports,  $99,000,000. 
Army  (compulsory  service  for  20  years),  160,417  men;  navy,  116 
steam  vessels,  50  sail  vessels,  and  1,600  guns.  Railways,  889  miles ; 
telegraphs,  17,950  miles. 

URUGUAY.— Republic,  area,  72,151  sq.  miles,  pop.  525,000 
(estimated).  Governed  by  a  president  (Maximo  Santos,  elected 
1882),  a  ministry  of  4  and  a  legislature  of  13  senators  and  40  repre- 
sentatives. Revenue,  1883,  $9,920,000,  three-fourths  from  cus- 
toms. Expenditures,  $9,925,000  ;  debt,  1883,  $61,57'  ,204.  Imports, 
1882,  $20,918,884 ;  exports,  $22,229,512 ;  6,000,000  hides.  Army,  4,500 
men.  418  miles  of  railway  in  operation,  and  1,405  miles  of  tele- 
graph. There  are  294  postoffices.  Capital,  Montevidio ;  pop., 
1877,  91,167. 

VENEZUELA.— Rep  ublic,f  ormed  after  the  dissolution  of  the 
republic  of  Colombia,  1864;  area,  439,119  sq.  miles;  population  esti- 
mated at  2,500,000.  The  confederation  includes  20  states,  besides 
the  federal  district,  each  having  its  own  distinct  government,  and 
electing  delegates  to  the  congress,  which  meets  annually  at  Cara- 
cas, the  capital  city,  pop.  50,000.  The  president  is  elected  for  2 
years.  Revenue,  1883,  $5,801,000,  four-fifths  from  customs  and  ton- 
nage duties ;  expenditure,  $5,320,405 ;  public  debt,  1883,  $21,010,000. 
Imports,  14,800,000,  1882;  exports,  $15,300,000,  chiefly  coffee  and 
cocoa.  One  railway,  94  miles  long.  Army,  3,000  men.  Presi- 
dent, Joaquin  Crespo,  elected  1884. 


LENGTH  OF  THE  CHIEF  RIVERS  OF  THE  WORLD 
AND  THEIR  LOCATION. 

NAME  AND  COUNTRY  .  LENGTH  . 

Rhine,  Europe 960 

Ohio,  N.  A 665 

Snake,  N.  A 1,050 

Colorado 1,060 

Columbia,  N.  A 1,200 

Dnieper,  Europe 1,230 

Don,  Europe 1,300 

Amur,  Asia 1,500 

San  Francisco,  S.  A 1,550 

Orinoco,  S.  A 1,550 

Saskachewan,  N.  A 1,600 

Red,N.A 1,600 

Danube,  Europe 1,725 

RioGrande,N.  A 1,800 

Madeira,S.A ...  2,000 

Mekong,  Asia 2,000 

Arkansas,  N.  A 2,000 

St.  Lawrence;  N.  A 2,200 

Mackenzie,  N.  A 2;300 

Congo,  Africa 2,400 

Volga,  Europe 2,400 

Lena,  Asia 2,700 

Hoang-ho,  Asia 2,800 

Niger,  Africa 3,000 

Obi,  Asia 3,000 

Missouri,  N.  A 3,000 

Mississippi,  N.  A 3,160 

Yank-tse-kiang,  Asia 3,200 

Yenisei,  Asia 3,400 

Amazon,  S  A 3,750 

Nile,  Africa ....  5,100 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


CITIES    OF  THE  WORLD, 

CONTAINING  100,000  INHABITANTS  OR  MORE, 

[Compiled  from  the  latest  official  reports  or  estimated  from 
reliable  data.] 


UNITED  STATES. 

Minneapolis 129,200 

Baltimore,  Md  £32,313 

Boston,  Mass 390,406 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y 566,689 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 149,500 

Chicago,  111 650,000 

Cincinnati,  O   280,000 

Cleveland,  O 155,946 

Detroit,  Mich 133,269 

Jersey  City,  N .  J . . . .  156,300 

Louisville,  Ky 153,513 

Milwaukee,  Wis.  .   .  158,509 

Newark,  N.  J 136,508 

New  Orleans,  La.      .  263,000 
New  York,  N .  Y.          1 ,314,000 

Philadelphia,  Pa.      .  903,000 

Pittsburg,Pa  ...      .  174,200 

Providence,  R.  I.      .  118,070 

St.  Louis,  Mo.   ..  412,484 

San  Francisco,  Cal    .  331,841 

Washington,  D.  C    .  187,928 

Kansas  City 192,000 

St.  Paul 111,397 

CANADA. 

Montreal 140,747 

MEXICO. 

Guadalajara 101,000 

Mexico 300,000 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Bahia.. 140,000 

Buenos  Ayres 398,498 

Lima   101,488 

Montevideo 100,000 

Pernambuco 116,671 

Rio  de  Janeiro    357,332 

Santiago 200,000 

Valparaiso 100,000 

AFRICA. 


Hangtscheu-fu 400,000 

Hanjang 100,000 

Hankow  ...   600,000 

Hutscheu 300,000 

H  utscheu-f  u 100,000 

Hwangjuen 120,000 

Jangtschau 360,000 

Jongping 200,000 

Kirin 120,000 

Leinkong 250,000 

Mukden 170,000 

Nangkin 450,900 

Ningpo 120,000 

Pauting-fu 122,000 

Peking 500,000 

Schaklung 100,COO 

Schaohing 500,000 

Shanghai 278,000 

Siangtan 1,000,000 

Singan-f  u 1,000,000 

Sutschau ,.   ...  500,000 

Taijuen-f  u  / 250,000 

Taiwan-f u   235,000 

Terigtschau-f  u 230,000 

Tientsin 950,000 

Tschangtjiakheu. . . .  200,000 

Tschantschay-f  u  . . .  1,000,000 

Tschaujang    200,000 

Tschi-f  u 120,000 

Tschingldang 140,000 

Tschingtu-f  u 800,000 

Tschungking-f  u ....  600,000 

Tsinan-fu 200,000 

Tungkung 120,000 

Tungtscho 100,000 

Urumtsi 150,000 

Victoria 102,000 

Weihein 250,000 

Wutschang 300,000 

Yueritschung 100,000 

COREA. 

.Saoul 100,000 


Abookeer 130,000 

Alexandria 165,752  INDIA. 

Cairo 327,462 

Fez 100,000 

Porto  No vo 100,000 

Tunis 125,000 


Agra  .................       149,108 

Ahmedabad  ..........       126,873 


CHINA. 

Canton 1,500,000 

Fatschaii 400,000 

Foochow 600,000 


Allahabad 
Araritsur 


Bureill  v 
Baroda 


, 

1 

1 

142,513 

600,000 

102,983 

112,067 


Benares  ..............      176,188 


70  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 

Bombay 644,405     Graz 100,000 

Calcutta 683,329      Lemberg 109,726 

Cawnpore 122,770      Prague 162,323 

Colombo  (Ceylon)...      111,942     Trieste 144,844 

Delhi 160,553     Vienna, 1,103,857 

Dhar 100,000 

Dhrangdra 101,000  BELGIUM. 

Gwalior 200,000 

Hourah 100,000     Antwerp 169,112 

Hyderabad 200,000     Brussels 162,498 

Jondpore 150,000     Ghent 131,431 

Kescho 150,000     Liege 123,131 

Lahore 128,441 

Lucknow 284,779  DENMARK . 

Madras 397,552 

Mandalah . .  100,009     Copenhagen   273,727 

Patna 158,900 

Puna 118,886  FRANCE. 

Rangoon 132,004 

Singapore 103,000     Bordeaux 221,305 

Sainagar 132,681      LeHavre. 105,867 

Surat 107,149      Lille 178,144 

Lyon  376,613 

INDIAN  ARCHIPELAGO.             Marseilles 360,099 

Nantes 124,319 

Batavia 104,729     Paris 2,269,023 

Manila 160,000     Reims.... 100000 

Surabaja 100,000     Roubaix 100,000 

Rouen 105,906 

JAPAN .                                              Saint-Etienne 123,813 

Toulouse 140,289 

Hakodate 112,494 

Kagoshima 200,000  GERMANY. 

Kanagawa 108,263 

Kioto     229,810     Altona...     100,000 

Nagoya 135,715     Barmen 100,000 

Osaka 284,105      Berlin 1,122,330 

Tokio 594,283     Bremen 112,453 

Breslau 272,912 

PERSIA .                                             Chemnitz 100,000 

Danzig    108,551 

TSbris 120,000     Dresden 220,818 

Teheran 200,000     Dilsseldorf 100,000 

Elberf  eld 100,000 

RUSSIA  IN  ASIA .                            Frankfort 136,819 

Hamburg 289,859 

Taschkent..    .   100,000     Hanover 122,843 

Tiflis 104,024      Cologne 144,772 

Konigsberg 149,009 

TURKEY  IN  ASIA .                        Leipzig 148,081 

Magdeburg 100,000 

Beirut    100,000      Miinchen  (Munich) . .  230,023 

Damascus 150,000     Nuremberg 100,000 

Smyrna 150,000      Stettin 100,000 

Strasburg 104,471 

TURKISTAN.                                    Stuttgart 117,303 

Jarkand 100,000  GREAT  BRITAIN . 

AUSTRALIA.                                   Aberdeen 105,818 

Belfast 207,671 

Melbourne 252,000      Birmingham 400,757 

Sydney 187,381      Blackburn 104,012 

Bolton 105,422 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.                   Bradford 183,032 

Brighton 128,407 

Buda-Pesth 365,051     Bristol 206,503 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  71 

Dublin 249,486  PORTUGAL. 

Dundee 140,463 

Edinburgh 228,075     Lisbon 246,343 

Glasgow 555,289     Porto 105,838 

Kingston  upon  Hull  154,250 

Leeds 309,126  ROUMANI  A. 

Leicester 122,351 

Liverpool 552,423     Bucharest 221,000 

London    3,832,441     Jassy 100,000 

Manchester 393,676 

Newcastle  on  Tyne . .  145,228  RUSSIA . 

Nottingham 186,656 

Oldham 111,343     Charkow ...      101,175 

Portsmouth 127,953     Chersson 128,379 

Preston 100,000     Kasan 100,000 

Salford 176,233     Kijew 127,251 

Sheffield 284,410     Kischenew 112,137 

Sunderland 116,262     Moscow 748,000 

Wolverhampton  . . .        164,303     Odessa 193,513 

Riga 168,844 

ITALY .  St.  Petersburg 927,467 

Warsaw 383,973 

Bologna 123,270 

Catania 100,410  SPAIN. 

IK" J$'gg    Barcelona 249,1(6 

Livorno"  lOO'oOO     Madrid 397,690 

Messina  .'.".'.'.'.'.'.V.'.'.'.'.'      126,497      Malaga 115,882 

Milan 321,839     Murcia 100,000 

xrpnlpq  4Q43U      Seville 133,938 

pSermo".::::::.*.::::   244,991  Valencia 143,356 

Rome 300^,467  Qwl7rk T™,-  A Arn  xrnp 

Turin  252  832  fe  w ED  KIN  AND  NOR- 

Venice '.:..' .' .' . ." .' .' ." .'.'..  132,826      WAY. 

NETHERLANDS. 

Amsterdam 328,047  TURKEY 

'sGravenhage(Hague)     123,499 

Rotterdam.; 157,27.      Constantinople 60,0000 


IT.  S.  INTERNAL  REVENUE  TAXES.-Latest  Revi- 
sion. 

Ale,  perbbl.  of  31  gallons  $100 

Banks  and  bankers,  on  capital  and  deposits.    By  Act  of 

March  3, 1883,  "to  reduce  internal  revenue  taxation," 

etc.,  all  taxes  on  capital  and  deposits  of  banks  and 

bankers  were  repealed  after  March  3, 1883. 

Banks  and  bankers,  on  average  amount  of  circulation, 

each  month < t\j  of  \% 

Banks,  on  average  amount  of  circulation,  beyond  90*  of 

the  capital,  an  additional  tax  each  month &  of  1* 

Banks,  persons,  firms,  associations,  etc.,  on  amount  of 
notes  of  any  person,  firm,  association  (other  than  a 
national  banking  association),  corporation,  state  bank, 
or  state  banking  association,  town,  city,  or  municipal 

corporation,  used  and  paid  out  as  circulation 10* 

Banks*  persons,  firms,  associations  (other  than  national 
bank  associations),  and  every  corporation,  state  bank 
or  state  banking  association,  on  the  amount  of  their 
own  notes  used  for  circulation  and  paid  out  by  them.  10* 

Beer,  per  bbl.  of  31  gallons $    IOC 

Brandy,  per  gallon • 90 

Brewers,  manufacturing  500  bbls.  or  more,  annually. ...     100 
— ^manufacturing  less  than  500  bbls.  annually 50  00 


72  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

Cigrars,  manufacturers  of ,  special  tax $600 

Cigurs  of  all  descriptions,  made  of  tobacco  or  any  sub- 
stitute, per  1,000 3  00 

Cigarettes,  not  weighing  more  than  3  Ibs.  per  1,000,  per 

Cigarettes  weight  exceeding  3  Ibs.  per  1,000,  per  i',666! '.'.        3  00 
Cigrars  or  Cigarettes,   imported,  in  addition  to  import 
duty  to  pay  same  as  above. 

Liquors,  fermented,  per  bbl 1  00 

Liquors,  distilled,  per  gallon 90 

Liquor  dealers  (wholesale),  special  tax 100  00 

Malt  liquor  dealers  (wholesale) 50  00 

Liquor  dealers  (retail),  special  tax 25  CO 

Malt  liquor  dealers  (retail) 20  00 

Manufacturers  of  stills  .  . .   50  00 

Manufacturers  of  stills,  for  each  still  or  worm  made. . .      20  00 
Matches.    All  taxes  on  matches,  wax  tapers,  and  cigar 
lights  were  repealed  after  July  1, 1883,  by  act  of  March 
3,  1883. 
Rectifiers,  special  tax,  less  than  500  bbls.  $100 ;  above  500 

bbls    20000 

Snuff,  or  snuff  flour,  manufactured  of  tobacco,  or  any 

substitute,  per  Ib, 8 

Spirits,  distilled,  per  proof  gallon 90 

Stamps,  for  distilled  spirits  for  export,  wholesale  liquor 
dealers,  special  bonded  warehouse,  distillery  ware- 
house, and  rectified  spirits,  each 10 

Stamps,  on  bank  checks,  drafts,  etc.  Tax  repealed  after 
July  1,  1883. 

Tobacco,  all  kinds,  per  Ib.  after  May  1, 1883  8 

Tobacco,  dealers  in  manufactured,  after  May  1, 1883 2  40 

Tobacco,  manufacturers  of,  after  May  1, 1883 6  00 

Tobacco,  dealers  in  leaf,  wholesale,  after  May  1, 1883. . .        12  00 
Tobacco,  dealers  in  leaf,  retail,  after  May  1,  1883. . .  $250, 
and  30  cents  per  dollar  on  sales  above  $500  per  annum. 
But  farmers  and  producers  may  sell  tobacco  of  their 
own  raising  to  consumers  to  an  amount  not  exceed- 
ing $100  annually. 
Tobacco  Peddlers,  traveling  with  more  than  two  horses, 

mules,  etc.,  after  May  1, 1883 30  00 

Tobacco  Peddlers,  traveling  with  two  horses,  mules,  or 

other  animals,  after  May  1, 1883 15  00 

Tobacco  Peddlers,  traveling  with  one  horse,  mule,  or 

other  animal,  after  May  1, 1883 7  20 

Tobacco  Peddlers,  traveling  on  foot,  or  by  public  con- 
veyance, after  May  1, 1883 3  60 

Tobacco,  Snuff,  and  cigars,  for  export,  stamps  for,  each, 

after  May  1, 1883 10 

Whisky,  per  proof  gallon 90 

Wines  and  champagne  (imitation)  not  made  from  grapes 
grown  in  the  United  States,  and  liquors  not  made 
from  grapes,  currants,  rhubarb,  or  berries,  grown  in 
the  United  States,  but  rectified  or  mixed  with  distilled 
spirits,  or  by  infusion  of  any  matter  in  spirits,  to  be 
sold  as  wine  or  substitute  for  it,  per  dozen  bottles  of 

more  than  a  pint  and  not  more  than  a  quart 2  40 

Imitation  Wines,  containing  not  more  than  one  pint, 

per  dozen  bottles ,,,,,,. 1  20 

Oleomargerine,  per  Ib 

Annual  Tax  on  manufacturers  of  oleomargarine C 

"  "      <l  wholesale  dealers  in       "  48000 

«  «      "retail  "       "        "  4800 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  73 


GLIMPSES  OF  COLORADO. 


74 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


LIST  OF 

COUNTIES  AND  COUNTY  SEATS 

IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ALABAMA. 

County.  County  Seat. 

Autauga Prattvifie. 

Baldwin Daphne. 

Barbour Clayton. 

Bibb Centreville. 

Blount Blountsville. 

Bullock Uni'n  Springs. 

Butler Greenville. 

Calhoun Jacksonville. 

Chambers La  Fayette. 

Cherokee Centre. 

Chilton Clanton. 

Choctaw .  .Butler. 

Clarke   Grove  Hill. 

Clay Ashland. 

Cleburne Edwardsville. 

Coffee Elba. 

Colbert Tuscumbia. 

Conecuh Evergreen. 

Coosa Rockf  ord. 

Covington Andalusia. 

Crenshaw Rutledge. 

Cullman Cullman. 

Dale Ozark. 

Dallas Selma. 

De  Kalb Fort  Payne. 

Elmore Wetumpka. 

Escambia Pollard. 

Etowah Gadsden. 

Fayette Fayette. 

Franklin Bel  Green. 

Geneva Geneva. 

Greene. .Eutaw. 

Hale Greensborough 

Henry Abbeville. 

Jackson Scottsboro. 

Jefferson Birmingham. 

Lamar Vernon. 

Lauderdale Florence. 

Lawrence Moulton. 

Lee .  ...    Opelika. 

Limestone Athens. 

Lowndes Haynesville. 

Macpn Tuskegee. 

Madison Huntsville. 

Marengo Linden. 

Marion Pikeville. 

Marshall Guntersville. 

Mobile Mobile. 

Monroe  Monroe ville. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Montgomery ....  Montgomery. 

Morgan Summer  ville. 

Perry Marion. 

Pickens Carrollton. 

Pike Troy. 

Bandolph Wedowee. 

Russell Scale. 

St.  Glair Ashville. 

Shelby Columbiana, 

Sumter Livingston. 

Talladega Talladega. 

Tallapoosa Dade ville. 

Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa. 

Walker Jaspar. 

Washington  . .     .St.  Stephen. 

Wilcox Camden. 

Winston Houston 

ARIZONA. 

Apache St.  Johns. 

Cochise Tombstone. 

Gila Globe. 

Graham Safford. 

Maricopa   Phoenix. 

Mohave Mineral  Park. 

Pima Tucson. 

Pinal Florence. 

Yavapia Prescott. 

Yuma  Yuma. 

ARKANSAS. 

Arkansas De  Witt. 

Ashley Hamburg. 

Baxter M'nt'n  Home. 

Benton Bentonville. 

Boone Harrison. 

Bradley Warren. 

Calhoun Hampton . 

Carroll Berry  ville, 

Chicot Lake  Village. 

Clarke Arkadelphia. 

Clay BoydsvQle. 

Cleburne Heber. 

Columbia Magnolia. 

Conway Lewisburgh. 

Craighead Jonesboro. 

Crawford Van  Buren. 

Crittenden Marion. 

Cross Wittsburgh. 

Dallas Princeton. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


75 


County.  County  Seat. 

Desha. Arkansas  City. 

Dorsey Toledo. 

Drew    Monticello. 

Faulkner Conway. 

Franklin Ozark. 

Fulton  Salem. 

Garland Hot  Springs. 

Grant Sheridan. 

Greene Gainesville. 

Hempstead Washington. 

Hot  Springs.  . .  .Malvern  June. 

Howard Centre  Point. 

Independence . . .  Bates  ville. 

Izard Melbourne. 

Jackson Jacksonport. 

Jefferson Pine  Bluff. 

Johnson Clarksville. 

La  Fayette  ..... .Lewis ville. 

Lawrence Powhatan. 

Lee Marianna. 

Lincoln Star  City. 

Little  River Richmond. 

Logan Paris. 

Lonoke Lonoke. 

Madison Huntsville. 

Marion Yell  ville. 

Miller   ." Texarkana. 

Mississippi Osceola. 

Monroe Clarendon. 

Montgomery  —  Mount  Ida. 

Nevada Prescott. 

Newton Jasper. 

Ouachita Camden. 

Perry Perry  ville. 

Phillips Helena. 

Pike Murfreesboro. 

Poinsett Harrisburgh. 

Polk   Dallas. 

Pope ;  Dover. 

Prairie Des  Ark. 

Pulaski Little  Rock. 

Randolph Pocahontas. 

St,  Francis Forest  City. 

Saline Benton. 

Scott  *.Waldron. 

Searcy Marshall. 

Sebastian Fort  Smith. 

Sevier Lockesburgh. 

Sharp Evening  Shade 

Stone Mountain  View 

Union El  Dorado. 

VanBuren Clinton. 

Washington Fayettville. 

White Searcy. 

Woodruff Augusta. 

Yell Dardanelle. 

CALIFORNIA. 

Alameda Oakland. 

Alpine .Markleeville. 

Amador   Jackson. 

Butte Oro  ville. 

Calaveras San  Andreas. 

Colusa Colusa. 

Contra  Costa Martinez. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Del  Norte. ......  Crescent  City. 

El  Dorado Placer  ville. 

Fresno Fresno  City. 

Humboldt Eureka. 

Inyo Independence 

Kern Bakersfleld. 

Lake Lakeport. 

Lassen  Susan  ville. 

Los  Angeles Los  Angeles. 

Marion .San  Rafael. 

Mariposa Mariposa. 

Mendocino Ukiah. 

Merced Merced. 

Modoc Alturas. 

Mono Bridgeport. 

Monterey Salinas. 

Napa Napa  City. 

Nevada Nevada  City. 

Placer Auburn. 

Plumas Quincy. 

Sacramento Sacramento. 

San  Benito Hollister. 

San  Bernardino.. S.  Bernardino. 

San  Diego San  Diego. 

San  Francisco . . .  San  Francisco. 

San  Joaquin Stockton. 

San  Luis  Obispo..S.  Luis  Obispo. 

San  Mateo Redwood  City. 

Santa  Barbara..  Santa  Barbara 

Santa  Clara San  Jose. 

Santa  Cruz Santa  Cruz. 

Shasta Shasta. 

Sierra Downie  ville. 

Siskiyou....     ..  Yreka. 

Solano Fairneld. 

Sonoma Santa  Rosa. 

Stanislaus   Modesto. 

Sutter  Yuba  City. 

Tehama Red  Bluff. 

Trinity Weaverville. 

Tulare Visalia. 

Tuolumne Sonora. 

Ventura  —  San  Buenaventura. 

Yolo Woodland. 

Yuba Marysville. 

COLORADO. 

Arapahoe Denver. 

Bent West  Los  Animas. 

Boulder Boulder. 

Chaff  ee Buena  Vista. 

Clear  Creek Georgetown. 

Conejos Conejos. 

Costilla San  Luis. 

Custer Rosita. 

Delta Delta. 

Dolores Rico. 

Douglas Castle  Rock. 

Eagle Red  Cliff. 

Elbert Kiowa. 

El  Paso Colorado  Springs. 

Fremont Canon  City . 

Garneld Carbonate. 

Gilpin Central  City. 

Grand. . .  .Hot  Sulphur  Springs. 


76 


THE     WESTERN  WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Gunnison  Gunnispn. 

Hinsdale Lake  City. 

Huerfano Walsenburgh. 

Jefferson Golden. 

Lake Leadville. 

La  Plata Parrot. 

Larimer Fort  Collins. 

Las  Animas Trinidad. 

Mesa Grand  Junction. 

Montrose Montrose. 

Ouray  . . Ouray. 

Park Fairplay. 

P.itkin  Aspen. 

Pueblo Pueblo. 

Rio  Grande Del  Norte. 

Routt Hahn's  Peak. 

San  Miguel Tellunde . 

Saguache Saguache . 

San  Juan Silverton. 

Summit Breckenridge. 

Weld Greeley. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Fairfield Bridgeport. 

Hartford Hartford . 

Litchfield Litchfield. 

Middlesex Haddam. 

New  Haven New  Haven. 

New  London New  London. 

Tolland Tolland. 

Windham Brooklyn. 

DAKOTA. 

Allred Unorganized. 

Aurora Plank  ington. 

Barnes Valley  City. 

Beadle Huron. 

Benson Minnewaken. 

Billings Unorganized. 

Bon  Homme Bon  Homme. 

Boreman Unorganized. 

Bottineau Unorganized. 

Bowman Unorganized. 

Brookings Brookings. 

Brown Columbia. 

Brule Chamberlain. 

Buffalo Unorganized. 

Buf  ord Unorganized. 

Burleigh Bismarck . 

Butte Minnesela. 

Burdick Unorganized. 

Campbell Unorganized. 

Cass Fargo. 

Cavalier Unorganized. 

Charles  Mix Wheeler. 

Choteau Unorganized. 

Clark Clark. 

Clay Vermillion. 

Codington  ...   : . .  Waterto wn. 

Custer Custer . 

Davison Mitchell . 

Day Webster. 

Delano Unorganized. 

De  Smet Unorganized. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Deuel Gary. 

Dewey Unorganized. 

Dickey Ellendale. 

Douglas Grand  View. 

Dunn Unorganized. 

Edmunds Unorganized. 

Emmoiis ....   Williamsport. 

Ewing Unorganized. 

Faulk La  Foon. 

Fall  River Unorganized. 

Flannery Unorganized. 

Foster Unorganized. 

Grand  Forks Grand  Forks. 

Grant Big  Stone  City. 

Gregory Unorganized. 

Griggs Cooperstown. 

Hamlin Spaulding. 

Hand Miller. 

Harvey Unorganized. 

Hanson Alexandria. 

Harding Unorganized. 

Howard Unorganized. 

Hettinger Unorganized. 

Hughes Pierre . 

Hyde Highmore. 

Hutchinson Olivet. 

Jackson Unorganized. 

Jerauld Elmer. 

Kidder Steele. 

Kingsbury De  Smet. 

Lake Madison. 

La  Moure La  Moure. 

Lawrence Deadwood. 

Lincoln Canton. 

Logan Unorganized. 

Lugenbeel Unorganized. 

Lyman Unorganized. 

McCook Salem. 

McLean Unorganized. 

McHenry Unorganized. 

Mclntosh Unorganized. 

McPherson Unorganized. 

McKenzie Unorganized. 

Mandan Unorganized. 

Mercer ^Unorganized. 

Meyer Unorganized. 

Miner Howard. 

Minnehaha Sioux  Falls. 

Moody Flaiidreau. 

Morton Mandan. 

Mountraille Unorganized. 

Nowlin Unorganized. 

Nelson Lakota . 

Nickeus Unorganized. 

Pembina Pembina. 

Pennington Rapid  City. 

Pratt Unorganized. 

Potter Unorganized. 

Pyatt Unorganized. 

Presho Unorganized. 

Ramsay Devil's  Lake. 

Ransom Lisbon. 

Renville Unorganized. 

Richland Wahpeton. 

Reinhart Unorganized. 

Rolette . .  Unorganized. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK, 


77 


County.  County  Seat. 

Rusk Unorganized. 

Sanbon Forestburgh. 

Sargent Unorganized. 

Shannon.. Unorganized. 

Schwasse Unorganized. 

Scoby  Unorganized. 

Sheridan Unorganized. 

Spink Unorganized. 

Stanley Unorganized. 

Stark Unorganized. 

Steele Hope. 

Stevens  Unorganized. 

Sterling Unorganized. 

Stutsman Jamestown. 

Sully Fort  Sully. 

Todd Fort  Randall. 

Towner Unorganized. 

Traill Caledonia. 

Tripp Unorganized. 

Turner Swan  Lake. 

Villard Unorganized. 

Union Elk  Point. 

Walsh Grafton. 

Wagner Unorganized. 

Wallace Unorganized . 

Wai  worth Unorganized. 

Washabaugh Unorganized. 

Washington Unorganized. 

White  River Unorganized. 

Wells Unorganized. 

Williams Unorganized. 

Wynn Unorganized. 

Yankton Yankton. 

Ziebach Unorganized. 

Wahpeton  Reservation. 
Sisseton  Reservation. 

DELAWARE. 

Kent Dover. 

New  Castle Willmington. 

Sussex Georgetown . 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


Cities. 

Georgetown 

Washington 


FLORIDA. 


Alachua 

Baker 

Bradford... 

Brevard 

Calhoun — 

Clay 

Columbia... 

Bade 

Duval 

Escambia  . . 
Franklin . . . 
Gadsden  ... 
Hamilton  . . 
Hernando 


..Gainesville. 
. .  Sanderson. 
.  .Lake  Butler. 

.Titusville. 
..Tola. 

..Green  Cove  Sprgs. 
..Lake  City. 
..Miami. 

Jacksonville. 
..Pensacola. 
. .  Apalachichola. 
.  .Ouincy. 
..Jasper. 
. .  Brooksville. 


County. 

Hillsboro 

Holmes. . . 

Jackson.. 

Jefferson. 

Lafayette 

Leon 

Levy 

Liberty  . .  .. 

Madison 

Manitee 

Marion 

Monroe 

Nassau 

Orange 

Polk 

Putnam 

St.  Johns  . . 
Santa  Rosa . . 

Sumter 

Suwanee 

Taylor 

Volusia 

Wakulla 

Walton 

Washington . 


County  Seat. 
.Tampa. 
.Cerro  Gordo. 
.Marrianna. 
.Monticello. 
.  New  Troy. 
.Tallahassee. 
.Bronson. 
,  Bristol. 
.Madison. 
.Pine  Level. 
.Ocala. 
.Key  West. 
.Fernandina. 
.Orlando. 
.Bartow 
.Palatka. 
.St  Augustine. 
.Milton. 
.  Sumter  ville. 
.  Live  Oak. 
Perry. 
.Enterprise. 
.Crawfordville. 
.Euchee  Anna. 
.Vernon. 


GEORGIA. 

Appling Baxley . 

Baker Newton. 

Baldwin .  Mil  ledge  ville. 

Banks Homer. 

Bartow Carte  rsville. 

Berrien Nashville . 

Bibb Macon. 

Brooks Ouitman . 

Bryan Bryan. 

Bullock Statesborough. 

Burke Waynesboro'. 

Butts Jackson. 

Calhoun Morgan. 

Camden St.  Marys. 

Campbell    Fairburn. 

Carroll Carrollton. 

Catoosa Ringgold . 

Charlton Traders  Hill. 

Chatham Savannah. 

Chattahoochee. .  .Cusseta. 

Chattooga Summerville. 

Cherokee Canton. 

Clark Athens. 

Clay Fort  Gaines. 

Clayton Jonesborough. 

Clinch Homerville. 

Cobb Marietta. 

Coffee Douglas. 

Colquitt Moultrie. 

Columbia Appling. 

Coweta Newman. 

Crawford Knox  ville. 

Bade Trenton. 

Dawson Dawson  ville. 

Decatur Bain  bridge . 

DeKalb Decatur. 

Dodge Eastman . 

Dooly Vienna. 


78 


THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Dougherty Albany. 

Douglas Douglasville. 

Early , Blakely . 

Echols Statenville. 

Effingham Springfield. 

Elbert Elberton. 

Emanuel Swainsboro. 

Fannin Morganton. 

Fayette Fayette  ville . 

Floyd Rome. 

Forsyth Gumming. 

Franklin Carnesville 

Fulton Atlanta. 

Gilmer Ellijay. 

Glasscock Gibson. 

Glynn Brunswick. 

Gordon Calhoun. 

Green Greensboro. 

Gwinnett Lawrenceville. 

Habersham Clarksville. 

Hall Gainesville. 

Hancock) Sparta. 

Haralson Buchanan . 

Harris Hamilton. 

Hart Hartwell. 

Heard Franklin. 

Henry McDonough. 

Houston Perry. 

Irwin Irwinville. 

Jackson Jefferson. 

Jasper Monticello. 

Jefferson. Louisville . 

Johnson Wr  ightsville . 

Jones Clinton. 

Laurens Dublin. 

Lee Leesburgh. 

Liberty Hinesville. 

Lincoln — Lincolnton. 

Lowndes Valdosta. 

Lumpkin Dahlonega. 

McDuffee Thomson. 

Mclntosh Darien . 

Macon Oglethorpe. 

Madison Danielsville . 

Marion Buena  Vista. 

Meri  wether Greenville . 

Miller ...Colquitt. 

Milton Alpharetta. 

Mitchell Camilla. 

Monroe Forsyth. 

Montgomery. Mt.  Vernon. 

Morgan Madison . 

Murray Spring  Place. 

Muskogee Columbus. 

Newton Co  vington. 

Oconee Watkins  ville. 

Oglethorpe Lexington. 

Paulding Dallas. 

Pickens Jasper. 

Pierce Blackshear. 

Pike . .  Zebulon. 

Polk Cedartown. 

Pulaskl Hawkinsville. 

Putnam Eastonton. 

Quitman Georgetown. 

Rabun Clayton. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Randolph Cuthbert . 

Richmond Augusta. 

Rockdale Conyers. 

Schley Ellaville. 

Sere  ven Sy  1  vania . 

Spalding Griffin. 

Stewart Lumpkin . 

Sumter Americus. 

Talbot Talbotton . 

Taliaf  erro Crawfrd  ville. 

Tattnall Reids  ville. 

Taylor Butler. 

Telfair McRae. 

Terrell.. Dawson . 

Thomas Thomasville. 

Towns Hiawassee. 

Troup LaGrange. 

Twiggs Jefferson  ville. 

Union Blairsville . 

Upson .....  Thomaston . 

Walker La  Fayette. 

Walton Monroe. 

Ware Way  Cross. 

Warren Warrenton. 

Washington Sandersville. 

Wayne Waynes  ville. 

Webster Preston. 

White Cleveland. 

Whitfield Dalton. 

Wilcox Abbeville. 

Wilkes Washington. 

Wilkinson Irwinton. 

Worth Isabella. 

IDAHO. 

Ada Boise  City. 

Alturas Rocky  Bar. 

Bear  Lake Paris . 

Boise Idaho  City. 

Cassia Albion. 

Custer Challis. 

Idaho Mount  Idaho. 

Kootenai Unorganized. 

Lemhi Salmon  City. 

Nez  Perces Lewiston. 

Oneida Malad  City. 

Owyhee Silver  City. 

Shoshone    Pierce  City. 

Washington Weiser . 

ILLINOIS. 

Adams Quincy. 

Alexander Cairo. 

Bond Greenville. 

Boone Belle  videre. 

Brown Mt.  Sterling. 

Bureau Princeton. 

Calhoun Hardin. 

Carroll Mt.  Carroll. 

Cass .....  Virginia. 

Champaign Urbana. 

Christian Taylorsville0 

Clark Marshall. 

Clay Louisville. 


GUIDE  'AND  HAND-BOOK. 


79 


County.  County  Seat. 

Clinton Carlyle. 

Coles Charleston. 

Cook .Chicago. 

Crawford Robinson. 

Cumberland Toledo. 

DeKalb Sycamore. 

DeWitt Clinton. 

Douglas Tuscola. 

DuPage Wheaton. 

Edgar Paris. 

Edwards Albion. 

Effingham Effingham. 

Fayette Vandalia. 

Ford Paxton. 

Franklin Benton. 

Fulton Lewistowir. 

Gallatin Shawneetown. 

Greene Carrqllton. 

Grundy Morris. 

Hamilton McLeansboro' 

Hancock Carthage. 

Hardin Elizabethtown 

Henderson Oq  ua  wka. 

Henry Cambridge. 

Iroquois Watseka. 

Jackson Murphysboro' 

Jasper Newton. 

Jefferson Mt.  Vernon. 

Jersey Jersey  ville. 

Jo  Daviess , .  Galena. 

Johnson Vienna. 

Kane Geneva. 

Kankakee Kankakee. 

Kendall Yorkville. 

Knox Galesburgh. 

Lake Waukegan. 

LaSalle Ottawa. 

Lawrence Lawrence. 

Lee Dixon. 

Livingston :  .Pontiac. 

Logan Lincoln. 

McDonough Macomb. 

McHenry Woodstock. 

McLean Bloomington. 

Macon Decatur. 

Macoupin Carlin  ville. 

Madison Edwardsville. 

Marion Salem. 

Marshall Lacon. 

Mason Decatur. 

Massac Metropolis  C'y 

Menard Petersburgh. 

Mercer Aledo. 

Monroe Waterloo. 

Montgomery Hillsborough. 

Morgan Jacksonville. 

Moultrie Sullivan. 

Ogle  — Oregon. 

Peoria Peoria. 

Perry Pinckneyville. 

Piatt Monticello, 

Pike Pittsfield. 

Pope Golconda. 

Pulaski Mound  City. 

Putnam Hennipin. 

Randolph Chester 


wrMA  County  Seat. 

Richland Olney. 

Rock  Island. . :. .  .Rock  Island. 

St.  Clair Belleville. 

Saline Harrisburgh. 

Sangamon Springfield . 

Schuyler Rush  vile. 

Scott Winchester. 

Shelby Shelby  ville. 

Stark Toulon. 

Stephenson Freeport. 

Tazewell Pekin. 

Union Jonesborough 

Vermillion Danville . 

Wabash Mount  Carmel 

Warren Monmouth. 

Washington Nashville. 

Wayne Fairfield. 

White .....Carmi. 

Whitesides Morrison. 

Will Joliet. 

Williamson Marion. 

Winnebago Rockford. 

Woodf ord    Metamora . 

INDIANA. 

Adams Decatur. 

Allen Fort  Wayne. 

Bartholomew  —  Columbus 

Benton Fowler. 

Blackford. Hartford  City. 

Boone Lebanon . 

Brown Nashville. 

Carroll Delphi. 

Cass Logansport. 

Clark JeffersonviUe. 

Clay Brazil. 

Clinton Frankfort. 

Crawford Leavenworth. 

Davies Washington. 

Dearborn Lawrenceburgh. 

Decatur Greensburgn. 

DeKalb Auburn. 

Delaware Muncie. 

Dubois Jasper. 

Elkhart Goshen. 

Fayette Connersville. 

Floyd New  Albany. 

Fountain Covington. 

Franklin Brook  ville. 

Fulton Rochester. 

Gibson Princeton. 

Grant Marion. 

Greene Bloomfield. 

Hamilton Noblesyille. 

Hancock Greenfield. 

Harrison Corydon. 

Hendricks Danville. 

Henry New  Castle 

Howard Kokoino. 

Huntington Huntington. 

Jackson Brownstown. 

Jasper Rensselaer. 

Jay Portland. 

Jefferson Madison. 

Jennings Vernon. 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Johnson Franklin . 

Knox Vincennes . 

Kosciusko Warsaw. 

Lagrange Lagrange . 

Lake Crown  Point. 

LaPorte LaPorte. 

Lawrence Bedford. 

Madison Anderson. 

Marion Indianapolis. 

Marshall Plymouth. 

Martin  . .  Sboals. 

Miami Peru. 

Monroe Blooming-ton . 

Montgomery  — Crawfordsville 

Morgan Martinsville. 

Newton ». .  Kent. 

Noble Albion. 

Ohio Rising  Sun. 

Orange Paoli. 

Owen Spencer. 

Parke Roekville. 

Perry Cannelton . 

Pike Petersburg!!. 

Porter Valparaiso . 

Posey Mt.  Vernon. 

Pulaski Winamac . 

Putnam Green  Castle. 

Randolph , .  Winchester. 

Ripley Versailles . 

Rush Rushville. 

St.  Joseph South  Bend . 

Scott Scottsburgh. 

Shelby Shelby  vine. 

Spencer Rockport. 

Starke Knox . 

Steuben Angola. 

Sullivan Sullivan. 

Switzerland Vevay . 

Tippecanoe La  Fayette. 

Tipton Tipton. 

Union Liberty. 

Vanderburgh  .. .Evansville. 

Vermillion Newport. 

Vigo Terre  Haute. 

Wabash Wabash. 

Warren Williamsport. 

Warrick Booneville. 

Washington Salem. 

Wayne Richmond. 

Wells Bluffton. 

White Monticello . 

Whitley Columbia  Ci'y. 

INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

Reservations. 
Atoka. 

Cherokee Tahlequah. 

Choctaw. 

Creek. 

Chickasaw. 

Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe. 

Kiowa,  Comanche  and  Apache. 

Kansas. 

Modoc. 

NezPerces. 


Reservations. 

Osage . 

Otoe  and  Missouri. 

Ottawa. 

Ponca. 

Pottawatomie . 

Pawnee. 

Peoria  and  Wea. 

Pickens. 

Quapaw. 

Skullyville. 

Shawnee. 

Seminole. 

Seneca. 

Sac  and  Fox. 

Sugar  Loaf. 

Upper  Arkansas. 

Wyandotte . 

Wichita. 

IOWA. 

County.  County  Seat. 

Adair Greenfield. 

Adams Corning. 

Allamakee Waukon. 

Appanoose Centerville. 

Audubon Audubon. 

Benton Vinton . 

Black  Hawk Waterloo. 

Boone Boonesbor'gh. 

Bremer   Waverly . 

Buchanan Independence. 

Buena  Vista Storm  Lake. 

Butler Allison. 

Calhoun Rockwell  City. 

Carroll Carroll  City. 

Cass Atlantic. 

Cedar Tipton. 

Cerro  Gordo Mason  City 

Cherokee Cherokee . 

Cickasaw New  Hampt'n. 

Clarke Osceolo. 

Clay Spencer. 

Clayton Elkader . 

Clinton Clinton. 

Crawford Denison 

Dallas Adel. 

Davis Bloomfield. 

Decatur Leon . 

Delaware Manchester 

Des  Moines Burlington . 

Dickinson Spirit  Lake. 

Dubuque Dubuque . 

Emmet Swan  Lake  Cty 

Fayette West  Union . 

Floyd Charles  City. 

Franklin Hampton . 

Fremont Sidney. 

Greene Jefferson . 

Grundy Grundy  Center. 

Guthrie Guthrie  Center. 

Hamilton Webster  City . 

Hancock Concord. 

Hardin Eldora . 

Harrison Logan . 

Henry Mt .  Pleasant. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


81 


County.  County  Seat. 

Howard Cresco. 

Humboldt Dakota . 

Ida Ida  Grove. 

Iowa Marengo . 

Jackson Maquoketa    ' 

Jasper Newton . 

Jefferson Fairfield . 

Johnson Iowa  City. 

Jones Anamosa. 

Keokuk Sigourney . 

Kossuth Algona . 

Lee.. Fort  Madison. 

Linn Marion. 

Louisa .Wapello. 

Lucas Chariton . 

Lyon Rock  Rapids. 

Madison Winterset. 

Mahaska Oskaloosa. 

Marion Knoxville . 

Marshall Marsh  alltown . 

Mills Glenwood. 

Mitchell. . .  Osage . 

Monona Onawa  City . 

Monroe Albia. 

Montgomery...  Red  Oaks. 

Muscatine Muscatine. 

O'Brien Primghar . 

Osceola Sibley . 

Page Clarinda. 

Palo  Alto Emmetsburgh 

Plymouth Le  Mars. 

Pocahontas Pocahontas. 

Polk    Des  Moines. 

Pottawatomie . .  .Council  Bluffs. 

P9weshiek Montezuma. 

Ringgold Mount  Ayr. 

Sac Sac  City. 

Scott Davenport. 

Shelby .Harlan, 

Sioux .Orange  City. 

Story Nevada. 

Tama Toledo. 

Taylor Bedford. 

Union Af  ton . 

Van  Buren Keosauqua 

Wapello Ottumwa. 

Warren Indianola . 

Washington Washington. 

Wayne Corydon. 

Webster Fort  Dodge. 

Winnebago Forest  City . 

Winneshiek Decorah. 

Woodbury Sioux  City. 

Worth Northwood. 

Wright Clarion . 

KANSAS. 

Allen lola. 

Anderson Garnett . 

Atchison Atchison . 

Barbour Medicine  Lodge. 

Barton Great  Bend. 

Bourbon Fort  Scott. 

Brown Hiawatha. 

Butler Eldorado . 


County.  County  Seat. 

Chase Cottonwood  Falls. 

Chautauqua Sedan . 

Cherok  ee Columbus . 

Cheyenne Unorganized. 

Clay Clay  Centre. 

Cloud Concordia. 

Coff  ey Burlington . 

Comanche Unorganized. 

Cowley Winfield. 

Crawford Girard . 

Davis Junction  City. 

Decatur Oberlin. 

Dickinson Abilene. 

Doniphan Troy. 

Douglas Lawrence . 

Edwards. Kinsley. 

Elk Howard.    » 

Ellis Hays  City. 

Ellsworth Ellsworth . 

Finney Unorganized. 

Ford Dodge  City, 

Franklin Ottawa. 

Gove Unorganized. 

Graham Millbrook . 

Greeley Unorganized . 

Greenwood Eureka . 

Hamilton.  Unorganized. 

Harper Anthony. 

Harvey Newton . 

Hodgeman Buckner. 

Jackson Holten . 

Jefferson Oscaloosa. 

Jewell    Mankato . 

Johnson Olathe. 

Kingman Kingman . 

Labette Oswego. 

Lane Unorganized. 

Leaven  worth Lea  ven  worth. 

Lincoln Lincoln . 

Linn Mound  City. 

Lyon Emporia. 

McPherson McPherson . 

Marion Marion. 

Marshall Marysville . 

Miami Paolo. 

Mitchell Beloit. 

Montgomery Independence. 

Morris Council  Grove. 

Nemaha Seneca. 

Neosho  . .  Erie . 

Ness ,NessCity. 

Norton Norton . 

Osage Lyndon. 

Osborne Osborne. 

Ottawa  Minneapolis . 

Pawnee Larned . 

Phillips Phillipsburg. 

Pottawatomie . . .  Westmoreland. 

Pratt luka. 

Rawlins  ..   Atwood. 

Reno Hutchison . 

Republic Belleville . 

Pice Lyons. 

Riley Manhattan. 

Rooks Stockton. 

Hush .  Rush  Center. 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Russell Russell. 

St.  John Unorganized. 

Saline Salina. 

Scott Unorganized. 

Sedgwick Wichita. 

Seward Unorganized. 

Shawnee Topeka. 

Sheridan Kenneth . 

Sherman Unorganized. 

Smith Smith  Center. 

Stafford St.  John. 

Sumner Wellington. 

Thomas Unorganized. 

Trego Wa  Keeney. 

Wabaunsee Alma. 

Wallace Wallace. 

Washington Washington. 

Wichita Unorganized. 

Wilson Fredonia. 

Woodson Yates'  Center. 

Wyandotte Wyandotte. 

KENTUCKY. 

Adair Columbia. 

Allen Scottsville. 

Anderson Lawrenceburgh. 

Ballard Blandville. 

Barren Glasgow. 

Bath Owingsville 

Bell Pineyille. 

Boone Burlington. 

Bourbon Paris. 

Bo  yd Catlettsburgh. 

Boyle Danville . 

Bracken Brookville. 

Breathitt Jackson. 

Breckinridge  . . .  Hardinsburgh. 

Bullitt Shepherdsville 

Butler Morgantown. 

Caldwell Princeton. 

Calloway Murray. 

Campbell   Newport. 

Carroll Carrollton. 

Carter Grayson. 

Casey Liberty. 

Christian Hopkinsville 

Clark   Winchester. 

Clay Manchester. 

Clinton Albany. 

Crittenden Marion. 

Cumberland  . . .'.  .Burksville. 

Daviess Owensboro. 

Edmonson Brownsville. 

Elliott Sandy  Hook. 

Estill Irvine. 

Fayette Lexington. 

Fleming Flemingsburgh. 

Floyd Prestonburgh. 

Franklin Frankfort. 

Fulton Hickman . 

Gallatin Warsaw. 

Garrard , .  Lancaster. 

Grant Williamstown. 

Graves Mayfield. 

Grayson Leitchfield. 


County.  County  Seat 

Green Green&burgh. 

Greenup Greenup. 

Hancock Hawesville. 

Hardin Elizabethtown. 

Harlan 'Harlan. 

Harrison Cynthiana. 

Hart Munf  ordville 

Henderson Henderson. 

Henry    Newcastle. 

Hickman Clinton. 

Hopkins Madisonville. 

Jackson McKee. 

Jefferson Louisville. 

Jessamine Nicholasville. 

Johnson Paintsville. 

Josh  Bell . 

Kent  on Covington. 

Knox Barbours  ville. 

La  Rue Hodgensville. 

Laurel London. 

Lawrence Louisa. 

Lee Beattyville. 

Leslie Hyden. 

Letcher Whitesburgh. 

Lewis Vanceburgh. 

Lincoln Stanford. 

Livingston Smithland. 

Logan Russell  ville. 

Lyon Eddyville. 

McCracken Paducah. 

McLean Calhoun. 

Madison  Richmond. 

Magoffin Salyers  ville. 

Marion Lebanon. 

Marshall Benton. 

Martin Warfield. 

Mason Maysville. 

Meade Bradenburgh. 

Menifee Frenchburgh. 

Mercer Harrodsb'rgh. 

Metcalf  e Edmonton. 

Monroe Thompkins  ville. 

Montgomery Mt.  Sterling. 

Morgan West  Liberty. 

Muhlenburgh Greenville. 

Nelson Bardstown. 

Nicholas Carlisle . 

Ohio Hartford. 

Oldham Lagrange. 

Owen Owenton . 

Owsley Booneville. 

Pendleton Falmouth. 

Perry Hazard. 

Pike Pikeville. 

Powell Stanton. 

Pulaski Somerset. 

Robertson   Mount  Olivet. 

Rockcastle Mt.  Vernon. 

Rowan Moorehead . 

Russell Jamestown. 

Scott Georgetown. 

Shelby Shelby  ville . 

Simpson Franklin . 

Spencer Taylors  ville. 

Taylor Campbells  ville. 

Todd... Elkton. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


County. 


County  Seat. 


Trigg  ...........  Cadiz. 

Trimble  .........  Bedford. 

Union  ............  Morganfield  . 

Warren  .........  Bowling  Green. 

Washington  .....  Springfield. 

Wayne  ...........  Monticello. 

Webster  .........  Dixon. 

Whitley  ..........  Whitley. 

Wolfe  ...........  Campton. 

Woodf  ord  .......  Versailles  . 

LOUISIANA. 

Ascension  ......  Donaldsonville. 

Assumption  —  Napoleonville. 
Avoyelles  ........  Marks  ville. 

Bien  yille  .  .  .  ......  Sparta  . 

Bossier  ..........  Belle  vue  . 

Caddo  ...........  Shreveport. 

Calcasieu  .......  Lake  Charles. 

Cald  well  ...  _____  Columbia  . 

Cameron  -------  .  Cameron  . 

Catahoula  ......  Harrisonburgh. 

Claiborne   .......  Homer. 

Concordia  ........  Vidalia. 

De  Soto  ..........  Mansfield. 

E.  Baton  Rouge..  Baton  Rouge. 
East  Carroll  .  .  Lake  Providence. 
East  Feliciana.  .  .Clinton. 
Franklin  .........  Winnsboro 

Grant  ............  Colfax. 

Iberia  ...........  New  Iberia. 

Iberville  .........  Plaquemine. 

Jackson  .........  Vernon  . 

Jefferson  ........  Gretna. 

La  Fayette  .....  Vermillionville. 

La  Fourche  ......  Thibodeaux. 

Lincoln  ..........  Vienna. 

Livingston.  .  .....  Port  Vincent. 

Madison  ......  '.  .  Delta  . 

Moorehouse  .....  Bastrop. 

Natchitochesj.  .  .  .  Natchitoches. 

Orleans  .........  New  Orleans. 

Ouachita  .........  Monroe. 

Plaquemines  .  .  .  Point  La  Hache. 
Point  Coupee  .  .  .  New  Roads  . 
Rapides  ..........  Alexandria.* 

Red  River  .....  Coushatta  Chute. 

Richland  ........  Kay  ville. 

Sabine  ..  .........  Many. 

Saint  Bernard...  St.  Bernard. 
Saint  Charles  ....  Hahnville  . 

Saint  Helena  ....  Greensburgh. 

Saint  James     .   .Convent. 
St.  John  Baptist.  Edgard. 
Saint  Landry  —  Opelousas. 
Saint  Martin.  ..St.  Martins  ville. 
Saint  Marys  .....  Franklin  . 

Saint  Tammany  .  Co  vington  . 
Tangipahoa    .  .  .  .  Amite  City. 

Tensas  ...........  St.  Joseph. 

Terre  Bonne  ____  Houma. 

Union  ............  Farmers  ville  . 

Vermillion  ......  Abbeville. 

Vernon  ..........  Leesville  . 

Washington  .....  Franklinton. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Webster Minden. 

West  Baton  Rge.Port  Allen. 
West  Carroll  ....  Floyd. 
West  Feliciana. .  Bayou  Sara 
Winn Winfleld. 

MAINE. 

Androscoggin  ...Auburn. 

Aroostook  Houlton. 

Cumberland Portland 

Franklin Farmington. 

Hancock Ellsworth. 

Kennebec Augusta. 

Knox   Rockland. 

Lincoln Wiscasset . 

Oxford Paris. 

Penobscot Bangor . 

Piscataquis Dover. 

Sagadahoc Brunswick. 

Somerset Skowhegan. 

Wald9 Belfast. 

Washington Machias. 

York Alfred. 

MARYLAND. 

Alleghany , Cumberland. 

Anne  Arundel.  .Annapolis. 

Baltimore Towson. 

Cal  vert.  .Prince  Fredericktown. 

Caroline Denton . 

Carroll Westminster. 

Cecil Elkton. 

Charles Port  Tobacco. 

Dorchester Cambridge. 

Frederick Frederick. 

Garret Oakland. 

Harford Bel  Air. 

Howard Ellicott  City. 

Kent Chestertown. 

Montgomery   . .  Rockville. 
Prince  Georges.Up.Marlbor'gh. 

Queen  Anne Centreville. 

>t .  Marys Leonardtown. 

Somerset Princess  Anne. 

Talbot Easton. 

Washington Hagerstown. 

Wicomico Salisbury. 

Worcester   Snow  Hill. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Barnstable  Barnstable. 

Ber  kshire Pittsfl  eld . 

Bristol New  Bedford. 

Dukes Edgartown . 

Essex Lawrence. 

Franklin Greenfield . 

Hampden Springfield 

Hampshire N .  Hampton. 

Middlesex Lowell . 

Nantucket Nantucket. 

Norfolk Dedham. 

Plymouth Plymouth. 


84 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Suffolk Boston. 

Worcester Worcester. 

MICHIGAN. 

Alcona Harrisville. 

Allegan Allegan. 

Alpena Alpena. 

Antrim Bellaire. 

Arenac . 

Baraga L'Anse. 

Barry Hasting-. 

Bay Bay  City. 

Benzie Benzonia. 

Berrien Berrien  Springs. 

Branch .-. Coldwater . 

Calhoun   Marshall. 

Cass Cassopolis. 

Charlevoix Charlevoix . 

Cheboygan Cheboygan. 

Chippewa Sault  Ste  Marie. 

Clare Harrison. 

Clinton  St.  John. 

Crawford Grayling. 

Delta Escanaba. 

Eaton Charlotte 

Emmet Harbour  Springs. 

Genesee Flint. 

Glad  win Gladwin. 

Grand  Traverse. Traverse  City. 

Gratiot Ithaca. 

Hillsdale Hillsdale. 

Hough  ton Houghton. 

Huron Bad  Axe. 

Ingham Mason. 

Ionia Ionia. 

losco Tawas  City. 

Isabella Mt.  Pleasant. 

Isle  Royale . 

Jackson    Jackson. 

Kalamazoo     —  Kalamazoo. . 

Kalkaska Kalkaska. 

Kent Grand  Rapids. 

Keweenaw Eagle  River. 

Lake Baldwin. 

Lapeer  Lapeer. 

Leleenaw Leland . 

Lenawee Adrian. 

Livingston Ho  well . 

Mackinac St.  Ignace. 

Macomb Mt.  Clemens. 

Manistee  Manistee. 

Manitou St.  James. 

Marquette Marquette. 

Mason Ludington. 

Mecosta Big  Rapids. 

Menominee .Menominee. 

Midland Midland. 

Missaukee Lake  City. 

Monroe Monroe. 

Montcalm Stanton. 

Montmorency  . . .  Hillman. 

Muskegon Muskegon. 

Newaygo Newaygo . 

Oakland    Pontiac. 

Oceana Hart. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Ogemaw West  Branch. 

Ontonagon    .  ...Ontonagon. 

Osceola Hersey. 

Oscoda Unorganized. 

Otsego   Gaylord. 

Ottawa Grand  Haven. 

Presque  Isle Rogers  City. 

Roscommon Roscommon. 

Saginaw Saginaw. 

St.  Clair Port  Huron. 

St.  Joseph Centerville. 

Sanilac Sandusky . 

Schoolcraft Manistique. 

Shiawassee Corunna. 

Tuscola Caro. 

Van  Buren Paw  Paw. 

Washtenaw Ann  Arbor. 

Wayne Detroit. 

Wexford Cadillac. 

MINNESOTA. 

Aitkin Aitkin. 

Anoka Anoka. 

Becker Detroit  City. 

Beltrami Unorganized. 

Benton    Sauk  Rapids. 

Big  Stone  Ortonville. 

Blue  Earth Mankato . 

Brown New  Ulm. 

Carlton Thomson . 

Carver Chaska. 

Cass Unorganized. 

Chippewa Montevideo . 

Chicago Center  City . 

Clay Moorhead. 

Cook Unorganized. 

Cottonwood Windom. 

Crow  Wing Brainard . 

Dakota Hastings . 

Dodge Mantorville. 

Douglas Alexandria . 

Faribault Blue  Earth  City. 

Fillmore  Preston . 

Freeborn A  Ibert  Lea 

Goodhue  Red  Wing. 

Grant Elbow  Lake. 

Hennepin Minneapolis . 

Houston Caledonia. 

Hubbard Park  Rapids. 

Isanta Cambridge . 

Itasca Unorganized. 

Jackson Jackson. 

Kanabec Mora. 

Kandiyohi  Willmar . 

Kittson Hallock . 

Lac-Qui-Parle  ..Lac-Qui-Parle. 

Lake Beaver  Bay. 

Le  Suer Le  Suer  Center. 

Lincoln Lake  Benton. 

Lyon Marshall. 

Marshall Warren . 

Martin Fairmont. 

McLeod Glencoe. 

Meeker   Litchfield . 

Mille  Lacs Princeton. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Morrison Little  Falls. 

Mower Austin. 

Murray Currie. 

Nicollet St.  Peter. 

Nobles Worthington . 

Norman Ada. 

Olmsted Rochester . 

Otter  Tail Fergus  Falls. 

Pine Pine  City. 

Pipe  Stone Pipe  Stone. 

Polk Crookston. 

Pope Glenwood. 

Ramsey St.  Paul. 

Redwood Redwood  Falls. 

Renville Beaver  Falls. 

Rice Faribault. 

Rock Luverne. 

St.  Louis "Duluth. 

Scott Shakopee. 

Sherburne Elk  River . 

Sibley Henderson . 

Stearns St.  Cloud. 

Steele Owatonna. 

Stevens Morris. 

Swift Benson. 

Todd Long  Prairie. 

Traverse Brown's  Valley. 

Wabasha .......  .  Wabasha . 

Wadena Wadena. 

Waseca Waseca . 

Washington  . . .   .Still water. 

Watonwan St .  James . 

White  Earth.Jndian  Res'rvat'n. 

Wilkin Breckeiiridge . 

Winona  Winona. 

Wright  Buffalo. 

Yellow  Medicine. Granite  Falls. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Adams Natches . 

Alcorn Corinth. 

Amite — Liberty. 

Attala Kosciusko . 

Benton Ashland. 

Bollivar Rosedale. 

Calhoun  Pittsborough . 

Carroll    Carrollton . 

Chickasaw Houston. 

Choctaw Chester. 

Claiborne Port  Gibson. 

Clarke Quitman . 

Clay West  Point. 

Coahoma Friar's  Point. 

Copiah Hazelhurst . 

Covington Williamsburg. 

De  Sota Hernando . 

Franklin Meadville. 

Greene Leakes  ville . 

Grenada Grenada. 

Hancock Bay  St.  Louis . 

Harrison Mississippi  City. 

Hinds Jackson. 

Holmes    Lexington. 

Issaquena Mayorsville. 

Itawamba Fulton . 


County.  County  Seat. 

Jackson Scranton . 

Jasper Pauiding. 

Jefferson Fayette . 

Jones Ellisville. 

Kemper DeKalb . 

Lafayette Oxford . 

Lauderdale Meridian. 

Lawrence Monticello. 

Leake Carthage. 

Lee Tupelo. 

Le  Flore Greenwood. 

Lincoln Brookhaven. 

Lowndes Columbus. 

Madison  Canton . 

Marion Columbia. 

Marshall Holly  Springs. 

Monroe Aberdeen. 

Montgomery Winona. 

Neshoba Philadelphia. 

Newton Decatur . 

Noxubee Macon. 

Oktibbeha Starkville. 

Panola Sardis. 

Perry Augusta. 

Pike Magnolia. 

Pontotoc  —  —  Pontotoc. 

Prentiss Boone  ville. 

Quitman — Belen. 

Rankin Brandon. 

Scott Forest. 

Sharkey Rolling  Forks, 

Simpson Westville. 

Smith Raleigh. 

Sunflower Johnson  ville. 

Tallahatchie Charleston. 

Tate Senatobia. 

Tippah Ripley. 

Tishpmingo luka. 

Tunica  Austin . 

Union New  Albany. 

Warren Vicksburg. 

Washington Greenville. 

Wayne Waynesborough. 

Webster Wai  thai. 

Wilkinson Wood  ville. 

Winston Louisville. 

Yalobusha Coifeeville. 

Yazoo  Yazoo  City. 

MISSOURI. 

Adair Kirksville. 

Andrew Savannah . 

Atchison Rockport. 

Audrain Mexico . 

Barry Cassville. 

Barton Lunwr. 

Bates Butler. 

Benton Warsaw. 

Bollinger, Marble  Hill. 

Boone Columbia . 

Buchanan St.  Joseph. 

Butler Poplar  Bluff. 

CaMv.vll Kingston. 

Callaway Fulton. 

Camden Linn  Creek. 


86 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Cape  Girardeau.  .Jackson. 

Carroll Carrollton. 

Carter Van  Buren. 

Cass Harrisonville. 

Cedar . . .Stockton. 

Chariton Keytesville. 

Christian Ozark. 

Clarke Kahoka. 

Clay Liberty. 

Clinton Plattsburg . 

Cole Jefferson  City. 

Cooper Booneville. 

Crawford Steel  ville. 

Bade Greenfield. 

Dallas Buffalo. 

Daviess Gallatin . 

DeKalb Maysville. 

Dent Salem. 

Douglas Ava. 

Dunklin Kennett. 

Franklin Union. 

Gasconade Hermann. 

Gentry    Albany. 

Greene Springfield . 

Grundy Trenton. 

Harrison Bethany. 

Henry Clinton. 

Hickory Hermitage. 

Holt Oregon. 

Howard Fayette. 

Howell West  Plains. 

Iron Ironton. 

Jackson Independence. 

Jasper     Carthage . 

Jefferson Hillsborough. 

Johnson Warrensburg. 

Knox Edina. 

Laclede Lebanon . 

Lafayette Lexington . 

Lawrence Mt.  Vernon . 

Lewis Monticello. 

Lincoln Troy. 

Linn .  Linneus. 

Livingston Chillicothe. 

McDonald Pineville. 

Macon Macon  City. 

Madison Fredericktown. 

Maries Vienna. 

Marion Palmyra. 

Mercer  — Princeton . 

Miller Tuscumbia. 

Mississippi Charleston. 

Moniteau California. 

Monroe Paris. 

Montgomery Danville . 

Morgan Versailles. 

New  Madrid New  Madrid. 

Newton Neosho. 

Nodaway Marysville. 

Oregon Alton. 

Osage Linn. 

Ozark Gainesville. 

Pemiscot Gayoso. 

Perry Perry  ville. 

Pettis Sedalia. 

Phelps    .,  ......  Rolla, 


County.  County  Seat. 

Pike Bowling  Green. 

Platte Platte  City. 

Polk Bolivar. 

Pulaski Waynesville. 

Putnam Union  ville . 

Halls New  London. 

Randolph Huntsville. 

Ray Richmond. 

Reynolds       Centre  ville. 

Ripley Doniphan. 

St.  Charles St.  Charles. 

St.  Clair Oscetla. 

St.  Francois. Farmington. 

St.  Genevieve. . . .St.  Genevieve. 

St.  Louis St.  Louis. 

Saline Marshall. 

Schuyler Lancaster. 

Scotland Memphis. 

Scott Benton. 

Shannon Eminence. 

Shelby Shelby  ville . 

Stoddard Bloomfield. 

Stone Galena. 

Sullivan Milan. 

Taney Forsyth. 

Texas Houston. 

Vernon Nevada. 

Warren Warren  ton. 

Washington Potosi. 

Wayne Greenville. 

Webster Marshfield. 

Worth Grant  City. 

Wright Hartville . 

MONTANA. 

Beaver  Head Dillon. 

Choteau Fort  Benton . 

Custer Miles  City. 

Dawson Unorganized. 

Deer  Lodge Deer  Lodge  C'y- 

Gallatin  Bozeman . 

Jefferson Radersburgh. 

Lewis  &  Clarke.  .Helena. 

Madison Virginia  City. 

Meagher.  .White  Sulphur  Spgs. 

Missoula Missoula. 

Silver  Bow Butte  City. 

Yellowstone Billings. 

NEBRASKA. 

Adams Hastings. 

Antelope Oakdale. 

Boone Albion . 

Brown   Unorganized. 

Buffalo Kearney . 

Burt ..... .Tekamah. 

Butler David  City. 

Cass   Piattsmouth . 

Cedar St.  Helena. 

Chase Unorganized . 

Cherry Valentine . 

Cheyenne Sidney. 

Clay Clay  Centre. 

Coif  ax Schuyler . 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK. 


87 


County.  County  Seat. 

Cuming West  Point. 

Custer Custer. 

Dakota Dakota. 

Dawson Plumb  Creek . 

Dixon Ponca. 

Dodge Fremont. 

Douglas .Omaha. 

Dundy Unorganized. 

Fillmore .-. .  Geneva. 

Franklin Bloomington. 

Frontier Stockville. 

Furnas Beaver  City. 

Gage Beatrice. 

Gosper Davis  ville. 

Greeley Scotia. 

Hall Grand  Island. 

Hamilton Aurora . 

Harlan ,..-..  .Alma. 

Hayes Unorganized. 

Hitchcock  Culbertson. 

Holt O'Neill. 

Howard St.  Paul. 

Jefferson Fair  bury . 

Johnson Tecumseh. 

Kearney Minden . 

Keith Ogallalla. 

Keya  Paha Spring  View. 

Knox Niobrara. 

Lancaster Lincoln . 

Lincoln North  Platte . 

Loup Unorganized. 

Madison Madison. 

Merrick Central  City. 

Nance  Fullerton . 

Nemaha Brown  ville. 

Nuckolls Nelson . 

Omaha  Reservation . 

Otoe Nebraska  City. 

Pawnee Pawnee  City . 

Phelps Phelps. 

Pierce Pierce. 

Platte Columbus. 

Polk Osceola. 

Red  Willow Indianola. 

Richardson Falis  City. 

Saline Wiiber. 

Sarpy ...  Papillion. 

Saunders Wahoo . 

Seward Seward . 

Sherman Loup  City. 

Sioux Unorganized. 

Stan  ton  Stanton . 

Thayer Hebron.     . 

Valley Ord . 

Washington   Blair. 

Wayne La  Porte. 

Webster Red  Cloud. 

Wheeler Willow  Spr'gs. 

York York. 

Unorganized  Territory. 

NEVADA. 

Churchill Still  water. 

Douglas Genoa. 

Elko Elko. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Esmeralda Aurora. 

Eureka Eureka. 

Humboldt Winnemucca. 

Lander Austin. 

Lincoln Pioche. 

Lyon Dayton. 

Nye Belmont. 

Ormsby Carson  City. 

Roop Unorganized. 

Storey Virginia  City. 

Washoe Reno. 

White  Pine Hamilton . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

BeJ.knap Laconia. 

Carroll Ossipee. 

Cheshire Keene . 

Coos Lancaster. 

Graf  ton Haverhill . 

Hillsborough Nashua. 

Merrimack Concord. 

Rockingham ....  Exeter. 

Straff  ord Dover. 

Sullivan Newport. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Atlantic Mays  Landing-. 

Bergen Hackeneack. 

Burlington   Mt.  Holly. 

Camden Camden . 

Cape  May Cape  May. 

Cumberland Bridgeton. 

Essex Newark. 

Gloucester Woodbury . 

Hudson Jersey  City. 

Hunterdon Flemington. 

Mercer Trenton. 

Middlesex New  Brunswick. 

Monmouth Freehold. 

Morris Morristown. 

Ocean Toms  River. 

Passaic Paterson . 

Salem  ../ Salem. 

Somerset * . .  Somerville . 

Sussex Newton . 

Union Elizabeth. 

Warren Bel  videre 

NEW  MEXICO. 

Bernalillo Bernalillo. 

Coif  ax Cimarron. 

Dona  Ana Mesiila. 

Grant Silver  City 

Lincoln Lincoln. 

MO-M Mora. 

Rio  Arriba Tierra  Amerilla. 

San  Miguel Las  V « 

Santa  Fe Santa  1  < 

Socorro Socorn.. 

Taos Fernandes  1  )c  Taos. 

Valencia Los  Lumas. 

NEW  YORK. 

Albany AlUmy. 

Allegany Belinont. 


88 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Broome Binghamton . 

Cattaraugus Little  Valley. 

Cayuga  Auburn. 

Chautauqua Mayville. 

Chemung Elmira . 

Chenango Norwich. 

Clinton Plattsburgh. 

Columbia Hudson . 

Cortland Cortland . 

Delaware Delhi . 

Dutchess Poughkeepsie. 

Erie  •. Buffalo . 

Essex Elizabethtown . 

Franklin Malone . 

Fulton Johnstown . 

Geneses Batavia . 

Greene  Catskill . 

Hamilton Sageville. 

Herkimer Herkimer. 

Jefferson Watertown . 

Kings Brooklyn. 

Lewis Lowville. 

Livingston Geneseo . 

Madison Morrisville . 

Monroe Rochester. 

Montgomery  —  Fonda. 

New  York New  York. 

Niagara .Lockport. 

Oneida Utica. 

Onondaga Syracuse . 

Ontario Canandaigua. 

Orange Goshen. 

Orleans Albion. 

Oswego Oswego . 

Otsego Cooperstown . 

Putnam Carmel. 

Queens Jamaica. 

Rensselaer Troy. 

Richmond Richmond. 

Rocklaiid New  City. 

St.  Lawrence  . . .  Canton. 

Saratoga Ballston . 

Schenectady Schenectady . 

Schoharie Schoharie. 

Schuyler Watkins. 

Seneca Ovid . 

Steuben Corning. 

Suffolk Riverhead . 

Sullivan Monticello. 

Tioga Owego. 

Tompkins Ithaca. 

Ulster Kingston. 

Warren Lake  George . 

Washington Argyle. 

Wayne Lyons. 

Westchester White  Plains. 

Wyoming Warsaw . 

Yates Pen  Yan. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Alamance Graham . 

Alexander Taylorsville . 

Alleghany Sparta . 

Anson Wadesborough. 

Ashe Jefferson . 


County.  County  Seat. 

Beaufort Washington . 

Bertie Windsor. 

Bladen Elizabethtown. 

Brunswick Smith  ville. 

Buncombe Ash  ville . 

Burke Morgantown. 

Cabarrus Concord. 

Caldwell Lenoir. 

Camden Camden. 

Cartaret Beaufort. 

Caswell    Yancey  ville. 

Cata  wba Newton . 

Chatham Pittsborough. 

Cherokee Murphy. 

Chowan Edenton. 

Clay Hayesville. 

Cleveland Shelby. 

Columbus Whiteville. 

Craven New  Berne. 

Cumberland Fay  ette  ville. 

Currituck Currituck. 

Dare Manteo. 

Davidson Lexington. 

Davie Mocksville . 

Duplin Kenansville . 

Durham Durham . 

Edgecomb Tar  borough. 

Forsy  th Winston . 

Franklin Louisburgh . 

Gaston Dallas. 

Gates Gatesyille. 

Graham Robinsville. 

Gran  ville Oxford . 

Greene Snow  Hill. 

Guilf  ord Greensborough. 

Halifax   Halifax. 

Harnett    Linnington . 

Hay  wood Waynesville . 

Henderson  . —  Hendersonviile. 

Hertford Winton . 

Hyde  Swan  Quarter. 

Iredell Statesville . 

Jackson Webster. 

Johnston Smithfield. 

Jones Trenton. 

Lenoir Kinston. 

Lincoln Lincolnton. 

McDowell Marion . 

Macon Franklin . 

Madison Marshall . 

Martin   Williamstown. 

Mecklenburgh. .  .Charlotte. 

Mitchell Bakersville. 

Montgomery  — Troy. 

Moore Carthage. 

Nash   Nashville . 

New  Hanover  . .  .Wilmington. 

Northampton Jackson. 

Onslow. Jacksonville. 

Orange Hillsborough. 

Pamlico  Stonewall . 

Pasquotank Elizabeth  City. 

Ponder Burgaw. 

Perquimans Hertford. 

i  'erson        Roxborough . 

Pitt Greenville- 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Polk    . .. Columbus. 

Randolph Ashborough. 

Richmond Rockingham. 

Robeson Lumberton. 

Rockingham Wentworth. 

Rowan Salisbury . 

Rutherford.  .Ruthert'ordstown. 

Sampson Clinton 

Stanley Albemarle . 

Stokes Dacibury . 

Surry Dobson . 

Swain Charleston. 

Transylvania Brevard 

Tyrrell Columbia. 

Union      Monroe. 

Vance  Henderson. . 

Wake Raleigh. 

Warren  Warrenton . 

Washington Plymouth. 

Watauga Boone. 

Wayne Goldsbo  rough. 

Wilkes Wills  esburgh. 

Wilson Wilson. 

Yadkin Yadkinyille. 

Yancy . . Bur  asville . 

OHIO. 

Adams   West  Union. 

Allen Lima. 

Ashland Ashland. 

Ashtabula Jefferson. 

Athens Athens. 

Auglaize Wapakoneta. 

Belmont St.  Clairsville. 

Brown Georgetown. 

Butler Hamilton. 

Carroll Carrollton. 

Champaign Urbana. 

Clarke '.  Springfield. 

Clermont Batavia. 

Clinton Wilmington. 

Columbiana New  Lisbon. 

Coshocton Coshocton . 

Crawford Bucyrus. 

Cuyahoga Cleveland. 

Darke Greenville . 

Defiance Defiance. 

Delaware Delaware. 

Erie Sandusky. 

Fairfield Lancaster . 

Fayette Washington. 

Franklin Columbus. 

Fulton Wauseon . 

Gallia Gallipolis. 

Geauga Chardon. 

Greene Xenia 

Guernsey Cambridge. 

Hamilton Cincinnati. 

Hancock Fimllay. 

Havdin Kenton. 

Harrison Cadiz . 

Henry  Napoleon. 

Highland Hillsborough. 

Hocking Logan. 

Holmes Millersburgh . 


County.  County  Seat. 

Huron Norwalk. 

Jackson Jackson . 

Jefferson Steubenville. 

Knox Mt.  Vernon. 

Lake Painesville. 

Lawrence Ironton . 

Licking Newark . 

Logan Belief  outaine. 

Lorain Elyria. 

Lucas Toledo. 

Madison London . 

Mahoning Youngstown. 

Marion Marion. 

Medina Medina. 

Meigs Pomeroy . 

Mercer Celina. 

Miami Troy. 

Monroe Woodsfield . 

Montgomery Dayton . 

Morgan McConnells. 

Morrow Mt.  Gilead. 

Muskingum Zanesville. 

Noble Crtldwell. 

Ottawa Port  Clinton. 

Paulding Paulding. 

Perry NewLexingt'n 

Pickaway Circle  ville . 

Pike Waverly. 

Portage Ravenna . 

Preble Eaton. 

Putnam   Ottawa. 

Rich  land Mansfield . 

Ross Chillicothe. 

Sandusky Fremont. 

Scioto Portsmouth. 

Seneca Tiffin. 

Shelby  Sidney. 

Stark     Canton. 

Summit Akron . 

Trumbull Warren . 

Tuscarawas.  .New  Philadelphia. 

Union Marysville . 

Van  Wert Van  Wert. 

Vinton  .   Me  Arthur. 

War  en Lebanon. 

Washington Marietta. 

Wayne Wooster. 

Williams Bryan . 

Wood  BowlingGreen 

Wyandot Upper  Sandusky. 

OREGON. 

Baker Baker  City. 

Benton Corvallis. 

Clackamas Oregon  City. 

Clatsop Astoria 

Columbia St.  Helen. 

Coos Empire  City. 

Crook. Prineville. 

Curry Ellensbunrh. 

Douglas 1  {osi'i » i  rtrh . 

Grant Canyon  City. 

Jackson Jacksonville. 

Josephine Kerby 

Klaniath Linkvillc. 


90 


THE   WESTEBN  WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Lake Lakeview. 

Lane Eugene  City. 

Linn Albany. 

Marion Salem. 

Multnomah Portland. 

Polk Dallas. 

Tillamook Tillamook. 

TJmatilla Pendleton. 

Union Union. 

Wasc9 The  Dalles. 

Washington Hillsborough . 

Yam  Hill LaFayette. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Adams Gettysburgh . 

Alleghany Pittsburgh. 

Armstrong Kittanning. 

Beaver Beaver. 

Bedford Bedford. 

Berks Heading. 

Blair Hollidaysburgh. 

Bradford Towanda. 

Bulks Doylestown. 

Butler Butler. 

Cambria Ebensburgh . 

Cameron Emporium . 

Carbon Mauch  Chunk. 

Centre Belief  onte . 

Chester West  Chester. 

Clarion Clarion . 

Clearfield Clearfield. 

Clinton Loch  Haven. 

Columbia Bloomsburgh. 

Crawford Meadville . 

Cumberland Carlisle. 

Dauphin Harrisburgh . 

Delaware Media. 

Elk Ri^gway. 

Erie Erie. 

Fayette Union  town . 

Forest Tionesta. 

Franklin Chambersburgh. 

Fulton  . ,  — McConnellsburgh. 

Greene Waynesburgh. 

Huntingdon Huntingdon. 

Indiana Indiana. 

Jefferson Brookville . 

Juniata Mifflintown . 

Lackawanna Scranton. 

Lancaster Lancaster. 

Lawrence Newcastle . 

Lebanon Lebanon. 

Lehigh Allento  wn . 

Luzerne Wilkesbarre. 

Lycoming Williamsport. 

McKean Smithport. 

Mercer Mercer. 

Mifilin Lewistown. 

Monroe Stroudsburgh. 

Montgomery Norristown. 

Montour Danville. 

Northampton  —  Easton 
North  umberland.Sunbury . 

Perry New  Bloomfield . 

Philadelphia Philadelphia. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Pike Milford. 

Potter Condersport. 

Schuylkill Pottsville. 

Snyder Middleburgh. 

Somerset Somerset. 

Sullivan LaPorte. 

Susquehanna Montrose. 

Tioga Wellsborough. 

Union Lewisburgh. 

Venango Franklin. 

Warren Y7arren. 

Washington Washington. 

Wayne Honesdale. 

Westmoreland . . .  Greensburgh . 

Wyoming Tunkhannock. 

York York. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

Bristol Bristol. 

Kent East  Greenwich. 

Newport Newport. 

Providence Providence. 

Washington Kingston. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Abbeville Abbeville. 

Aiken Aiken. 

Anderson Anderson. 

Barnwell Barn  well. 

Beaufort Beaufort. 

Berkeley Bonneau. 

Charleston Charleston. 

Chester Chester. 

Chesterfield Chesterfield. 

Clarendon Manning. 

Colleton Walterboro'. 

Darlington Darlington. 

Edgefield Edgefield. 

Fairfield Winnsborough 

Georgetown Georgetown. 

Greenville Greenville. 

Hampton Hampton . 

Horry  Conway . 

Kershaw Camden. 

Lancaster Lancaster. 

Laurens Laurens . 

Lexington Lexington. 

Marion Marion . 

Marlborough  — Bennettsville. 

Newberry Newberry . 

Oconee Walhalla. 

Orangeburgh  —  Orangeburgh 

Pickens Pickens . 

Richland Columbia . 

Spartanburgh.  ..Spartanburgh. 

Sumter Sumter. 

Union Union. 

Williamsburgh  ..Kingstree. 
York .* Yorkville . 

TENNESSEE. 

Anderson Clinton. 

Bedford Shelby  ville. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


91 


County.  County  Seat. 

Benton Camden. 

Bledsoe Pikeville. 

Bio  lint Maryville. 

Bradley Cleveland . 

Campbell Jacksborough. 

Cannon Woodbury. 

Carroll Huntingdon 

Carter Elizabethton . 

Cheatham Ashland  City. 

Chester    Henderson . 

Claiborne Tazewell. 

Clay Celina . 

Cocke Newport. 

Coffee Manchester. 

Crockett Alamo. 

Cumberland Crossville. 

Davidson Nashville. 

Decatur Decaturville. 

DeKalb Smith ville . 

Dickson Charlotte . 

Dyer Dyersburgh . 

Fayette Somerville . 

Fentress Jamestown. 

Franklin . .  . .  Winchester . 

Gibson Trenton. 

Giles    Pulaski. 

Grainger Rutledge. 

Greene Greeiieville . 

Grundy Altamont. 

Hamblen Morristown. 

Hamilton Chattanooga. 

Hancock Sneed  ville. 

Hardeman Bolivar. 

Hardin Savannah . 

Hawkins Rogersville . 

Hay  wood Brownsville. 

Henderson Lexington. 

Henry Paris. 

Hickman Centerville . 

Houston Erin. 

Humphreys. .....  Waverly. 

Jackson Gainesburg. 

James Ooltewah 

Jefferson Dandridge . 

Johnson  . .   Taylors  ville 

Knox Knoxville. 

Lake Tiptonville. 

Lauderdale....   .Ripley. 

Lawrence Lawrericeburgh. 

Lewis Newburgh. 

Lincoln Fayette  ville. 

Loudon Loudon. 

McMinn Athens. 

McNairy  Purdy . 

Mac9n Lafayette . 

Madison Jackson. 

Marion  Jasper. 

Marshall Lewisburg . 

Maury Columbia. 

Meigs Decatur. 

Monroe     Madisonville. 

Montgomery Clarksville . 

Moore Lynchburgh . 

Morgan Wartburgh. 

Obion Troy. 

Overton Livingston. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Perry  Linden. 

Pickett Byrdsto  wn . 

Polk Benton. 

Putnam Cookyille . 

Rhea Washington. 

Roane Kingston. 

Robertson Springfield. 

Rutherford Murfreesburgh. 

Scott HuntsviJle. 

Sequatchie Dunlap . 

Se  vier Sevierville . 

Shelby Memphis . 

Smith Carthage. 

Stewart Dover. 

Sullivan Blountville. 

Sumner Gallatin . 

Tipton Covington . 

Trousdale Harts  ville . 

Unicoi Erwin. 

Union Maynardville. 

Van  Buf  en Spencer . 

Warren McMinn  ville. 

Washington Jonesburgh. 

Wayne Waynesborough. 

Weakley Dresden . 

White Sparta. 

Williamson Franklin . 

Wilson Lebanon. 

TEXAS. 

Anderson Palestine. 

Angelina Homer. 

Andrews Unorganized. 

Aransas Rockport. 

Archer Archer. 

Armstrong Unorganized. 

Atascosa Pleasanton . 

Austin Belleville . 

Bailey Unorganized. 

Bandera  — Bandera. 

Bastrop . .  Bastrop . 

Baylor   Seymour. 

Bee Beeville. 

Bell Bellton. 

Bexar San  Antonio. 

Blanco Blanco . 

Borden Unorganized. 

Bosque Meridian. 

Bowie Boston . 

Brazoria Brazoria. 

Brazos Bryan . 

Briscoe Unorganized. 

Brown Browiiwood. 

Burleson Cdldwell. 

Burnet Burnet. 

Caldwell Lockhart. 

Calhoun IndianoJa. 

Callahan Belle  Plaine. 

Cameron Brownsville. 

Camp Pittsburgh . 

Carson ". .  Unorganized. 

Cass Linden . 

Castro  — Unorganized.  * 

Chambers Wailisville. 

Cherokee Rusk. 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Childress Unorganized. 

CJay Henrietta. 

Cochran Unorganized. 

Coleman Colermm. 

Collin McKinney . 

Collingsworth  ...Unorganized. 

Colorado Columbus. 

Comal New  Braunf  els. 

Comanche Comanche . 

Concho Paint  Rock. 

Cooke Gainesville . 

Cory  ell Gatesville . 

Cottle Unorganized. 

Crockett Fort  Terrell. 

Crosby Unorganized. 

Dallam Unorganized. 

Dallas Dallas. 

Dawson Unorganized. 

Deaf  Smith Unorganized. 

Delta Cooper. 

Denton Den  ton. 

De  Witt Clinton . 

Dickens . .  > Unorganized. 

Dimniit Carrizo  Springs. 

Donley Unorganized. 

Duval San  Diego . 

Eastland Eastland . 

Edwards Unorganized. 

Ellis Waxahatchie. 

El  Paso Ysleta. 

Encinal Unorganized. 

Erath Stephenville. 

Falls Marlin. 

Fannin Bonham. 

Fayette  . .  ? La  Grange . 

Fisher Unorganized. 

Floyd Unorganized . 

Fort  Bend    Richmond. 

Franklin Mt.  Vernon. 

Freestone Fairfi  eld . 

Frio Frio  Town. 

Gaines Unorganized. 

Galveston  .  .  . .  .Galveston. 

Garza Unorganized. 

Gillespie Fredericksburgh . 

Goliad Goliad. 

Gonzales Gonzales. 

Gray Unorganized. 

Grayson Sherman . 

Greer Unorganized. 

Gregg       Long  \Tiew . 

Grimes Anderson. 

Guadalupe Seguin . 

Hale Unorganized. 

Hall Unorganized . 

Hamilton    Hamilton. 

Hansford Unorganized. 

Hardraan Unor-r^  nized . 

Hard  in Hard  in . 

Harris    Houston . 

Harrison Marshall . 

Hartley Unorganized. 

Haskel Unorganized . 

Hays San  Marcos . 

Homphill Unorganized . 

Henderson Athens. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Hidalgo Hidalgo. 

Hill    Hillsborough. 

Hockley .    Unorganized. 

Hood Granbury. 

Hopkins Sulphur  Springs. 

Houston Crockett. 

Howard Unorganized. 

Hunt Greenville. 

Hutchinson  .   ...Unorganized. 

Jack Jackson  borough. 

Jackson Texana. 

Jasper Jasper. 

Jefferson Beaumont. 

Johnson Cleburne. 

Jones Phantom  Hill. 

Karnes Helena. 

Kaufman Kaufman. 

Kendall Boerne . 

Kent Unorganized. 

Kerr Kerrville. 

Kimble    Junction  City. 

King Unorganized. 

Kinney Brackettville. 

Knox Unorganized. 

Lamar Paris. 

Lamb Unorganized. 

Lampasas.' Lampasas. 

LaSalle Cotulla. 

Lavaca Hallettsville. 

Lee Giddings. 

Leon Centre  ville. 

Liberty Liberty. 

Limestone Groesbeck. 

Lipscomb Unorganized. 

Live  Oak Oakville. 

Llano Llano . 

Lubbock Unorganized. 

Lynn Unorganized. 

McCuiloch Brady. 

McLennan Waco . 

McMullen .Tilden. 

Madison .Madison  ville. 

Marion  Jefferson. 

Martin Unorganized. 

Mason Mason . 

Matagorda Matagorda. 

Maverick Eagle  Pass. 

Medina   Castro  ville. 

Menard Menard  ville. 

Milam     Cameron. 

Mitchell Unorganized. 

Montague Montague. 

Montgomery Montgomery. 

Moore Unorganized. 

Morris Daingerfield. 

Motley Unorganized, 

Nacagdoches.  . . .  Nacagdoches. 

Navarro Corsicana. 

Newton Newton. 

Nolan dnorganized. 

Nueoes Corpus  Christi 

Ochiltree Unorganized. 

()  I  dham Tascosa . 

Orange Orange. 

Palo  Pinto Palo  Pinto. 

Panola   Carthage. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


93 


County.  County  Seat. 

Parker Weatherford . 

Farmer Unorganized. 

Pecos Fort  Stockton. 

Polk Livingston. 

Potter Unorganized. 

Presidio Fort  Davis. 

Rains Emory. 

Randall Unorganized . 

Red  River Clarksville. 

Ref ugio  Ref  ugio . 

Roberts Unorganized. 

Robertson     .  ...Calvert. 

Rockwall Rockwall . 

Runnels Runnels. 

Rusk Henderson. 

Sabine Hemphill . 

San  Augustine.. San  Augustine. 
San  Jacinto . .     . .  Cold  Spring . 


San  Patricio. 
SanSaba  .  . 

Scurry 

Shackelf  ord  . 


.San  Patricio. 
..SanSaba. 
..Unorganized. 
..Albany. 


Shelby   Centre. 

Sherman Unorganized . 

Smith   Tyler. 

Somervell Glen  Ros 

Starr RioGrande  C'y 

Stephens Breckenridge. 

Stonewall Unorganized . 

Swisher Unorganized. 

Tarrant Fort  Worth . 

Taylor Buffalo  Gap. 

Terry Unorganized . 

Throckmorton.  .Throckmorton. 

Titus Mt.  Pleasant. 

Tom  Green Ben  Ficklin. 

Travis Austin. 

Trinity Pennington . 

Tyler Woodville . 

Upshur Gilmer . 

Uvalde.      . .... ..Uvalde. 

Van  Zandt Canton. 

Victoria Victoria. 

Walker Huntsville . 

Waller Hempstead. 

Washington Brenham. 

Webb Laredo. 

Wharton Wharton . 

Wheeler Mobeetie . 

Wichita Unorganized . 

Wilbarger Unorganized . 

Williamson Georgetown . 

Wilson Floresville. 

Wise Decatur . 

Wood Quitman . 

Yoakum , . .  .Unorganized. 

Young  — Graham. 

Zapata Carrizo. 

Zavalla Unorganized . 

UTAH. 

Beaver Beaver. 

Box  Elder Box  Elder. 

Cache Logan. 

Davis Farmington. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Emery  ...........  Castle  Dale. 

Garfleid  ..........  Panguitch. 

Iron  ..............  Parowan. 

Juab  .............  Nephi. 

Kane  .............  Kanab. 

Millard  ..........  Fillmore  City. 

Morgan  ..........  Morgan. 

Pi  Ute  ...........  Junction. 

Rich  .............  Randolph. 

Salt  Lake  .......  Salt  Lake  City. 

San  Juan  ........  Bluff. 

San  Pete  .........  Manti. 

Sevier  ............  Richfield. 

Summit  ..........  Coalville  . 

Tooele  ...........  Tooele. 

Uintah  ..........  Ashley. 

Utah  ............  ProvoCity. 

Wasatch  .  .  .......  Heber. 

Washington  .....  St.  George. 

Weber  ...........  Ogden  City. 

VERMONT. 

Addison  ..........  Middlebury. 

Bennington  .....  Bennington. 

Caledonia  ........  St.  Johnsbury. 

Chittendon  ......  Burlington. 

Essex  ............  Guildhall. 

Franklin  .........  St  .  Albans. 

Grand  Isle  .......  N.  Hero. 

Lamoille  .........  Hyde  Park. 

Orange  ..........  Chelsea. 

Orleans  ..........  Irasburgh  . 

Rutland  .........  Rutland  . 

Washington  .....  Montpelier. 

Windham  ........  Ne  wf  ane  . 

Windsor  .........  Woodstock. 


Accomack  .......  Accomack. 

Albemarle   _____  Charlottesyille. 

Alexandria  ......  Alexandria. 

Alleghany  .......  Covington. 

Amelia  ...........  Amelia. 

Amherst  .........  Amherst. 

Appomattox  —  Appomattox. 
Augusta  .........  Stauriton  . 

Bath  .............  Warm  Springs 

Bedford  .........  Liberty. 

Bland  ............  Bland. 

Botetourt  .......  Fincastle. 

Brunswick  ......  Lawrenceville. 

Buchanan  .....  .  .Grundy. 

Buckingham..Buckingham  C.H. 
Campbell  ........  Rustburgh. 

Caroline  .......  Bowling  Green. 

Carroll  ...........  Hillsville. 

Charles  City.  .Charles  City  C.H. 
Charlotte  ........  Smith  vi  lie. 

Chesterfield  .....  Chesterfield. 

Clarke  ...........  Berry  vil  le  . 

Craig  ............  New  Castle. 

Culpeper  ........  Culpeper. 

Cumberland  .....  Cumberland. 

Dickenson  .......  Ervinton. 


94 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Dinwiddie Dinwiddie . 

Elizabeth  City. .  .Hampton. 

Essex Tappahannock. 

Fairfax Fairfax . 

Fauquier Warrenton. 

Floyd Floyd. 

Fluvanna Palmyra. 

Franklin Rocky  Mount. 

Frederick Winchester . 

Giles Pearisburgh. 

Gloucester Gloucester. 

Goochland Goochland. 

Grayson Independence. 

Green Stanardsville . 

Greenville Hicksf  ord. 

Halifax Halifax. 

Hanover Hanover. 

Henrico Richmond. 

Henry Martinsville . 

Highland Monterey. 

Isle  of  Wight. . .  .Isle  of  Wight. 

James  City Williamsburgh . 

King  and  Queen. King  and  Q. 
King  George  —  King  George. 
King  William. . .  .King  William. 

Lancaster Lancaster. 

Lee Jonesville. 

Loudoun Leesburgh. 

Louisa Louisa. 

Lunenburgh  — Lunenburgh. 

Madison Madison . 

Matthews Matthews. 

Mecklenburgh.  ..Boydton. 

Middlesex Saluda. 

Montgomery  —  Christsburgh. 

Nansemond Suffolk. 

Nelson Lovingston. 

New  Kent New  Kent. 

Norfolk Norfolk. 

Northampton . .  .Eastville. 
Northumberland .  Heathsville. 

Nottoway Nottoway. 

Orange Orange. 

Page Luray . 

Patrick Patrick. 

Pittsylvania ....  Chatham. 

Powhatan Powhatan . 

Prince  Edward.  .Farmville. 
Prince  George. .  .Prince  George 
Princess  Anne. .  .Prs.  Anne. 
Prince  William.  .Breiitsville. 

Pulaski Newbern. 

Rappahannock . .  Washington . 

Richmond Warsaw. 

Roanoke Salem . 

Rockbridge Lexington. 

Rockingham. .  .Harrison  burgh. 

Russell Lebanon . 

Scott Estillville. 

Shenandoah Woodstock. 

Smyth Marion. 

Southampton  . .  .Jerusalem. 
Spottsylvania  . .  .Spottsylvania. 

Stafford Stafford. 

Surrey   Surrey. 

Sussex Sussex. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Tazewell Tazewell. 

Warren .Front  Royal. 

Warwick Warwick. 

Washington  . .  . .  Abingdon. 
Westmoreland  . .  Montrose . 

Wise Wise. 

Wythe Wytheville. 

York Yorktown. 

WASHINGTON. 

Chehalis Montesano . 

Clallam New  Dungeness. 

Clarke Vancouver. 

Columbia Dayton. 

Cowlitz Kalama. 

Garfield Pomeroy . 

Island Coupeville . 

Jefferson Port  Townsend. 

King Seattle. 

Kitsap Port  Madison. 

Klikitat Goldendale. 

Lewis Claquato. 

Mason Oakland. 

Pacific Oysterville . 

Pierce New  Tacoma. 

San  Juan Friday  Harbor. 

Skamania Cascades . 

Snohomish Snohomish. 

Spokan Cheney. 

Stevens ...  Fort  Colville. 

Thurston Olympia. 

Wahkiakum Cathlamet. 

Walla  Walla Walla  Walla. 

What  com Whatcom. 

Whitman Coif  ax. 

Yakima Yakima. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Barbour Philippi . 

Berkeley Martinsburgh. 

Boone  Madison. 

Braxton Braxton  C.  H. 

Brooke Wellsburgh. 

Cabell Barboursville. 

Calhoun Grantsville. 

Clay  ClayC.H. 

Doddridge West  Union. 

Fayette Fayetteville. 

Gilmer Glenville . 

Grant Petersburgh. 

Greenbrier Lewisburgh. 

Hampshire Romney. 

Hancock Fairview. 

Hardy Moorefield. 

Harrison  Clarksburgh. 

Jackson Jackson  C.H. 

Jefferson Charlesto  wn . 

Kanawha     Charleston. 

Lewis Weston . 

Lincoln Hamlin. 

Logan Logan  C.  H. 

McDowell Perry  ville. 

Marion  Fairmount. 

Marshall Moundsville. 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK. 


95 


County.  County  Seat. 

Mason ...... . . . .  .Point  Pleasant. 

Mercer Princeton. 

Mineral Keyser . 

Monongalia Morgantown. 

Monroe Union . 

Morgan Berkeley  Springs. 

Nicholas Nicholas  C.  H. 

Ohio    Wheeling. 

Pendleton Franklin. 

Pleasants   St.  Mary . 

Pocahontas Hunters  ville. 

Preston King  wood. 

Putnam Winfield . 

Raleigh Raleigh  C.  H. 

Randolph Beverly. 

Ritchie Ritchie  C .  H. 

Roane .  .Spencer. 

Summers Hinton. 

Taylor Grafton. 

Tucker St.  George. 

Tyler Middlebourne. 

Upshur Buckhannon . 

Wayne Wayne  C.  H. 

Webster Webster  C.  H. 

Wetzel New  Martinsville. 

Wirt WirtC.  H. 

Wood Parkersburg. 

Wyoming Oceana. 

WISCONSIN. 

Adams Friendship . 

Ash'and Ashland. 

Barren Barren. 

Bayfield Bayfield . 

Brown    Green  Bay. 

Buffalo Alma. 

Burnett Grantsburgh . 

Calumet Chilton . 

Chippewa Chippewa  Falls. 

Clark Neillsville. 

Columbia Portage. 

Crawford Prairie  du  Chien. 

Dane • Madison. 

Dodge Juman. 

Door Sturgeon  Bay. 

Douglas Superior. 

Dunn Menomonee. 

Eau  Claire Eau  Claire. 

Florence Florence. 

Fond  du  Lac Fond  du  Lac. 

Grant Lancaster. 

Green Monroe. 

Green  Lake Dartford. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Iowa Dodgeville. 

Jackson Black  River  Falls. 

Jefferson Jefferson. 

Juneau Manston. 

Kenosha Kenosha. 

Kewaunee Kewaunee. 

LaCrosse LaCrosse. 

LaFayette Darlington. 

Langlade Antigo. 

Lincoln Merrill. 

Manitowoc Manitowoc. 

Marathon Wausau. 

Marinette Marinette . 

Marquette Montello . 

Milwaukee Milwaukee. 

Monroe Sparta. 

Ocoiito Oconto. 

Outagamie Applet  on. 

Ozaukee Port  Washington. 

Pepin Arkansaw. 

Pierce Ellsworth. 

Polk Osceola  Mills. 

Portage Stevens  Point. 

Price Phillips. 

Racine Racine . 

Richland Richland  Centre. 

Rock Janesville. 

St.  Croix... Hudson. 

Sauk Baraboo. 

Sawyer Hay  ward . 

Shawano Shawano . 

Sheboygan Sheboygan. 

Taylor Medf  ord. 

Trempealeau  — Whitehall. 

Vernon Viroqua. 

Walworth Elkhorn . 

Washburn Shell  Lake. 

Washington West  Bend. 

Waukesha Waukesha . 

Waupaca Waupaca. 

Waushara Wautoma. 

Winnebago Oshkosh . 

Wood Grand  Rapids. 

WYOMING. 

Albany Laramie  City. 

Carbon Rawlins. 

Crook Unorganized. 

Johnson Buffalo . 

Laramie Cheyenne  City. 

Sweetwater.  .Green  River  City. 

Uintah Evanston. 

Yellowstone  National  Park. 


96  THE    WESTERN  WOULD 


MAINE. 

Named  for  district  in  France. 
Called  the  "  Pine  Tree  State,"  or 
"Lumber  State";  originally  in- 
cluded New  Hampshire  ;  settled  by 
English  1607,  by  French  in  1613. 
The  latter  were  partially  driven 
out,  but  retained  control  between 
the  St.  Croix  and  Penobscot  rivers. 
King  James  I.  granted  to  the  Plym- 
outh Company,  16?0,  all  land 
between  40  deg.  and  48  deg.  lati- 
tude. The  company  granted  New 
Hampshire  to  John  Mason  1629, 
and  six  years  later  divided  the 
territory  among  its  members.  To 
Ferdinando  Gorges  fell  the  entire 
region  from  the  Kennebec  to  the  Piscataqua,  with  hereditary 
power  from  Charles  I.  as  governor.  The  remainder  was  parceled 
out.  Massachusetts  claimed  the  whole  region  1651,  and  got  it 
under  favor  of  the  Puritans  then  in  power.  When  Charles  II. 
was  crowned  the  heirs  of  Gorges  claimed  it,  but  were  bought  off 
for  $6,250.  Settlers  suffered  severely  from  Indian  wars  1670  to 
1680.  The  territory  was  held  by  the  British  in  the  war  of  1812 ; 
separated  from  Massachusetts  in  1820.  and  admitted  as  a  state 
March  3, 1820.  Boundary  settled  with  England  1842,  and  the  free 
navigation  of  the  St.  John  acquired ;  number  counties,  16 ;  Union 
soldiers,  70,107  ;  miles  of  railroad,  1,142.  State  elections,  second 
Monday  in  Sept.:  number  senators,  31 ;  representatives,  151;  ses- 
sions biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Wednesday 
in  Jan.;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  two  years  each. 
Number  electoral  votes,  6;  congressmen,  4;  number  voters, 
187,323 ;  paupers  and  Indians  not  taxed  excluded  from  voting. 
Number  colleges,  3;  system  of  common,  high  and  normal 
schools  excellent ;  school  age,  4-21  years.  Legal  rate,  interest  6 ; 
by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  648,936;  male,  324,058;  female.  324,878 ; 
native,  590,053;  foreign,  58,883;  white,  646,852;  colored,  1,451; 
Chinese,  8 ;  Indians,  Penobscots,  625 ;  Passamaquoddies,  502. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  north  and  south,  298  miles ;  width  210  miles  ;  shore 
line,  about  2,480  miles  ;  area,  33,056  sq.  miles ;  land  29,885  sq.  miles ; 
21,155,840  acres :  37th  of  states  and  territories  in  size.  Surface 
hilly ;  becomes  mountainous  toward  center.  To  the  north  it  is  less 
broken,  and  merges  into  the  St.  John  valley.  Scenery  always 
fine;  sometimes  grand.  Highest  point,  Katahdin,  5,400  feet :  largest 
island,  Mount  Desert,  92  square  miles.  Watered  by  the  Penobscot, 
Androscoggin,  Saco,  St.Croix,Aroostbok,  St. John  and  a  multitude 
of  smaller  streams,  and  by  Moosehead  (7x36  miles  in  area),  Urnba- 
gog,  Eagle,  Portage,  Millinoket,  Sebec,  Shoodic,  Long,  Madawa- 
ska,  and  smaller  lakes.  Area  of  lakes  and  streams,  one-thirteenth 
entire  state.  The  soil  is  medium  only,  except  on  some  of  the 
streams,  where  it  is  rich.  Hay  is  the  best  crop.  Wheat,  oats, 
corn,  hops,  potatoes,  buckwheat  and  the  ordinary  vegetables 
grow.  Cattle  do  fairly ;  dairying  pays.  Half  the  state  is  forest 
of  excellent  timber.  Cleared  land  averages  $15  and  forest  land 
$14  per  acre.  Slate,  copper,  granite,  are  found  in  large  quanti- 
ties. 

CLIMATE.— Winter  average,  29  deg.;  summer,  67  deg.;  rain- 
fall, 45  inches ;  snow  lies  80  to  130  days ;  frost  comes  about  middle 
of  September,  and  as  late  as  June.  Health  excellent,  except  for 
pulmonary  troubles;  death  rate  low. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture  and  kindred  pursuits, 
lumbering,  fisheries  (yield,  $3,620,000  yearly),  quarrying,  ship 
building  (380  establishments). 


GUIDE  AND  HA103-BOOK. 


97 


PRINCIPAL  CITIES.-  Portland  (seaport),  population 
31,413 ;  Lewiston,  19,083 ;  Bangor  (port  of  entry),  16,856 ;  Biddi- 
f  ord.  12,651 ;  and  Augusta,  the  capital,  8,665. 

PRQPEIRT Y  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Wearing  apparel, 
one  bed  and  bedding  for  every  two  persons  in  family,  other  furni- 
ture to  value  of  $50,  tools  of  trade,  bibles  and  school  books  in  use,  1 


MAP  OF 

M  A  I  N  E 

Population (548,936 

.Areas<t.milrs '29,885 


copy  state  statutes,  family  stoves,  1  cow,  1  heifer,  2  swine,  10  sheep, 
9,000  Ibs.  hay,  all  growing-  produce,  30  bushels  grain,  all  potatoes 
needed  for  sustenance  of  family,  12  cords  firewood,  1  boat  of  two 
tons  burden,  cart  worth  $25,  harrow  $5,  plow  $10,  5  tons  anthra- 
cite and  50  bushels  bituminous  coal,  yoke  oxen,  pair  horses,  with 
yokes  and  harness,  1  sewing  machine  used  by  family,  all  flax 


98  THE  WESTEHN   WORLD 

raised  on  half  acre,  and  articles  made  therefrom.  The  homestead, 
to  the  value  of  $500,  may  be  exempted  by  recorded  deed  from  all 
debts  incurred  after  filing  such  deed.  No  arrest  for  debt  unless 
in  case  of  fraud  or  intended  removal  from  state.  Declaration 
of  insolvency  stops  suits.  All  accounts  barred  in  6,  notes  in  20, 
real  estate  claims  in  40  years,  and  actions  for  personal  damage  in 
2  years.  Women  may  sue  and  be  sued;  her  estate  is  not  liable  for 
tho  husband's  debts. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  to  resident  peddlers,  retail,  $10; 
wholesale,  $25.  Non-resident,  retail,  $25 ;  wholesale,  $50. 

LIENS  are  held  for  labor  or  materials  by  filing  statement  with 
town  clerk  in  90  days  when  there  is  contract ;  in  30  days  when 
there  is  no  contract. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states. 
Named  for  Hampshire  county,  Eng- 
land, called  the  "  Granite  State." 
Originally  part  of  Maine,  and  in- 
cluded in  grant,  James  1st,  to  Plym- 
outh Company,  1620.  Settled  by 
English  1623.  Granted  to  John 
Mason  and  others,  1629.  United  with 
Massachusetts,  1641.  Separated  from 
latter,  174J .  It  included  the  greater 
part  of  Vermont,  but  the  claim  to 
same  was  disputed  by  New  York. 
In  1771  Vermont  separated.  State 
Constitution  adopted  1784,  revised 
1792,  amended  1851  and  revised 
1877.  Ratified  United  States  Consti- 
tution June  21, 1788.  Union  soldiers 

in  field,  33,937.  Number  counties,  10;  miles  railroad,  660.  All 
elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  number  Senators, 
24 ;  Representatives,  321 ;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd- 
numbered  years,  meeting  first  Wednesday  in  June;  terms  of 
Senators  and  representatives,  2  years  each.  Number  electoral 
votes,  4 ;  Congressmen,  2 ;  number  voters,  105,138.  Paupers  ex- 
cluded from  voting.  Dartmouth  College,  at  Hanover,  founded, 
1769;  compulsory  education  law;  common  schools  excellent; 
school  age,  5-15.  Legal  interest  6% ;  usury  forfeits  3  times  the 

POPULATION,  1880,  346,991 ;  male,  178,526;  female,  176,465 ; 
native,  300,697 ;  white,  346,229 ;  colored,  685 ;  Indians,  63. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA.,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  N.  and  S.  181  miles ;  extreme  width,  92  miles;  area, 
9,005  square  miles— 5,763,200  acres.  Coast  line,  18  miles.  Highest 
peak,  Mt.  Washington.  Largest  lake,  Winnipiseogee,  74  square 
miles.  General  elevation,  1,200  feet.  Isles  of  Shoals  form 
part  of  the  state.  The  White  Mountains  occupy  the  northern 
portion  of  the  state  with  unsurpassed  scenery.  The  surface 
slopes  southward  and  becomes  less  mountainous.  Principal 
rivers,  Connecticut,  Merrimac,  Androscoggin,  Piscataqua  and 
tributaries.  Principal  lakes,  Winnipiseogee,  Umbagog  and  4 
Connecticut  lakes,  the  source  of  the  river  of  that  name.  Soil 
rocky,  with  small  fertile  districts.  Hay  best  crop ;  corn,  wheat, 
oats  and  ordinary  vegetables  do  fairly  with  close  cultivation. 
Forests  largely  exhausted  except  at  the  north.  Cleared  lands 
average  $16%*  and  woodland  $25  per  acre.  Mica  is  quarried  at 
Graf  ton,  soapstone  at  Haverhill,  Keene  and  Francestown; 
granite,  at  Plymouth,  Troy,  Roxbury,  Concord  and  elsewhere. 
Fti'te  ranks  high  in  cotton  manufacturing. 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK 


99 


CLIMATE. — Winter  average  24,  summer  69  deg1.  Extremes 
great  in  White  Mountains.  Summer  short  and  hot,  with 
violent  storms.  Rainfall  41  inches.  Frost  late  in  spring1  and 
early  in  fall.  Winter  begins  in  Nov.,  and  it  is  cold  till  May. 
Snow  lies  two-thirds  of  the  year  in  mountains,  elsewhere  70  to 
130  days.  Health  good. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE 


a  sill 
VERMONT 

Population     Art,. 

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.ige  Jc. 


^/-I  | Beri  Falls 


/      "     W.RllalliHiSoX^^RLr  £,ll;in!;  ^g^^ 

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PRINCIPAL  INDUSTRIES.  -Agriculture,  manufacture 
of  cotton,  woolens,  lumber,  leather,  boots  and  shoes,  etc.  Quar- 
rying mica,  granite  and  soapstone. 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES.— Manchester,  pop.,  32,630;  Nashua, 
1-3,397;  Concord  (the  capital),  13,843;  Dover,  11,687-;  Ports- 
mouth (chief  harbor),  969.  The  harbor  of  the  latter  place,  Great 
Bay,  never  freezes  over. 


100  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Wearing  apparel, 
bedsteads  and  bedding  for  debtor  and  family;  household  furni- 
ture to  the  value  of  $100 ;  cooking-stove  and  furniture  for  same ; 
sewing-machine ;  provisions  and  fuel  to  the  value  of  $50 ;  uni- 
form, arms  and  equipment  of  militia ;  Bibles,  school-books  and 
library  to  the  value  of  $300 ;  tools  of  debtor's  occupation  to  the 
value  of  $100 ;  1  hog  and  1  pig  and  the  pork  of  same  when 
slaughtered ;  6  sheep  and  the  fleeces  of  same ;  1  cow;  a  yoke 
of  oxen  or  a  horse,  when  required  for  farming  or  teaming  pur- 
poses or  other  actual  uses ;  hay  not  exceeding  4  tons ;  homestead 
to  the  value  of  $500,  or  that  interest  in  buildings  occupied  by 
debtor.  Assignments  do  not  release  debtor  nor  can  preference  be 
made.  Suits  to  recover  land  on  mortgage  judgment  and  bonds  are 
barred  after  30  years,  for  personal  damage  or  slander  after  3  years, 
for  all  other  actions  in  6  years.  Wife's  property  and  earnings 
exempt  from  husband's  debts.  Arrest  for  debts  above  $13.33 
may  be  made  on  affidavit  of  concealment  of  property  or  contem- 
plated departure  from  the  state.  Money  owed  upon  which  inter- 
est is  paid  may  be  deducted  from  money  in  hand  or  loaned  in 
returning  property  for  taxes. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.- Peddlers,  $10  per  year. 

LIENS  on  buildings  are  given  for  labor  and  for  materials 
to  amount  of  $1,500  for  90  days ;  laborers  on  wood  have  similar 
lien.  Boarding-house  keepers  hold  baggage  of  boarders.  Pas- 
turers  have  lien  on  stock  pastured. 


VERMONT. 

First  state  to  join  original  13. 
Name,  of  French  origin,  signifies 
"  green  mountain."  Called  the 
4 'Green  Mountain  State."  Origi- 
nally disputed  territory  between 
New  York  and  New  Hampshire, 
ruled  chiefly  by  latter.  Settled  by 
emigrants  from  Massachusetts,  1634; 
by  French,  1731.  The  latter  soon 
abandoned  it.  Declared  indepen- 
dent of  both  New  York  and  New 
Hampshire,  1771,  at  Westminster. 
Took  name  of  "  New  Connecticut " 
or  Vermont.  Took  part  in  Revolu- 
tion. Sought  admission  to  Confed- 
eration, 1776,  but  refused  through 
oppposition  of  New  York.  Applied 

again,  1777,  and  admitted  1791.  Constitution  adopted,  1777; 
amended,  1786 ;  again  in  1793,  and  revised,  1870.  Active  in  war  of 
1813.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  33,388.  Number  counties,  14. 
Miles  railroad,  944.  First  railroad  bunt  from  Bellows  Falls  to 
Burlington,  1849.  State  elections  biennial,  first  Tuesday  in  Sept.; 
number  Senators,  30;  Representatives,  340;  sessions  of  legisla- 
ture biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Wednesday 
in  Oct.;  terms  of  Senators  and  Representatives,  3  years  each. 
Number  electoral  votes,  4 ;  Congressmen,  3  ;  number  voters, 
95631.  Bribers  excluded  from  voting.  Colleges,  3 ;  school  as-e, 
5-30.  Legal  interest  rate,  6% ;  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest. 
POPULATION,  1880,  333,286 ;  male,  166,887 :  female,  165,399. 
native,  291.327;  foreign,  40,959;  white,  331,218:  colored,  1.057; 
TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Length  N.  and  S.,  149  miles ;  width,  34  to  52  miles :  area,  9J3fi  sq. 
miles,  5,847,040  acres.  Highest  point  (Green  Mountains),  about 
4,600  feet.  Largest  lake,  Champlain,  126  miles  long  and  in  places 
15  miles  wide ;  navigable  throughout.  Isles  in  lake  form  Grand 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  101 

Isle  county.  Green  Mountains  run  N.  and  S.  through  the  state, 
and  are  3,000  to  4,600  feet  high.  Besides  which  many  spurs 
and  detached  peaks  break  the  surface,  which  is  generally 
hilly.  All  east  of  mountains  drained  by  the  Connecticut,  the 
only  navigable  river.  The  Sorel  river,  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Champlain,  is  the  other  chief  stream,  and  empties  into  St. 
Lawrence.  Small  streams  abundant.  Soil  rocky  but  good  in 
narrow  strips  on  streams.  Potatoes  best  crop.  Corn,  wheat,  oats, 
hay,  hops  a*nd  buckwheat  yield  moderately  if  well  attended. 
Forests  remain  to  considerable  extent  but  are  cut  over  or  culled. 
Cleared  land  averages  $17.50  and  forest  land  $18  per  acre.  Dairy- 
ing profitable.  Manganese,  copper,  iron,  gold,  black,  white,  red 
and  variegated  marble  and  slate  are  found,  the  marbles  in  great 
abundance.  State  ranks  1st  in  quarries,  4th  in  copper. 

CLIMATE.— Ranges  of  temperature,  15  deg.  below  to  95  deg. 
above,  but  changes  not  sudden ;  winter  averages  18  deg.  to  33  deg. 
Summer  averages  66  deg.  to  75  deg.  Summers  short.  Rainfall 
greatest  at  south  and  east,  where  it  averages  43  inches ;  in  other 
sections  the  average  is  35  inches.  Snows  heavy.  Frosts  early  in 
fall  and  late  in  spring.  Snow  lies  80  to  140  days.  Health  excel- 
lent, miasma  unknown.  Pulmonary  diseases  less  common  than  on 
coast.  Death  rate  very  low,  less  than  1%  in  the  100, 

INDUSTRIES  very  varied,  numbering  2,900;  principal  ones, 
agriculture,  dairying,  manufacture  of  flour,  furniture,  leather, 
tin,  iron  and  copper  ware,  and  lumber,  mining,  quarrying  and 
finishing  marbles  and  stones,  and  maple  sugar  making. 


PRINCIPAL,  CITIES.— Burlington,  pop.,  1880, 11,365;  Mont- 
A  slier  (capital),  pop.,  1880,  4,000;  Rutland,  pop.,  1880,  12,149. 
Brattleboro  and  Bellows  Falls  are  important  and  thriving  towns 


and  seats  of  large  industries. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Apparel,  bedding, 
tools,  arms,  necessary  household  furniture,  1  sewing-machine  for 
use,  1  cow,  1  swine  or  the  meat  thereof,  10  sheep,  and  1  year's  wool 
or  the  manufacture  thereof,  forage  for  the  stock  named,  10  cords 
firewood,  20  bu.  potatoes,  10  bu.  grain,  1  bbl.  flour,  all  growing 
crops,  3  swarms  bees  and  hives,  and  product  of  the  bees,  200  Ibs. 
sugar,  Bibles  and  books  used  in  family,  $10  worth  poultry,  pro- 
fessional book  to  value  of  $200, 1  yoke  oxen  or  two  horses  kept  in 
use  not  worth  over  $200,  forage  for  same,  wagon  or  cart  and  sled, 
with  harness  and  f urnishings%  not  to  exceed  in  value  $250.  Ex- 
emptions do-  not  affect  attachments  prior  to  Dec.  1st,  1878.  The 
homestead  of  every  housekeeper  is  also  exempt  to  value  of  $500, 
with  yearly  product  thereof,  except  the  cause  of  action  accrue 
before  acquisition  of  homestead  and  against  taxes.  Homestead 
passes  direct  to  heirs  at  death  free  of  debts.  Assignments  with- 
out preference  may  be  made,  but  creditor  is  not  discharged. 
Bankrupt  law  in  force  discharges  debts  if  30#  be  paid.  Under  it 
taxes,  United  States,  state,  wages  to  $50,  are  preferred.  Suits  to 
recover  land  barred  in  15  years ;  on  contract,  injury  or  account 
in  6 ;  on  bond  or  judgment  in  8 ;  on  assault  or  imprisonment  in  3 ; 
for  libel  or  slander  in  24,  and  on  note  in  14  years.  Wife's  property 
exempt  except  income  for  debts  for  necessities  or  labor  or  im- 
provements on  the  property.  Her  earnings  exempt.  She  may 
do  business  in  her  own  name  and  is  then  liable.  Women  cannot  be 
arrested  in  action  for  debt.  Men  arrested  only  on  affidavit  of  re- 
moval or  concealment  of  property,  or  in  cases  where  fraud  is 
alleged.  The  power  of  arrest  is  largely  discretionary  with  the 
judge  and  is  very  sparingly  used,  liberality  being  the  rule  to 
debtors. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— per  year.  Peddlers  on  foot,  $15 ; 
with  team,  $30 ;  if  watches,  clocks,  jewelry  or  patent  medicines 
are  sold,  $60.  License  issued  by  county  clerk. 

LIENS  for  work  or  materials  for  buildings  hold,  but  must  be 
filed  in  town  clerk's  office  and  action  on  same  begun  inside  of  3 
months  after  filing. 


102  THE    WESTERN    WOULD 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Indian  name.  Called  "Old  Bay 
State."  One  of  the  13  original 
states.  First  settlement  1602,  aban- 
doned the  same  year.  Explored 
1614  by  Captain  John  Smith.  First 
permanent  settlement  1620.  Pil- 
grims landed  on  Plymouth  Rock 
Dec.  22.  Massachusetts  Bay  colony 
founded  1628.  Boston  settled  1630. 
Massachusetts  Bay  Company  char- 
tered under  Charles  I.  Annul- 
ment of  charter  attempted.  Col- 
onists refused  to  surrender  and 
fortified  Boston  harbor.  Pequot 
war,  1637.  King  Philip  war,  1675-6. 
Charter  forfeited  1684.  General 
court  dissolved  and  Joseph  Dudley 

appointed  president.  Superseded  1686  by  Sir  E.  Andros,  who  was 
deposed  by  the  people  1689.  Colonies  of  Plymouth  and  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  united  1692 ;  received  new  charter ;  the  appoint- 
ment of  governor  and  other  officers  being  vested  in  the 
crown.  First  American  newspaper,  Boston,  1690.  Anglo-French 
wars,  169U  to  1763,  involved  Massachusetts.  Renewed  hostilities 
with  French  and  Indians,  1703-4,  and  the  last  general  war  with 
latter  occurred  1722-5.  Massachusetts  was  active  in  bringing  on 
Revolution.  Boston  massacre  March  5, 1770.  Destruction  of  tea 
Dec.  16, 1773.  Boston  port  bill  passed  March,  1774.  Battle  of  Lex- 
ing-ton  first  blood  of  Revolution.  State  constitution  adopted  1780; 
amended  1820  and  1857.  Ratified  U.  S.  constitution  Feb.  6,  1788. 
Shay's  rebellion,  induced  by  heavy  taxation  caused  by  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  1786-7.  Maine  separated  from  Massachusetts,  1820. 
Village  of  Fall  river  acquired  from  Rhode  Island  in  exchange  for 
town  of  Pawtucket  and  other  territory,  1861.  Union  soldiers, 
146,730,  besides  sailors.  Number  counties,  14.  Miles  railroad, 
2,998.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.  Number 
senators,  40;  representatives,  240;  meeting  first  Wednesday  in 
Jan.;  yearly  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  1  year.  Num- 
ber electoral  votes,  14 ;  congressmen,  12.  Number  voters,  502,648. 
Paupers,  persons  under  guardians,  non-taxpayers,  and  men 
unable  to  read  and  write,  excluded  from  voting.  School  system 
excellent;  attendance  compulsory ;  age,  5-15  years ;  7  colleges,  in- 
cluding Harvard.  Legal  interest,  6  % ;  by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1885, 1,941,465;  three-fourths  native ;  females 
outnumber  males.  Indians,  369. 

TOPOGKRAPHY,  AREA.  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Length,  N.  E.  to  S.  W.,  162  miles;  breadth,  47  miles  in  western 
and  100  in  eastern  part;  area  of  8,040  square  miles,  5,145,600  acres. 
Coast  extensive  and  irregular,  with  numerous  good  harbors. 
The  Merrimac  only  large  stream  entering  sea  within  the  state. 
The  Connecticut  traverses  western  part  north  to  south.  Housa- 
tonic,  Blackstone  and  Taunton  rivers  flow  through  Massachusetts, 
and  Charles  and  Mystic  rivers  enter  Boston  Bay.  The  rivers  af- 
ford valuable  water  power,  none  navigable  but  Merrimac.  The 
Taconic  and  Hoosac  ridges  traverse  the  state  at  the  west.  Saddle 
mountain,  3,600  feet,  the  highest  peak.  The  east  and  northeast 
divisions  are  hilly  and  broken,  and  the  southeast  low  and  sandy. 
Scenery  very  beautiful,  especially  in  Berkshire  hills;  soil  generally 
light;  hay  best  crop;  wheat,  oats,  corn  and  vegetables  grown. 
Forests  practically  exhausted.  Cleared  land  averages  $80,  and 
woodland  $45  per  acre.  Stone  is  found.  No  minerals  mined. 
Elizabeth  Islands,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Nantucket  and  smaller 
islands  to  the  south  belong  to  the  state. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


103 


CLIMATE.— Winters  severe  and  protracted ;  summers  short 
and  warm;  thermometer  ranges  from  10  (Leg.  below  to  ICO  deg.; 
averages  summer,  73  deg.;  winter,  24  deg.;  snow  falls  Oct.  to 
April;  rainfall,  including  snow,  44  inches;  prevailing  winds 
from  east ;  heavy  fogs  common  on  coast. 


CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture  and  kindred  callings. 
Fishing'  for  cod  and  mackerel  (half  the  fishing  vessels  of  the 
Union  owned  here).  Manufacture  of  cotton,  woolen,  worsted, 
silk,  iron  and  steel  goods,  soap  and  implements,  quarrying. 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES.— Boston,  capital;  pop.  390,406 ;  J.ovr- 
ell,  pop.  64,051;  Lawrence  and  Fall  River,  famous  for  cotton 
manufactures;  pop.  39,151,  and  48,961;  Worcester,  railroad  :;:i  i 


104  THE    WESTERN  WORLD 

manufacturing  center,  pop.  58,291 ;  Cambridge,  seat  of  Harvard 
College,  pop.  52,669 ;  Lynn,  famous  for  manufacture  of  boots  and 
shoes,  pop.  38,274;  New  Bedford,  greatest  whaling  port  in 
the  world ;  pop.  26,845  ;  Springfield  contains  greatest  arsenal  in 
the  United  States,  pop.  33,340.  Ports  of  entry,  9. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  apparel,  $20  worth 
of  coal,  stores,  beds  and  $100  worth  furniture,  books  iifcuse,cow, 
6  sheep,  1  hog,  2  tons  hay,  tools  of  trade  to  $100,  material  of  busi- 
ness $100,  arms,  etc.,  of  militia,  $50  worth  provisions,  homestead 
to  value  of  $800,  declared  such  in  deed  of  purchase  or  by  re- 
corded declaration.  Debts  to  United  States,  wages  and  physi- 
cians' bills  preferred.  Bankrupt  law  applies  to  debtors  for  more 
than  $100.  Debts  discharged  by  consent  of  majority  of  creditors. 
Suits  for  land  barred  after  20,  on  contracts  not  sealed  after 
6,  for  wages  after  4,  on  notes  and  all  other  actions  after  20 
years.  Wife's  property  exempt,  including  ornaments  and  ap- 
parel to  value  of  $2,000.  She  can  sue  and  be  sued,  etc.,  same  as 
if  single ;  her  note  good,  if  not  joint  with  husband,  but  does  not 
bind  husband.  Women  cannot  be  arrested  for  debt.  Men  may  be 
arrested  on  affidavit  of  concealment  or  avoidance  where  claim 
exceeds  $20. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddlers,  $50  per  year;  special 
county  license,  $1  to  $4.  Permissions  to  obtain  town  licenses,  $3 
to  $25  ;  all  issued  by  Secretary  of  State. 

liIENS  are  given  on  buildings  for  labor  and  material.  Notice 
must  be  given  owner,  and  statement  of  lien  filed  in  county  regis- 
ter's office  in  30  days  after  work  is  done,  and  suit  brought  in  90 
days.  Vessels  are  subject  to  like  liens.  Boarders'  (except  sailors') 
effects  subject  to  lien  for  board,  and  cattle  for  pasturage. 


RH0BE  ISLAND. 

One  of  the  13  original  states. 
Called  " Little  Rhody."  First  settled 
at  Providence,  1636,  by  Roger  Will- 
iams. Island  of  Aquidneck  (Rhode 
Island),  bought  from  Indians, 
1638,  and  Newport  and  Portsmouth 
founded.  Patent  obtained,  1643,  pro- 
vided for  union  of  the  settlements, 
which  they  accepted  1647.  Charter 
of  Charles  II.,1663,  served  as  organic 
law  of  state  till  1843,  when  present 
constitution  was  ratified.  R .  I.  suf- 
fered terribly  during  King  Philip 
wars,  1675-76;  Providence  burnt 
during  same.  Colony  deprived,  1687, 
of  right  of  self-government  by  Sir 
E.  Andros.  The  fall  of  the  latter  on 
success  of  the  English  revolution,  1688,  restored  liberties,  1689. 
Lands  of  Narragansett  Indians  acquired  by  purchase,  1709.  Pop. 
60,000  in  1770.  R.  I.  seamen  distinguished  themselves  in  the 
Anglo-French  wars,  1750  to  1763,  and  in  Revolution.  First 
American  squadron  sailed  from  Providence  under  command  of 
Esek  Hopkins.  Newport  occupied  by  British,  1776,  and  besieged 
unsuccessfully  by  Gen.  Sullivan  and  French  fleet  under  Count 
d'Estaing,  1778.  British  forces  evacuated  1779.  Count  de  Roch- 
ambeau  arrived  at  Newport  July  10, 1780,  with  fleet  of  transports 
and  6,000  soldiers.  Rhode  Island  was  not  represented  in  the  con- 
vention, 1787,  which  framed  Constitution  of  United  States,  and 
was  the  last  state  to  ratify  same,  1790.  "  Dorr  rebellion,"  1842 
caused  by  insufficiency  of  the  old  charter,  which  still  served  as 
the  constitution.  The  Dorr  government  twice  assembled,  but 
was  dispersed  by  state  authorities.  Disputed  boundaries  adjusted 
1861  by  ceding  to  Massachusetts  Fall  River  in  exchange  for  Paw- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK 


105 


tucket  and  a  part  of  Seekonk  (East  Providence).  Union  soldiers 
furnished,  23,236.  Number  counties,  5.  Miles  railroad,  147.  State 
elections,  first  Wednesday  in  April ;  elects  72  Representatives,  34 
Senators,  2  Congressmen  and.  4  presidential  electors.  Legislature 


,  V  MAP  OF 

RHODE  ISLAND 


meets  annually  on  last  Tuesday  in  May,  at  Newport,  and  holds 
adjourned  session  annually  at  Providence  j  terms  of  Senators  and 
Representatives,  1  year.  Persons  without  property  to  the  value 
of  $134  excluded  from  voting.  Brown's  University  at  Providence, 
founded  1764 ;  common  school  system  excellent :  school  age,  5-15. 
Legal  interest  rate,  Q% ;  by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1885,304,284;  three-fourths  native;  females 
predominate ;  Indians,  74. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Area,  1,088  sq.  miles,  or  696,320  acres.  Length  N.  and  S.  46  miles ; 


106  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

width,  40  miles.  Narragansett  Bay  divides  the  state  unequally, 
the  western  and  larger  part  extending  N.  from  the  ocean  some  27 
miles.  The  hay  is  3  to  12  miles  wide  and  contains  several  islands, 
of  which  Aquidneck,  Canonicut  and  Prudence  are  largest.  Block 
Island,  at  the  western  entrance  of  the  bay,  also  belongs  to  this 
state.  Surface  of  state  broken  and  hilly.  Small  rivers  unfit  for 
navigation  are  numerous  and  afford  valuable  water  powers.  Chief 
rivers:  Pawtucket  and  Pawtuxet,  entering  Narragansett  bay ; 
and  Pawcatuck,  falling  into  Long  Island  sound.  The  state  con- 
tains numerous  small  lakes,  some  of  great  beauty.  Scenery  varied 
and  pretty.  Soil  middling  quality.  Hay  best  crop.  Potatoes, 
corn  and  oats  are  the  next  most  important  products.  No  forests. 
Dairying  profitable.  Land  high-priced.  No  minerals  mined. 

CLIMATE,  owing  to  nearness  to  sea,  moderate.  Average 
temperature  :  winter,  24  to  42  deg.;  summer,  44  to  74  deg.  Rain- 
fall, 43  inches.  Snow  lies  60  to  100  days.  Health  good. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Manufacture  of  fabrics  of  cotton, 
flax,  linen,  wool,  boots  and  shoes,  rubber  goods,  metals,  jewelry, 
etc.,  agriculture,  dairying.  Rhode  Island,  in  proportion  to  size, 
is  the  largest  manufacturing  sta.te  in  Union. 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES.— Providence,  (capital  and  seaport), 
pop.,  Ib85, 118,070.  Newport  (capital,  seaport,  finest  in  world,  and 
great  pleasure  resort),  pop.  15,693.  Bristol  (seaport).  Warren 
(seaport).  Lincoln,  pop.  13,765.  Pawtucket,  pop.  19,030.  Woon- 
socket,  pop.  16,050. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  :  wearing  apparel 
and  tools  to  value  of  $200 ;  furniture  and  provisions,  $30C ;  books, 
cow,  pig,  hog  and  pork  of  same,  arms,  etc.,  of  militia,  promissory 
notes,  exchange  and  $10  wages.  Assignments  m%de  without 
preference.  Debtor  not  released.  Wages  to  amount  of  $100  pre- 
ferred. Suits  to  recover  land  and  on  foreign  judgment  barred 
after  20  years ;  after  1  year  for  slander,  4  years  for  trespass,  6 
years  on  accounts.  Arrest  for  debt  only  permitted  on  affidavit  of 
intended  removal  or  secretion  of  property.  Females  cannot*  be 
arrested  for  debt.  Wife*s  property  exempt.  She  cannot  do 

LICENSE  CHARGKES.— Peddlers,  $60  to  state ;  $30  to  Provi- 
dence county;  $15  to  other  counties.  Peddlers,  jewelry,  $200  to 
state,  $100  to  Providence  and  $50  to  other  counties.  Licenses 
issued  by  secretary  of  state. 

LIENS  on  buildings  are  given  for  labor  and  material.  All 
working  under  contractor  must  notify  owner  in  30  days  and  file 
claims  in  6  months  with  town  clerk. 


CONNECTICUT. 

Indian  name  meaning  "Long" 
River,"  called  "  Wooden  Nutmeg 
State."  One  of  original  13  states 
explored  by  the  Dutch  settlers  of 
Manhattan  Island,  1615,  b}r  whom, 
settlement  was  made,  1633,  at  Hart- 
ford, sold  soon  after  to  English. 
Hartford,  Windsor  and  Wethers- 
field  settled  by  colonists  from 
Massachusetts,  1636.  Saybrooke 
united  with  Connecticut,  1644. 
New  Haven  was  settled,  1644,  and 
united  with  Connecticut,  1665,  un- 
der charter  of  1662,  from  King 
Charles.  Surrender  of  charter  de- 
manded by  Andros,  1687,  but  was 
concealed  in  what  became  histor- 
ical as  the  "Tharter  Oak"  tree.  Andros  ruled  as  a  despot  until  de- 
posed and  imprisoned,  May  9  1689.  Charter  remained  intact;  and 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


10T 


formed  the  constitution  of  the  State  until  the  adoption  of 
the  present  one  in  1818.  Connecticut  instructed  its  delegates  to 
the  Continental.  Congress,  June  14,  1776,  to  propose  that  the 
united  American  colonies  were  free  and  independent  states,  ab- 
solved from  all  allegiance  to  the  king  of  Great  Britain,  and  thus 
forecast  the  declaration  of  independence.  The  state  furnished 


a  very  large  quota  of  men  to  the  Revolutionary  armies.  Yale 
College,  founded  1701;  Hartford  capital  till  1761.  From  1701  to 
1873  the  general  assembly  met  alternately  at  Hartford  and  New 
Haven.  In  the  last  named  year  the  place  of  meeting  was  per- 
manently fixed  at  Hartford.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  55,864. 
Number  counties,  8.  Miles  railroad,  994.  State  elections  yearly 


108  A  HE  WESTERN  WORLD 

on  same  date  as  presidential  election  ;  elects  24  senators,  249  rep- 
resentatives, 4  congressmen,  and  6  presidential  electors.  State 
senators  hold  2  and  representatives  1  year.  Legislature  meets 
yearly  on  Wednesday  after  first  Monday  in  January.  Convicts 
and  persons  unable  to  read  not  permitted  to  vote.  School  sys- 
tem superior ;  includes  3  colleges,  with  160,000  books  in  libraries. 
School  age  4  to  16  years.  Legal  interest,  6£.  More  cannot  be  col- 
lected. No  penalty  for  usury. 

POPULATION,  1880,  622,700;  male,  305,782;  female,  316,918; 
native,  492,708;  colored,  11,547;  Chinese,  123;  Indians,  255. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Area,  4,845  sq.  miles;  average  length,  86  miles;  average  breadth,  55 
miles;  seacoast,  110  miles.  Surface  diversified  by  hills  and  val- 
leys, but  less  rugged  than  the  other  New  England  states.  The 
Green  Mountain  range  terminates  in  this  state  in  a  series  of  hills, 
the  highest  being  about  1,000  ft.  above  the  sea.  The  Housatonic, 
Thames,  Quinnebaug,  and  Connecticut  valleys  extend  N.  and  S., 
and  contain  much  excellent  land.  The  sea  coast  is  indented  by 
numerous  bays  and  harbors,  affording  excellent  anchorage.  Soil, 
except  in  valleys,  light  and  stony.  Corn,  oats,  hay,  wheat,  to- 
bacco and  vegetables  are  the  staple  crops.  Cleared  land  averages 
§40  and  woodland  $30  per  acre.  No  valuable  timber  remains, 
tone  extensively  quarried.  Valuable  iron  mines  exist. 

CLIMATE.— Moderate  and  healthy;  average  temperature, 
summer,  72  deg.  and  winter,  28  deg.  Occasionally  the  ther- 
mometer sinks  below  zero,  considerable  snow  falls,  summers 
warm.  Rain  fall  including  snow  about  47  inches. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Manufacture  of  hardware,  clocks, 
silks,  cotton,  rubber,  carpets,  woolens,  arms,  sewing  machines 
and  attachments,  dairying,  quarrying,  agriculture,  etc.  Total 
number  of  different  industries,  4,488. 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES.— Hartford  (capital,  and  noted  for 
banking  and  insurance  business) ;  pop.  1880,  42,015.  New  Haven, 
44  City  of  Elms,"  seat  of  Yale  College;  pop.  62,882.  Bridgeport, 
noted  for  manufacture  of  fire-arms  and  sewing  machines;  pop. 
27,643.  Waterbury,  important  manufacturing  city;  pop.  17,806. 
Fairfield,  Middletown,  New  Haven,  New  London  and  Stonington 
are  ports  of  entry. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  necessary  apparel, 
bedding,  furniture  and  provisions,  arms,  implements  of  trade, 
stock  to  value  of  $150.  Horse,  saddle  and  buggy,  with  harness 
of  practicing  physician  not  to  exceed  $250;  sewing  machine, 
library  to  $500,  boat  to  $200.  No  homestead.  Assignments  with- 
out preference  allowed,  but  do  not  discharge  debt.  Wages  to 
$100,  accruing  within  3  months  preferred.  Suits  for  land  barred 
after  15  years,  on  bonds  and  non-negotiable  notes  after  5  years,  on 
contracts  after  6  years,  for  slander,  express  contracts  (unwrit- 
ten) after  3  years,  for  damage  for  loss  of  life  after  1  year.  Wife's 
property  exempt  from  husband's  debts;  she  can  do  business, 
sue  and  be  sued  separately.  Arrest  for  fraud,  concealment, 
removal  and  refusal  to  pay  admitted  or  judgment  debts. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— None. 

LIENS  are  given  on  boarders'  effects  for  board  after  60  days; 
for  material  (over  $25  worth)  if  statement  is  filed  with  town 
clerk  or  secretary  of  state,  if  supplied  to  a  railroad,  in  60  days  and 
suit  begun  in  2  years.  Liens  for  labor  and  material  furnished 
vessels  must  be  filed  in  10  days.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  109 


NEW  YORK. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states; 
named  for  Yorkshire,  Eng.  Called 
the  "  Empire  State.'*  Explored  by 
Henry  Hudson,  Sept.,  1609,  who 
sailed  up  the  river  to  which  he  gave 
his  name.  Two  months  earlier 
Samuel  de  Champlain  discovered 
arid  named  Lake  Champlain.  Hol- 
land owned  the  territory.  The 
Dutch  settled  on  Manhattan  Island, 
1614.  Country  called  "  New  Nether- 
lands." Manhattan  Island  pur- 
chased from  Indians  for  $24, 1626. 
Indian  troubles  1640-45.  Swedish 
settlements  on  the  Delaware  incor- 
porated with  the  New  Netherlands, 
1655.  England  claimed  the  country 

as  part  of  Virginia*  captured  Manhattan  (New  Amsterdam) 
August,  1664,  and  named  it  New  York.  Dutch  regained  posses- 
sion, held  it  a  few  months,  and  permanently  transferred  it  to 
England;  New  York  the  battle-field  of  the  French-English  war, 
1754:  was  prominent  in  the  Revolution.  The  last  royal  governor 
was  forced  to  flee,  Oct.,  1775.  In  Feb.,  1776,  Americans  occupied 
New  York  city;  British  regained  control  in  Aug.,  and  held 
Manhattan  Island  until  Nov.  25,  1783.  Burgoyne's  surrender 
at  Saratoga  Oct.,  1777,  the  first  great  triumph  over  British 
tyranny.  West  Point  fortified  1777-78.  New  York  city  capital 
of  the  colonial  government  until  the  Revolution,  and  state 
capital  1784  to  1797,  when  Albany  was  made  the  capital.  It  was 
also  the  seat  of  the  United  States  government  1785  to.  1790. 
During  war  of  1812-14  border  towns  of  New  York  attacked 
by  the  British.  First  State  constitution  adopted  1777,  revised 
1801,  1821  and  1846;  slavery  abolished  1817.  Boundary  question 
with  Vermont,  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts  settled  1791. 
Union  soldiers  furnished,  448,850;  number  counties,  60;  custom 
districts,  10;  first  railroad,  Albany  to  Schenectady,  1783;  miles  of 
railroad,  7,812;  miles  canal,  900.  State  officers  elected  every 
4  and  senators  (32  in  number)  every  2  years;  representatives  (125 
in  number),  yearly,  on  same  day  as  presidential  election.  Legis- 
lature meets  first  Tuesday  in  Feb.,  yearly;  congressmen,  34; 
presidential  electors,  36.  Election  betters  and  bribers  and  con- 
victs excluded  from  voting.  School  system  superior;  includes  28 
colleges.  School  age,  5  to  21  years.  Legal  interest,  §%\  usury 
forfeits  principal  and  interest. 

POPULATION.  1880,  5,082,871;  male,  2,505,322;  female,  2,577,- 
149;  native,  3,871,492;  Indians,  819;  white,  5,016,042:  Chinese,  907. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  410  miles  ;  extreme  width,  311  miles; 
area,  47,620  sq.  miles;  30,476,800  acres;  water  frontage,  900  miles; 
surface,  varied.  The  narrow  belt  east  of  the  Hudson  valley  is 
intersected  by  spurs  of  the  Hoosac  and  Green  mountains;  the 
rolling  table  lands  to  the  west  are  traversed  by  tne  Blue  Ridge, 
Highland,  Catskill,  Helderberg  and  Adirondacks.  The  Hudson, 
rising  in  the  Adirondacks,  and  flowing  south  over  30  miles  to 
New  York  bay,  is  the  chief  stream.  The  Allegheny  and  its  tribu- 
taries drain  the  S.  W.,  and  the  Susquehanna  the  southern  central 
division.  The  Mohawk  is  the  chief  affluent  of  the  Hudson.  The 
state  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  its  lakes.  In  the  west  are  Chau- 
tauqua  and  Cattaraugus ;  in  the  central  division  Canandaigua, 
Cayusra,  Onondaga,  Oneida  and  others  having  the  Oswego  river 
for  their  outlet.  Long,  Manhattan  and  Staten  Islands  form  im- 
portant divisions  of  the  state.  The  soil  is  also  varied,  and  agri- 
culturally the  state  is  very  rich.  Cleared  land  averages  $60  and 


no 


THE  WESTERN   WOULD 


woodlad  $40  per  acre.  Considerable  forests  yet  remain.  The  pro- 
duction of  corn,  wheat  and  dairy  products  is  very  larpe.  The 
state  ranks  first  in  value  of  manufactures,  soap,  printing  and 
publishing,  hops,  hay,  potatoes,  bucfc wheat  and  milch  cows; 
second  in  salt,  silk  goods,  malt  and  distilled  liquors,  miles  railr 
way  and  barley;  third  in  agricultural  implements,  iron  ore, 
iron  and  steel,  oats  and  rye. 


CLIMATE,  diverse;  mean  annual  temperature  for  the  state, 
47  deg.  In  the  Adirondacks  the  annual  mean  is  39  deft.;  in  the 
extreme  south  it  is  50  deg.;  average  rainfall  43  in.,  including 
snow,  the  fall  being  greatest  in  the  lower  Hudson  valley,  and 
smallest  (32  in.)  in  the  St.  Lawrence  valley.  Range  of  tempera- 
ture, 10  deg.  below  to  100  above  zero. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK  111 


PRINCIPAL  CITIES.— New  York  City,  pop.,  1,206,299; 
Brooklyn,  pop.  506,663;  Buffalo,  "  Queen  City  of  the  Lakes,"  pop. 
155,134;  Rochester,  pop.  89,366;  Syracuse,  pop.  51,792;  Albany 
(capital),  pop.  90,758. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Manufacturing  of  all  kinds, 
agriculture,  dairyiner,  the  trades,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Necessary  furni- 
ture, tools  and  team;  professional  implements,  furniture  and 
library  to  value  of  $250;  90  days'  food  for  team,  60  days'  earnings 
if  necessary  to  family;  homestead  to  value  of  $1,000;  exemption 
.extends  after  death  till  youngest  child  is  of  age;  notice  must  be 
'recorded  of  intention  of  making  it  a  homestead  or  by  acts  done 
showing  intention  to  make  it  such.  No  exemption  against  debts 
prior  to  making  of  homestead  or  against  purchase  money  for 
same.  Assignments  with  preference  may  be  made,  and  on  petition 
of  two-thirds  creditors  in  amount  debtor  discharged.  Suits  to 
recover  real  estate  upon  sealed  instrument  or  judgment,  barred 
after  20  years;  on.  contract,  for  injury  to  person  or  property,  to 
establish  a  will,  or  for  fraud,  after  6  years;  for  negligence,  after 
3  years;  for  libel,  etc.,  after  2  years,  and  all  other  actions  after 
10  years.  No  imprisonment  for  debt.  Arrest  may  be  made  in 
some  cases  where  fraud  enters. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Peddlers  on  foot,  $20;  with 
horse,  $30;  with  more  than  one  horse,  $50.  License  issued  by 
Secretary  of  State. 

LIENS  to  value  of  labor  or  material  given  against  premises, 
or  if  same  exceed  contract  price  to  amount  of  latter,  if  filed  in 
30  days,  and  proceedings  are  begun  in  1  year  thereafter.  Judg- 
ments are  liens  on  real  estate  for  ten  rears. 


NEW  JERSEY. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states. 
Named  for  Isle  of  Jersey.  Settled 
first  by  Dutch,  from  New  Amster- 
dam, at  Bergen,  1620,  by  Swedes  east 
of  the  Delaware,  1638.  Latter  dis- 
possessed by  Dutch,  1655.  Country 
acquired  by  England,  1604.  Subse- 
quently transferred  by  Duke  of 
York  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  G. 
Cartaret.  Submitted  to  Dutch,  1673. 
Reverted  to  England,  1674,  and  gov- 
erned till  1680  by  Sir  E.  Andros;  gov- 
erned 1682  to  1702  by  William  Penn. 
Previous  to  1682  the  state  was 
divided  into  two  distinct  gov- 
ernments—East Jersey  and  West 
Jersey.  From  1702  to  1788  New 
Jersey  was  subject  to  New  York,  but  kept  its  own  assembly. 
Separated  in  the  latter  year  and  received  independent  gov- 
ernment. Battles  of  Trenton,  Princeton,  Monmouth  and  others 
fought  within  its  borders  during  the  Revolution.  State 
Constitution  adopted,  1776;  revised,  1844,  and  amended  in  the 
present  decade.  United  States  Constitution  unanimously  adopted 
Dec.,  1787;  capital  established  at  Trenton,  1790.  A  slave 
state  till  1860,  when  but  eighteen  slaves  remained  and  it  was 
counted  a  free  state;  Union  soldiers  furnished,  75,814.  State 
contains  21  counties  and  has  1,890  miles  railroad.  State  elec- 
tions annual ;  same  date  as  congressional  and  presidential ; 
number  of  senators,  21;  representatives,  60;  meeting  of  legisla- 
ture, 2d  Tuesday  in  January ;  term  of  Senators,  3  years;  repre- 
sentatives, 1  year ;  number  of  electoral  votes,  9 ;  Congre3.nien,  7. 


112 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


Paupers,  idiots,  insane  and  convicts  excluded  from  voting.  Num- 
ber colleges,  4 ;  schools  good ;  school  age,  5-18.  Legal  interest 
$%  ;  usury  forfeits  entire  interest. 

POPULATION.  1885,  1,278,033;  male,  629,922;  female,  648,111; 
native,  979,416;  foreign,  298,617;  white,  1,192,017;  colored,  86,016; 
Chinese,  170 ;  Indians,  74. 


TOPOGRAPHY,   AREA,   SOIL,    PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 

Length  north  and  south,  158  miles;  width,  38  to  70  miles;  area,  7,455 
square  miles  or  4,771,200  acres ;  forty-third  state  in  size.  Atlantic 
coast,  128  miles;  Delaware  Bay  coast,  118  miles.  Greatest  (elevation 
at  north,  where  Blue  Mountains  reach  1,000  to  1,800  feet  above  the 
sea.  The  Kittatinny  Valley,  10  miles  wide,  separates  these  from  the 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  113 

Highland  range  900  to  1,500  feet  high.  The  famous  Palisades  of  the 
Hudson  at  the  northeast  are  600  feet  high.  Toward  center  state 
slopes  to  a  rolling  plain,  and  at  south  becomes  flat  and  low.  Hudson 
river  forms  the  eastern  border,  Delaware  bay  and  river  the  west- 
ern; Raritan,  New  York  and  Newark  bays  afford  fine  harbors.  Cape 
May  to  Sandy  Hook  coast  bordered  by  strips  of  sand  inclosing 
bodies  of  water  which  float  vessels  of  light  draft.  Delaware  Water 
Gap  and  Falls'  of  Passaic  are  the  natural  wonders  of  the  state.  At 
the  north  are  picturesque  lakes  and  the  coast  is  famous  for  water- 
ing places,  including  Cape  May,  Atlantic  City,  Long  Branch,  etc. 
The  soil  ranges  from  fair  to  very  good.  Cleared  land  averages 
$80  and  woodland  $60  per  acre ;  hay  the  best  crop.  Other  staple 
crops  are  potatoes,  wheat,  corn,  rye,  buckwheat,  cranberries  (in 
Burlington,  Ocean  and  Atlantic  counties),  fruit  and  garden  pro- 
duce (central  region  vast  garden) ;  little  woodland  valuable  for 
timber  remains.  Iron  and  fertilizing  marls  are  abundant. 

CLIMATE  variable ;  temperature  averages,  summer,  68  deg. 
to  75  deg.;  winter,  31  deg.  to  38  deg.  Range  of  temperature  from 
about  zero  to  100  deg.  Rainfall,  including  snow,  46  inches,  reaching 
50  inches  in  the  highlands,  and  falling  to  40  inches  at  the  south. 
Highlands  and  seashore  healthy.  Ague  and  malarial  fevers 
in  the  lowlands. 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES.— Newark,  Perth  Amboy,  Great  Egg 
Harbor,  Tuckerton,  Bridgeton  and  Lumberton  are  ports  of  entry. 
Newark,  pop.  152,988;  Jersey  City,  153,513  Trenton  (capital), 
29,910;  Paterson,  63,273;  Elizabeth,  28,239;  Hoboken,  30,999 ;  Cam- 
den,  41,659. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Manufacture  of  fabrics,  jewelry, 
clay  wares  and  brick,  flour,  crystals,  fishing,  oyster  fishing,  gar- 
dening, agriculture,  marl  and  iron  ore  digging,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  for  debt :  goods  and 
chattels  to  the  value  of  $200,  wearing  apparel,  homestead 
worth  not  to  exceed  $1,000.  Assignments  cannot  give  preference 
to  any  creditor.  Creditors  who  prove  against  a  debtor  who  has  as- 
signed are  barred  further  action  and  the  debtor  is  released.  Those 
who  do  not  prove  are  not  barred.  Preference  may  be  given  .by 
mortgage  or  confessed  judgment.  Action  to  recover  real  estate 
barred  in  20  years,  to  recover  rents  on  sealed  lease  in  16  years,  on 
note  in  9  years,  on  accounts  in  4  years,  and  for  slander  in  2  years. 
Arrest  for  debt  may  be  made  on  affidavit  alleging  fraud  done  or 
contemplated.'  Wife's  property  exempt  from  husband's  debts. 
Bonds  of  state  and  United  States,  property  of  state,  counties, 
towns,  etc.  Property  owned  and  taxed  out  of  the  state,  if  tax  on 
same  has  been  paid  within  a  year  of  the  time  of  assessment;  insti- 
tutions of  learning,  religion  and  charity;  libraries  (public),  ceme- 
teries and  their  endowments  and  the  assets  of  corporations  re- 
lieved of  tax  by  charter  from  the  state. 

LICENSE  CHARGES-per  year— Peddlers  on  foot,  $8 ;  with 
horse,  $15 ;  with  $3  and  $3.50  in  each  case  extra  as  fees. 

LIENS— wages  to  amount  of  $300  for  each  employe  are  pre- 
ferred claims.  Liens  for  labor  and  material  must  be  filed  against 
the  property  within  a  year  and  summons  to  enforce  the  same 
issued.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate. 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states, 
named  tor  Wm.  Penn.  Called  the 
"  Keystone  State."  Settled  first  by 
Swedes  at  Chester,  1638.  Swedes 
subjected  by  Dutch,  1655,  and  terri- 
tory became  part  of  New  Neth- 
erlands .  Captured  by  English,  1664. 
Recaptured  by  Dutch,  1672,  but  fell 
to  English  again  in  a  few  months. 
All  territory  west  of  Delaware 
river  granted  to  Wm.  Penn,  1681, 
by  Charles  II.  of  England.  Phil- 
adelphia founded,  1682.  Pennsyl- 
vania became  battle-ground  of 
French -English  wars,  1746-1760. 
Braddock's  Field  and  Fort  Du 
Quesne  (Pittsburgh)  most  notable 

of  the  fights.  Indians  conquered,  1764.  Pennsylvania  most  con- 
spicuous in  Revolution.  Proprietary  government  abolished  and 
independent  state  formed  1776.  Continental  Congress  met  and 
declaration  of  independence  signed  at  Philadelphia.  Notable 
events:  Defense  of  Philadelphia,  battles  of  Brandy  wine,  German- 
town  and  Valley  Forge.  State  Constitution  drawn  1790;  revised 
1838;  amended  1850, 1857, 1861-4,  and 1873  new  one  adopted.  "Whisky 
Insurrection"  or  revolt  against  excise  law,  1794.  Capital  moved 
from  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster,  1799,  and  to  Harrisburgh,  1812. 
State  invaded  three  times  by  confederate^,  1862, 1863,  when  battle 
of  Gettysburgh  was  fought,  and  1864,  wnen  Chambersburg  was 
destroyed.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  337^30.  Number  counties, 
67;  miles  railroad,  7,546.  State  elections  annual,  same  date  as 
presidential ;  number  senators,  50 ; -representatives,  201 ;  sessions 
biennial,  meeting  first  Tuesday  in  Jan.,  hold  150  days;  term 
of  Senators,  4  years ;  representatives,  2  years ;  number  electoral 
votes,  30;  congressmen,  28.  Non-taxpayers  and  bribers  excluded 
from  voting'.  Number  colleges,  26 ;  school  age,  6-21 ;  school  sys- 
tem good.  Legal  interest,  G% ;  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest. 

POPULATION.— 1880,  4,282,891;  male,  2,136,655;  female,  2,146,- 
236;  native,  3.695,062;  colored,  85,535  ;  Chinese,  464  :  Indians,  184. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Length  east  and  west,  300  miles ;  width,  176  miles ;  area,  44,985 
sq.  miles ;  28,790,400  acres.  Lake  frontage  60  miles.  Surface  very 
diverse  and  scenery  varied  from  the  commonplace  to  the  beau- 
tiful and  sublime.  Level  at  the  southeast,  hilly  and  mountainous 
toward  the  center,  and  rolling  and  broken  at  the  west  and  south- 
west. From  the  Delaware  river  on  the  east  rises  gradually  from 
five  or  ten  to  1,000  feet  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  Cumber- 
land valley  a  fine  region.  The  Allegheny  and  Kittatinny  mount- 
ains occupy  the  central  portion.  The  western  division  (half  the 
state)  is  a  table  land.  Principal  streams  Susquebannsi  and  its  trib- 
utary the  Juniata ;  Delaware  (rises  in  Catskills)  a  tide  water  river 
as  far  as  Trenton,  130  miles  from  mouth;  Allegheny  and  Monon- 
gahela,  which  unite  to  form  the  Ohio.  Soil  varies  from  barren 
hills  to  sections  of  great  fertility.  Many  superb  farms.  .Cleared 
land  averages  &45 ;  woodland  $30  per  acre.  Much  good  timber 
remains.  Farms  average  100  acres.  Oil,  coal  (anthracite  at  east, 
bituminous  at  west)  iron,  copper,  kaolin,  building  stones,  salt 
abound.  Rye,  corn,  wheat,  buckwheat,  potatoes,  vegetables,  hay, 
oats,  tobacco  are  staple  crops.  Dairying  and  stock  flourish. 

CLIMATE  in  mountains  severe  in  winter,  with  much  snow  ; 
summers  pleasant ;  summers  hot  on  the  Delaware,  reaching  100 
deg.;  summers  long  in  Susquehanha  valley ;  west  of  mountains 
summers  hot  and  of  moderate  length ;  winters  cold ;  average 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


115 


winter  temperature,  34  cleg.;  summer,  74  deg.;  rainfall,  includ- 
ing snow,  averages  42  inches ;  climate  healthy. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Philadelphia,  second  city  in  United  States, 
contains  mint  and  navy  yard;  pop.,  846,984.  Pittsburg,  extensive 
manufacturing  city ;  pop.,  156,389,  Harrisburg,  capital ;  pop., 
30,762.  Philadelphia,  Pittsburg  and  Erie  are  ports  of  entry. 


INDTJSTBIES.— Pennsylvania  is  the  great  iron,  oil  and  coal 
state.  The  other  industries  include  agriculture  and  kindred  pur- 
suits, lumbering,  manufacture  of  paper,  woolens,  liquors,  imple- 
ments, machinery,  etc;. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Wearing  apparel, 
bibk-s,  school  books,  sewing  machine  and  $300  in  personal  or 


116  .  THE  WESTERN  WOULD 

real  property.  No  exemption  against  judgments  not  exceeding1 
$50,  obtained  for  labor.  Assignments  may  be  made,  without 
preference,  and  debtor  is  not  released.  Suits  to  recover  land 
barred  after  21  years ;  on  judgments,  mortgages  and  sealed  in- 
struments after  20  years ;  on  notes  and  accounts  after  6  years ; 
for  slander  after  1  year;  for  personal  damages  after  2  years. 
Wife's  property  exempt,  except  earnings,  which,  by  proper 
application,  may  also  be  exempted.  No  imprisonment  for 
debt.  Property  exempt  from  tax,  estates  of  religious  and  char- 
itable institutions,  state,  county  and  municipal  property,  all  man- 
ufacturing companies,  except  makers  of  gas  and  spirituous, 
malt  or  other  liquors. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Per  year,  peddlers  on  foot,  $8;  with 
cart,  $16 ;  with  two-horse  cart  or  wagon,  $25.  Jewely  peddlers, 
$200  to  state  and  $50  to  each  county,  except  Providence,  where 
charge  is  $100. 

LIENS  for  wages  and  material  hold  if  filed  within  six 
months,  and  are  good  five  years.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real 
estate  for  five  years. 


DELAWARE. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original 
states.  Named  for  Lord  De  la 
Ware,  ^who  entered  the  bay  1610. 
Called  "The  Diamond  State.1'  First 
state  to  ratify  Federal  constitu- 
tion. Visited  1609  by  Henry  Hud- 
son. Settled  by  Swedes  1638,  who 
boughkfrom  Indians,  built  a  fort, 
and  called  the  country  "New 
Swedten."  Swedes  took  Duck  fort 
at  Casimer  (New  Castle)  1654,  and 
were  compelled/  1£55,  to  swear 
allegiance  to  Holland.  Ten  years 
later  Sir  R.  Carr  took  the  settle- 
ments, and  England  held  them 
for  nine  years.  Dutch  regained 
possession  1673,  but  treaty  of  West- 
minster gave  the  district  to  England  1774,  and  it  was  ruled  by  a 
representative  of  Duke  of  York,  to  whom  it  was  granted.  Trans- 
ferred to  William  Penn  1682  by  Duke  of  York.  Independent 
assembly  created  1703,  meeting  at  New  Castle,  but  was  governed 
by  governor  of  Pennsylvania  till  1776,  when  the  colony  declared 
itself  independent.  Took  vigorous  part  in  the  revolution. 
State  Constitution  adopted  1776.  A  new  one  1792,  which  was  re- 
vised 1831 .  Delaware  was  a  slave  state.  Slaves  1860, 2,000.  Union 
soldiers  furnished,  12,284,  the  biggest  percentage  of  any  state. 
Contains  three  counties.  Miles  of  railroad,  306.  All  elections 
Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November;  number  senators,  9. 
representatives,  21;  legislature  meets  in  odd-numbered  years,  first 
Tuesday  in  January;  holds  21  days;  term  of  senators,  4  years;  of 
representatives,  2  years;  number  electoral  votes,  3;  number  con- 
gressmen, 1;  idiots,  insane,  paupers  and  criminals  excluded  from 
voting;  colleges  at  Newark  and  Wilmington,  school  age,  6-21; 
schools  fair ;  legal  interest  rate,  6;  usury  forfeits  the  principal. 

POPULATION,  1880, 146,608 ;  male,  74,108  ;  female,  72,500;  na- 
tive 137,140:  white,  120,160 ;  colored,  26,442. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Length  north  and  south  nearly  100  miles;  width,  10  miles  at  north, 
36  at  south.  Area  1,950  square  miles,  or  1,248,000  acres.  Available 
area  large.  Northern  portion  rolling,  but  free  from  large  hills. 
Scenery  beautiful.  Southern  portion  level  and  sandy,  w^th  tre- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


quent  cypress  marshes.  Coast  low  and  swampy  with  lagoons  sep- 
arated from  sea  by  sand-beaches.  Streams  flow  into  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  bays  and  are  small.  Tide  reaches  to  Wilmington.  The 
soil  is  good  and  the  state  of  cultivation  superior.  Cleared  land 
averages  $45  per  acre,  and  wood-land  $40.  Staple  crops,  corn, 
wheat,  peaches,  berries,  garden  vegetables,  sweet  potatoes.  Iron 
is  found,  but  is  no  longer  worked. 


CLIMATE  mild.  Tempered  by  sea  breezes.  Average  temper- 
ature, winter,  32  deg.  to  38  deg.;  summer,  72  deg.  to  78  deg.  Rain- 
f alj  48  to  50  inches.  At  north  health  excellent.  Some  malaria  on 
the  low  lands  bordering  the  swamps  at  the  south. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Wilmington,  pop.  42,478.  Dover,  capital. 
Newcastle,  6,000.  Breakwater  protecting  Delaware  Bay  at  Cape 


118  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

Henlopen,  greatest  work  of  its  kind  in  America,  cost  the  United 
States  $|,127UOO,  and  was  over  40  years  in  course  of  construction. 

INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture  and  kindred  pursuits,  manu- 
facture of  flour,  lumber,  cotton,  iron,  steel,  leaiher,  etc.,  ship- 
building1, fishing,  canning  and  preserving.  Total  number  different 
industries,  7*0. 

PBQPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution,  books,  pictures, 
wearing  apparel  ,tools  and  implements  to  value  of  $~.  5  in  Newcastle 
and  Sussex  counties,  and  $150  in  Kent.  Other  household  goods  to 
value  of  $300  in  New  Castle  and  $150  in  K>nt  are  exempt,  and 
sewing  machines  and  wages  are  exempt  in  New  Castle.  Assign- 
ment caii  not  prefer  any  creditor,  and  does  not  release  the  debtor. 
Suits  involving  title  to  land  are  barred  in  20  years,  on  notes,  etc., 
,  in  6  years,  on  accounts,  etc.,  in  3  years.  Arrests  for  debt  may  be 
made  upon  affidavit  of  intention  to  remove  property  from  state 
and  defraud  creditors.  Wife's  property  acquired  in  any  way  but 
from  husband  is  exempt  from  his  debts. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  pear,  peddlers  on  foot,  $50 ;  if  a 
citizen,  $8 ;  with  one  horse,  $16;  two  horses,  $30.  and  $10  additional 
for  each  horse  above  2 ;  with  horse  and  wagon,  $25 ;  two  horses 
and  wagon,  $35.  To  sell  clocks,  $50.  Tinware  $10,  with  cart  $20. 

LIENS.— Wages  and  materials  to  the  amount  of  $25  are  liens; 
statement  of  claim  must  be  filed  in  90  days,  or  in  30  days  by  con- 
tractore.  No  priority  of  liens.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate 
for  20  years.  One  month's  wages  to  amount  of  $50  is  alien  on 
real  estate  in  New  Castle  county .  Executions  levied  are  liens  for 
3  years. 


MARYLANb. 


One  of  the  thirteen  original  states, 
namedJEor  wife  of  Charles  II  of 
England.  Settled  1631  by  Captain 
William  Clay  borne  and  other  Vir- 
ginians. Granted  by  Charles  I  to 
Cecil  Calvert  (Lord  Baltimore)  June 
20,  1632.  First  English  colony 
landed  March,  1634.  Clayborne's 
party  driven  out.  The  latter,  by 
aid  of  Virginia  Non-Cpnforrnists, 
1642,  took  control  of  the  territory. 
Proprietors  regained  possession 
1646.  Were  again  dispossessed  by 
Puritan  element  for  three  years, 
and  again  got  control.  Govern- 
ment of  colony  assumed  by  King 
William  III,  1688.  Baltimore  laid 
out  1730.  Proprietary  government  overthrown  December,  1774. 
Constitution  adopted  November,  1776 ;  amended  1802,  1810,  1836, 
1845, 1851 ;  new  constitution  adopted  1851 ;  airain  in  1864,  and  pres- 
ent one  1867.  Federal  congress  met  at  Annapolis  1783,  when 
Washington  resigned  command  of  army.  Federal  constitution 
ratified  April  28, 1778.  Fredericktown  and  other  places  burned  in 
war  of  1812,  and  Fort  McHenry  bombarded.  Battles  of  Bladenburg 
and  North  Point  fought.  First  blood  of  civil  war  shed  at  Balti- 
more April  19, 1861.  Legislature  opposed  war  April  26,  1861,  but 
passed  resolutions  favoring  the  South.  Battle  of  Antietam  Sept. 
16  and  1 7. 1862.  Slavery  abolished  1864.  Union  soldiers  furnished, 
46.638 ;  No.  counties,  23 ;  miles  railroad,  1,082.  All  elections  Tues- 
day after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  number  Senators,  26;  Repre- 
sentatives, 91;  sessions  biennial,  in  even-numbered  years ;  meet 
first  Wednesday  in  Jan.  and  hold  90  days;  term  of  senators,  4 
years ;  of  represe?itatives,  2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes, 
8.  congressmen,  6.  Insane,  convicts  ani  bribers  excluded  irom 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.. 


119 


voting.    Number  colleges,  11;  school  age,  5-20;  school  system 
fair.    Lesral  interest  6$;  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest, 

POPULATION.— 1880,  939,943;  male,  462,187;  female,  473,756 ; 

M^g^4l®5f  S  fe'^&OTS,  ETC.- 

Length  east  and  west,  196  miles;  width,  8  to  132  miles.    Area,  exclu- 


sive of  Chesapeake  bay,  9,860  sq.  miles.  Area  of  the  bay,  2,840  sq. 
miles.  Acreage  of  state,  6,310,400,  water  surface  large.  West- 
ern and  northern  sections  mountainous  and  broken.  Peninsular 
region  sandy  and  low,  as  is  also  section  between  the  Chesapeake 
and  Potomac.  Mountains,  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Alleghenies.  Scenery 
fine,  rising  often  to  sublime.  Chesapeake  bay  almost  divides  the 


120  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

state.  Tidewater  coast  nearly  500  miles.  Chief  navigable  rivers, 
Potomac,  Susquehanna,  Patuxent,  Patapsco,  empty  into  the  bay. 
At  the  west  is  the  Youghiogheny.  Many  small  streams,  bays  and 
inlets.  Numerous  small  islands  in  Chesapeake  bay.  Soil  varies 
from  very  poor  to  very  good.  Cleared  land  averages  $22.50,  and 
woodland  $14  per  acre.  The  average  value  of  latter  lowered  by 
mountain  sections.  Considerable  good  timber  remains.  Enor- 
mous coal  fields  west.  Copper  is  found  in  Frederick  and  Carroll 
counties;  iron  ore  in  Allegany,  Anne  Arundel,  Carroll,  Balti- 
more, Frederick  and  Prince  George's  counties.  Great  oyster, 
fish,  fruit  and  vegetable  producing  state.  Oyster  beds  most 
valuable  in  Union.  Wheat,  corn,  oats,  buckwheat  and  tobacco 
staple  crops.  Opportunities  for  capital  are  yet  excellent. 

CLIMATE.— Mild,agreeable  and  healthful;  some  little  malaria 
in  lowlands.  Temperature  softened  by  ocean.  Winter  averages 
37  deg.,  summer,  78  deg.  Rainfall,  42  inches. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Baltimore,  port  of  entry;  pop.  332,313.  An- 
napolis, capital ;  contains  United  States  Naval  Academy ;  pop. 
5,744.  Cumberland,  pop.  10,693. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.—  Agriculture  and  fruit  growing, 
oyster  and  other  fishing,  canning,  coal,  iron  and  copper  mining, 
manufacturers  of  cotton  goods,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Wearing  apparel, 
books,  tools  not  kept  for  sale  and  $100  in  other  property.  Assign- 
ments may  be  made,  and  if  all  property  is  surrendered  and  no 
fraud  has  been  perpetrated,  debtor  is  discharged.  No  preferences 
can  be  given  by  the  assignor.  Suits  to  recover  land  barred  after 
twenty  years,  on  accounts,  etc.,  after  three  years,  and  on  notes, 
bonds,  etc.,  after  twelve  years.  Wife's  property  exempt.  Hus- 
band not  liable  for  wife's  deT)ts  prior  to  marriage.  No  arrest  for 
debt.  Wages  are  not  attachable  until  due,  and  $100  is  then  exempt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.-Per  year,  peddlers  on  foot,  $40; 
with  one  horse,  $50;  with  two  horses,  $70,  in  each  county. 
Drummers  may  be  charged  per  cent  on  stock  of  house;  not  en- 
forced. Cumberland,  $1  per  day. 

LIENS.— Wages  and  materials  unpaid  are  liens  for  five  years, 
if  statement  is  filed  in  six  months.  Three  months'  wages  are  pre- 
ferred liens.  Kent,  Calvert  and  St.  Mary's  counties  are  exempt 
from  the  lien  laws,  except  against  shipping.  Judgments^are 
liens  on  real  estate.  Liens  against  ships  are  good  bufrtwoyears^ 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Named  for  Columbus.  Fixed  as  seat  of  U.  S.  government  1790 
by  act  of  Congress.  Formed  out  of  Washington  Co.,  Md.  (64  sq. 
mi.)  and  Alexandria  Co.Va.  (36  sq.  mi.)  Government  removed  to 
District,  1800.  Captured  by  British  1814,  and  capitol,  executive 
mansion  and  congressional  library  burned.  Virginia  portion 
ceded  back  to  that  state  1846.  Slavery  abolished  1862.  No  fighting 
in  District  during  civil  war.  Governed  by  Congress  till  1871, when  a 
legislative  body  of  33  (11  appointed  by  the  president  and  22  elected) 
was  created.  Executive  officers  still  appointed  by  president. 
Officers  appointed  are  paid  by  the  United  States;  those  elected 
by  the  District.  Citizens  of  District  have  no  vote  for  national 
officers.  Schools  superior.  Legal  interest,  6#:  by  contract,  10; 
more  forfeits  entire  interest.  Population,  1885,  203,459.  Miles 
railroad,  18.  Surface  made  up  of  flats  and  hills.  Similar  in  all 
features  and  products  to  Southern  Maryland.  Cities— Washing- 
ton (capital  U.  S.),  pop.  187,928 ;  Georgetown,  pop.  12,578.  Exempt 
from  execution :  Furniture,  etc.,  $300,  tools  or  books,  etc.,  $300, 
stock  for  business,  $200,  wages  to  $200.  Assignments  can  prefer. 
Actions  for  account  void  after  3 ;  on  note  after  12  years .  Wife's 
property  exempt.  No  arrest  for  debt.  Liens  hold  for  board, 
labor  and  material.  Drummers'  License  $200  per  year  in 
Washington. 


CTOIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK  131 


VIRGINIA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original 
states ;  named  for  Queen  Elizabeth, 
the  Virgin  Queen ;  called  the  "Old 
Dominion  "  and  "  The  Mother  of 
Presidents.'1  First  English  settle- 
ment in  America,  1607.  Controlled 
by  the  London  company.  Trouble 
with  Indians,  1609  to  1624,  when  com- 
pany dissolved  and  colony  became 
subject  directly  to  the  crown. 
Slavery  introduced  1619.  Bacon's 
Rebellion  against  restriction  of 
franchise  and  high  taxes,  1676.  Will- 
iamsburgh  founded  1699,  where 
general  assembly  met,  1700.  Active 
in  French  War  of  1754,  and  in  Revo- 
lution and  subsequent  steps  toward 
founding  the  Union,  Virginia  won  the  title  of  "First  of  the 
States."  British  burnt  Norfolk  1779,  and  Richmond  1781. 
Yorktown  surrendered  Oct.,  1781,  practically  vanquishing 
England.  State  Constitution  adopted  1776,  and  a  new  one  1869. 
United  States  Constitution  ratified  June  25, 1788.  Capital  fixed  at 
Richmond  1779.  State  seceded  May  7, 1861,  and  capital  of  Con- 
federacy moved  to  Richmond  from  Montgomery,  Ala.  Arsenals 
and  navy  yards  seized  immediately  after  secession.  West  Vir- 
ginia separated  1861.  Scene  of  gigantic  energies  of  the  war. 
Bull  Run,  the  Wilderness,  Cold  Harbor,  Fredericksburg,  Port 
Republic  and  many  other  famous  battles  were  fought  on  Virginia 
soil.  Lee  surrendered  at  Appomattox  April  9,  1865,  ending  the 
war.  Fourteenth  and  fifteenth  amendments  to  United  States 
Constitution  ratified  1869.  State  returned  to  the  Union  Jan.  36, 
1870.  Originally  included  all  the  region  known  as  Territory  of 
the  Northwest.  Number  of  counties,  100.  Ail  elections  Tuesday 
after  the  first  Monday  in  November;  number  of  senators,  40; 
representatives,  100;  sessions  of  legislature,  biennial,  in  odd- 
numbered  years,  meeting  first  Wednesday  'n  December;  holds  90 
days ;  term  of  senators,  4  years :  representatives,  2  years.  Num- 
ber electoral  votes,  12 ;  Congressmen,  10.  Lunatics,  idiots,  con- 
victs, duelists,  United  States  army  and  non-taxpayers  of  capita- 
tion tax  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  7;  schools,  4,502; 
school  age,  5-21 ;  school  system  fair.  Legal  interest,  6$,  by  con- 
tract 8#;  usury  forfeits  all  over  6  per  cent.  Miles  of  railroad,  2,894. 
POPULATION,  1880, 1,512,565;  male,  745,589;  female,  766,976; 
native,  1,497,869;  white,  880,858;  colored,  631,616;  Indians,  85; 
slaves,  I860,  490,865. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Greatest  length  east  and  west,  445  miles;  greatest  width,  190 
miles ;  area,  4U,125  square  miles,  25,680,000  acres,  exclusive  of  water 
area.  Coast  line,  130  miles;  tidal  frontage,  1,556  miles.  State 
divided  into  6  sections  parallel  with  coast  and  extending  back 
from  the  same  in  the  order  named :  Tidewater ;  Middle,  Pied- 
mont, Blue  Ridge,  Valley  and  Appalachian.  The  nature  of  these 
sections  is  indicated  by  their  titles.  The  scenery  of  the  state  is 
both  beautiful  and  grand.  The  Peaks  of  Otter,  the  Natural 
Bridge  and  the  Luray  caverns  are  among  its  natural  wonders. 
The  mountains  vary  from  wild  to  rugged.  The  Alleghany  and 
Cumberland  mountains  at  the  west  are  the  most  notable.  The 
broken  districts  are,  however,  interspersed  with  valleys.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Potomac,  Rappahannock,  Rapidan,  James, 
York,  Elizabeth.  These  have  many  tributaries,  and  water  and 
water  powers  are  abundant.  The  soil  is  very  fertile  in  the  valleys, 
good  on  the  table-lands  and  poor  to  middling  on  the  mountains. 


122 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


The  state  is  rich  in  iron,  gold,  salt,  coal,  marble,  slate,  zinc,  lead, 
stone,  timber  and  other  natural  resources  as  yet  little  developed. 
Much  good  farming-  land  is  untilled.  Cleared  land  averages  $10 
and  woodland  $6  to  $7  per  acre.  The  opportunities  for  homes 
and  enterprise  are  inviting-.  All  cereals,  tobacco,  peanuts  (state 
ranks  first  in  this  crop  and  second  in  tobacco),  fruits,  grapes  and 
vegetables  are  extensively  raised.  Stock  thrives. 


CLIMATE  varies  owing  to  difference  in  elevation,  but  is 
genial  and  healthful,  cool  in  mountains  and  warm  in  lowlands  in 
summer ;  winters  of  moderate  length,  and  seldom  severe ;  winter 
temperature  averages  44,  summer  78  degrees.  Rainfall,  including 
snow,  averages  44  inches,  being  heaviest  on  the  coast. 

CHIEF   CITIES. -Richmond    (capital),   pop.,  63,600;   pop. 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK 


123 


of  Norfolk,  21,966;  of  Petersburg-,  21,656.  Hampton  Roads  one 
of  best  harbors  on  coast.  Seven  ports  of  entry. 

INDUSTRIES.— Half  population  engaged  in  agriculture, 
balance  in  quarrying-,  ship-building,  lumbering,  the  trades,  iron 
working,  meat  packing,  tanning. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  not  to  exceed  $2,000 
in  value  in  real  or  personal  property  or  money  to  any  house- 
holder or  head  of  family,  and  besides  books,  pictures  to  the  value 
of  $100,  wearing  apparel,  beds  and  bedding,  3  steers,  1  cow,  1  horse, 
household  furniture  to  a  limited  quantity,  tools  of  trade  to  the 
value  of  $100;  provisions  for  family,  sewing  machine,  and  to 
farmers,  in  crop  season,  a  yoke  of  oxen  or  a  team  and  farm  im- 
plements. In  assignment  creditors  may  be  preferred,  but  the 
debtor  is  not  released.  Suits  involving  real  estate  barred  after  15 
years ;  on  bond  or  contract' under  seal,  after  20  years ;  on  indem- 
nity bond,  after  10  years ;  on  accounts,  after  2  years,  and  on  all 
other  actions  after  5  years.  Wife's  property  and  income  from 
same  exempt  from  husband's  debts.  No  imprisonment  for  debt 
unless  debtor  attempts  to  leave  state,  when  creditor  may  have  him 
arrested. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.-Per  year-Peddlers  on  foot,  $50 ; 
sample  merchants,  $25.  Drummers  tax,  $75  per  year. 

LIENS  for  labor  and  materials,  for  advances  made  on  crops 
and  on  baggage  and  other  property  of  boarders  are  enf  orcible. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


Originally  part  of  Virginia. 
Called  "  Pan  Handle  State."  His- 
tory up  to  1861,  same  as  that  of  Vir- 
ginia. Refused  to  secede  April  22, 
1861.  F.  H.  Peirpoint,  elected  Gov- 
ernor, June  20,  1861.  State  called 
"  Kanawha,"  but  name  changed 
in  December.  State  Constitution 
adopted  1862,  and  Capital  fixed  at 
Wheeling,  and  moved  to  Alexan- 
dria, 1863;  the  authority  of  the  state 
extending  to  the  varying  territory 
of  Virginia,  held  by  Union  troops. 
Admitted  as  state,  June  20, 1863,  and 
Wheeling  again  made  the  Capital. 
Capital  changed  to  Charleston,  1870. 
Moved  again  to  Wheeling  1875,  and 

to  Charleston  again  in  1884.  Constitution  amended,  1872;  number 
Union  soldiers  furnished,  32,068;  state  advanced  rapidly  in  wealth; 
number  counties,  54;  miles  railroad,  1,026.  Governor  and  state 
officers  elected  quadrennially,  and  legislature  every  two  years, 
on  second  Tuesday  in  October:  number  senators,  26;  representa- 
tives, 65;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  holding  45 
days;  term  of  senators,  4  years;  of  representatives,  2  years. 
Number  electoral  votes,  6;  congressmen,  4;  number  voters, 
139,161;  native  white,  123,569;  colored,  6,384.  Insane,  paupers  and 
convicts  not  voting.  Flourishing  free  school  system;  school  age, 
6-21.  Legal  interest,  b%\  by  contract,  6 ;  usury  forfeits  excess  of 
interest. 

POPULATION,  1880,  618,457;  male,  314,495;  female,  303962; 
native,  600,192;  white,  592,537;  colored,  25,886;  Indians,  29;  increase 
in  population  1870  to  1880,  38  per  cent;  number  slaves,  I860,  18,371. 
TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Length  N.  and  S.,  241  miles;  greatest  width,  158  miles;  area,  24,645  sq. 
miles,  15,772,800  acres.  Surface  mountainous  with  fertile  valleys; 


124  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 

the  Alleghenies  principal  range.  Some  high  peaks.  Scenery  fine, 
and  much  visited  by  tourists.  Western  part  hilly,  but  gradually 
descends  from  2,500  feet  above  the  sea  toward  the  Ohio  river, 
where  the  elevation  is  800  to  900  feet.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Ohio, 
Potomac,  Big  Sandy,  Big  and  Little  Kanawha,  Guyandotte  and 
Monongahela,  all  navigable,  and  are  being  improved  by  govern- 
ment aid,  giving  easy  access  to  markets.  Smaller  streams  are 
numerous.  Much  of  the  state  is  virgin  forest  densely  clothed 
with  oak,  walnut,  poplar,  ash,  and  other  timber  trees.  Mineral 
springs  abound.  The  soil,  where  not  mountainous,  is  excellent. 
Mineral  wealth,  including  coal,  oil,  iron,  salt,  is  prodigal.  Staple 
products  include  the  minerals  named,  sheep,  hogs,  tobacco, 
wheat,  corn,  dairy  products,  fruit,  wine,  lumber.  Petroleum  is 
extensively  produced  in  Ritchie,  Pleasants,  Wood  and  Wirt  coun- 
ties. The  state  ranks  fifth  in  salt  and  coal;  seventh  in  buckwheat, 
iron  and  steel.  Cleared  land  averages  $23.50;  woodland  $9  per 
acre. 

CLIMATE  moderate;  average  temperature,  winter  30  deg.; 
summer,  70  deg.  Elevation  reduces  heat  which  in  the  valleys  aver- 
ages 76  to  78  deg.  Average  rainfall  42  to  45  inches.  Health  is  ex- 
cellent. 

CHIEF  CITIES,  Charleston,  Capital;  Wheeling,  pop.  30,737. 
Parkersburg,  pop.  6,582;  Martinsburg,  pop.  6,335. 

CHIEF  INDUSTKIES.  Sixty  per  cent,  of  laborers  engaged 
in  agriculture,  balance  in  mining,  iron  making,  lumbering,  manu- 
facturing, etc. 

PBOPERT Y  EXEMPT  from  execution:  homestead  to  value 
of  $1,000,  where  acquired  as  such  by  will  or  deed,  or  where  inten- 
tion is  declared  to  keep  same  as  a  homestead  by  recorded  deedg 
personal  property  to  value  of  $200  to  married  men  or  widows  with 
children,  and  $50  worth  of  tools  in  all  cases.  Assignments  may  be 
made  with  preferences  but  do  not  release  debtor.  Action  on  all 


.  -_-_-, <iay 

contract  debts  separate  from  husband,  and  her  separate  estate  is 
solely  chargeable  with  them.  No  imprisonment  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.  Peddlers  on  foot,  $10;  with  team,  $25 
per  year. 

LIENS  for  labor  and  materials  must  be  filed  in  60  days .  Notice 
must  be  given  employer  when  work  is  done  for  contractor  in  30 
days.  Suit  must  be  brought  in  6  months.  Judgments  are  liens 
on  real  estate. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states. 
Named  for  King  Charles  1 1.,  of  Eng- 
land. Called  "Old  North  State," 
"Fur  State  "  and  "  State  of  Trrpen- 
tine."  Discovered  by  Lord  Raleigh. 
1584.  Settled  by  English,  1650,  and 
then  known  as  Albemarle  and 
united  with  South  Carolina.  Warred 
with  the  powerful  native  Tusca- 
roras,  1712,  and  expelled  them  1713. 
Separated  from  South  Carolina,  1729, 
First  state  to  declare  itself  inde- 
pendent of  England  at  Mecklen- 
burg, May,  1775;  State  constitution 
adopted  Dec.,  1776.  Oct.  7,  1780, 
battle  of  King  Mountain ;  March  15, 
1881,  battle  of  Guilf  ord  Court  House. 
Constitution  U.  S.,  ratified  Nov.  1789.  State  seceded  May  21, 1861, 
Forts,  etc.,  seized  by  state  troops.  Coast  section  scene  of  sharp 


GUIDE  AND  HANDBOOK.  125 

fighting  during  civil  war.  State  re-entered  Union  June,  1868. 
Amendments  to  U.  S.  Constitution  adopted  March,  1869.  Number 
of  counties,  96 ;  miles  of  railroad,  2,028.  All  elections  Tuesday 
after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  number  senators,  50;  representatives, 
130 ;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  Wednes- 
day after  first  Monday  in  January ;  hold  60  days ;  terms  of  sena- 
tors and  representatives,  2  years  each ;  number  electoral  votes, 
11 ;  number  congressmen,  9.  Convicts  are  excluded  from  voting. 
Public  school  system  adopted,  1840 ;  at  present  over  2,000  public 
schools  in  operation;  school  age,  6-21;  separate  schools  for  whites 
and  blacks.  Legal  interest  rate,  6 ;  by  contract,  8 ;  usury  forfeits 
interest.  Rate  of  tax  less  than  50c.  on  $100. 

POPULATION,  1880,  1,399,750;  male,  687,908;  female,  711,842; 
native,  1,396,008;  colored,  531,277;  Indians,  1,230.  Slaves,  1860, 
331,059. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Greatest  length  e.  and  w.  453  miles ;  greatest  width,  185  miles ; 
area,  52,240  square  miles,  or  33,433,600  acres,  less  area  water 
surface.  Coast  line  423  miles  with  many  harbors.  Western 
section  mountainous,  containing  Alleghenies  and  Blue  Ridge 
mountains.  Elevation  3,500  to  nearly  7,000  feet  (Klingman's 
peak).  Other  high  points,  Mt.  Mitchell,  6,730  feet,  Sugar  mount- 
ain, 5,312  feet,  and  Grandfather  mountain,  5,900  feet.  Middle 
portion  is  hilly,  but  not  mountainous.  Coast  region  low,  level 
and  swampy.  Land  generally  sandy,  but  of  good  quality  and 
originally  heavily  timbered.  Much  virgin  forest  yet  remains. 
Swamps  extensive,  most  noted  of  them,  the  Great  Dismal,  north 
of  Albemarle  sound,  contains  148,000  acres.  Chief  rivers,  Roan- 
oke,  Chowan,  Cape  Fear,  debouching  in  Albemarle  sound ;  Tar 
and  Neuse  emptying  into  Pamlico  sound,  and  the  Yadkin  and 
Catawba.  Small  streams  abundant;  water  powers  numerous;  corn 
best  crop ;  tobacco  largest  product ;  other  staples,  orchard  pro- 
ducts, sweet  potatoes,  rice,  wheat,  oats,  peanuts,  cotton,  hay  and 
vegetables  in  the  order  named.  North  Carolina  ranks  first  in 
tar  and  turpentine  ;  second  in  copper ;  third  in  peanuts  and  to- 
bacco, and  fourth  in  rice.  Has  rich  deposits  of  gold  and  the 
baser  minerals.  Stone,  slate,  coal,  marble,  mica.  Excellent  fish- 
eries. Natural  resources  but  slightly  developed.  Ajmple  oppor- 
tunities for  homes,  enterprise  and  capital.  Cleared  land  averages 
$10,  and  woodland  $5  per  acre,  and  much  of  excellent  quality  in 
the  market  below  this  average.  Stock  thrives.  Scenery  varied, 
ordinary,  picturesque  and  grand.  Wheat  harvested  June.  Corn 
ripe  in  Sept. 

CLIMATE  varied,  warm  and  moist  in  low  sections ;  cool  and 
dry  in  mountains,  with  all  intermediate  conditions.  Average 
winter  temperature,  49  deg.;  summer,  78  deg.  to  79  deg.  Frosts 
light  and  seldom  come  till  the  end  of  fall.  Rainfall,  including 
some  snow  in  mountains,  45  deg.  Health  good. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Wilmington,  pop.  13,446;  Raleigh  (capital), 
pop.  7,790;  Charlotte  contains  assay  office,  pop.  4,473;  pop.  New 
Berne,  5,849. 

INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture  principal  occupation.  Fish- 
ing, manufacture  of  turpentine  and  lumber,  mining,  etc.  Num- 
ber of  different  industries,  3,800.  Number  boats  engaged  in  fish- 
eries, about  3.000.  Copper  mined,  1,640,000  Ibs. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  personal  to  value 
pi  $500.  Homestead  to  value  of  $1,000.  Assignment  relieves 
dfebtor  from  imprisonment,  but  does  not  discharge  debts.  Pre- 
ferences may  be  made.  Suits  to  recover  real  estate  barred  after 
30  years ;  after  21  years  where  adverse  claim  is  set  up ;  after  10 
years  on  judgments  or  mortgages;  after  7  years  on  Justice  of  the 
Peace  judgments;  after  6  years  on  official  bond  or  for  injury  to  real 
estate ;  after  3  years  on  contracts,  or  for  fraud,  and  after  1  year 
for  assault,  libel,  imprisonment,  etc.  Wife's  property  absolutely 
exempt  from  husband's  debts.  Arrests  for  debt  may  be  made  if 
cause  is  shown  the  court,  upon  affidavit,  of  intention  of  debtor  to 
leave  state  or  conceal  himself  or  property. 


126  THE     WESTERN   WORLD 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Drummers  $100  per  year;  $250  for 
sewing-  machine  or  liquor  salesmen. 

LIENS  are  Driven  mechanics  in  all  cases,  and  for  materials 
when  notice  is  given  the  owner  before  settlement  with  contractor 
and  notice  is  filed.  Agricultural  laborers  and  persons  making 
advances  have  liens  on  crop.  Owners  of  studs  or  jacks  hold 
liens  and  judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  10  years 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states; 
named  for  King  Charles  II.  of  Eng- 
land; called  "Palmetto  state." 
Settled  by  French  Huguenots  1562 
at  Port  Royal;  abandoned.  Cre- 
ated a  province  1663.  Permanently 
settled  by  English  1670,  on  Ashley 
river;  Charleston  platted  1680.  A 
proprietary  government  under 
John  Locke's  constitution  till  1739; 
separated  from  North  Carolina 
1739;  revolutionary  record,  brill- 
iant. English  sei>  ed  the  territory, 
but  were  thrashed  at  Cowpens  and 
Eutaw  Springs,  and  penned  up 
in  Charleston.  State  constitution 
adopted  March  26, 1776.  United  States  Constitution  ratified  May 
23, 1788.  First  railroad  in  United  States  using  Amerieaindcomo- 
tive,  1830.  State  adverse  to  high  tariff,  and  passed  nullification 
ordinance  Nov.  19,  1882,  at  Columbia,  declaring  the  tariff  not 
binding  on  the  citizens  of  the  state.  The  affair  compromised. 
First  state  to  secede,  Nov.,  1860.  Sumter  bombarded  April  12-13, 
1861.  Ordinance  of  secession  repealed  Sept.,  1865,  and  slavery 
abolished.  New  constitution  adopted  1868;  re-entered  the  Union 
June,  1868.  Number  counties,  34;  miles  of  railroad,  1,570.  State, 
congressional  and  presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Mon- 
day in  November;  State  senators,  35;  representatives,  124;  ses- 
sions annual,  meeting  fourth  Tuesday  in  November;  term  of 
senators,  4  years;  of  representatives,  2  years.  Number  elect- 
oral votes,  9;  number  congressmen,  7.  Insane,  inmates  of 
asylums,  alms-houses  and  prisons,  United  States  army  and 
duelists  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  9;  school  age, 
6-16;  school  system,  fair.  Legal  interest  7$,  by  contract,  any  rate. 
POPULATION,  1880,  995,577 ;  male,  490,408 ;  female,  505,169 ; 
native.  987,891;  white,  391,105;  Indians,  131;  slaves,  1860,  402,406. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Greatest  length,  280  miles;  greatest  width,  210  miles;  area,  30,170 
square  miles,  or  19,308^800  acres,  exclusive  of  water  surface; 
coast  line,  212  miles,  with  several  good  harbors.  Many  small 
islands,  famous  for  "  Sea  Island  cotton."  Surface  mountainous 
at  west,  traversed  by  Blue  Ridge.  Highest  point,  Table  Mount- 
ain, 4,065  feet.  Mountains  descend  rapidly  to  the  *k  middle,"  or 
tk  sand  ridge  "  section.  This  gives  place  to  the  coast  section,  ex- 
tending inland  over  100  miles,  low  and  flat.  Principal  rivers, 
Savannah,  navigable  130  miles,  Great  Peedee,  Santee,  and  Edisto; 
many  lesser  streams.  Magnificent  water  power,  undeveloped. 
Scenery  grand  in  mountains,  ordinary  elsewhere.  Soil  various, 
from  medium  to  very  rich.  Forests  extensive  and  valuable. 
Land,  cleared  or  uncleared,  averages  $7  per  acre;  much  is  offered 
at  $3  to  $5.  Rice  and  cotton,  best  crops.  All  other  cereals,  as 
well  as  vegetables,  fruits,  grasses  and  fibre  crops  grow  well. 
Phosphate  beds  enormous;  gold,  mica,  mnrbles  of  all  colors; 
building  stones  found  in  large  quantities.  Turpentine,  tar,  lum- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


127 


ber  and  oysters  largely  produced.  Stock  thrives.  Gold  mines  in 
Abbeville,  Edgefield  and  Union  counties;  first  mint  deposits, 
$3,500,  in  1827.  White  and  variegated  marbles  found  in  Spartan- 
burgh  and  Laurens  counties.  Splendid  opportunities  for  homes 
or  investment. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature  ranges  15  to  96  degrees  F.;  aver- 


ages,  summer,  82  degrees;  winter,  51  degrees.  Average  rainfall, 
48  inches,  decreasing  to  the  south.  Health,  good.  Epidemics 
rare,  and  confined  to  seaports;  resort  for  consumptives.  Changes 
slight  and  infrequent;  frosts  rare. 

CHIEF    CITIES.— Charleston,    pop.,   1880,  49,984;    port    of 
7ntry;  seat  of  a  Catholic  bishop.    United  States  customs  dis- 


128  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

tricts  at  Beaufort,  Charleston  and  Georgetown.  Capital,  Co- 
lumbia. 

PRINCIPAL  INDTJSTRIES.-Agriculture,  mining,  fish- 
ing, quarrying,  lumbering,  turpentine  and  tar  making,  and  phos- 
phate digging. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Homestead  to 
value  of  $1,000  and  product  thereof,  personal  property,  such  as 
household  furniture,  tools,  implements,  stock,  etc.,  to  value  of 
$500,  and  wearing  apparel.  No  exemption  from  claims  for  pur- 
chase money,  but  oiiJy  articles  purchased  can  be  taken,  unless 
other  property  exceeds  exemptions  above  given.  Assignments 
can  be  made,  but  no  preferences  given,  and  debtor  is  not  dis- 
charged, except  from  arrest.  Suits  for  land  barred  after  20 
years;  after  six  years  on  notes  not  secured  by  mortgage,  for 
contracts,  damage  and  fraud;  after  three  years  for  penalties; 
after  two  years  for  libel,  assault,  imprisonment,  etc.;  and  after 
ten  years  on  all  other  actions.  Wife's  property  of  all  kinds 
exempt  from  husband's  debts.  Arrests  may  be  made  of  non- 
residents or  those  contemplating  removal  from  state  or  conceal- 
ment both  in  actions  for  debt  and  for  damage,  or  recovery  of 
property  wrongfully  detained. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.—  Peddlers,  $10  a  year  to  the  county. 
Drummers  tax,  Charlestown  $10  per  month ;  Beaufort  $5  and 
Bennettsville  $1  per  week ;  Peeples  and  Walhalla  $1  per  day. 

LIENS  are  given  for  labor,  materials,  advances  on  crops, 
improvements  on  land  and  work  on  vessels. 

STATE  LANDS  include  vacant,  forfeited  and  Land  Com- 
missioners' lands,  and  aggregate  about  1,900,000  acres.  The  lands 
are  all  for  sale,  and  tho  method  of  procedure  and  information 
concerning  them  may  be  obtained  of  the  secretary  of  state  at 
Columbia.  They  are  found  in  almost,  if  not  every,  county  in  the 
state,  and  partake  of  every  variety  of  soil  and  characteristic 
known  to  the  state.  Many  of  them  are  extremely  desirable,  and 
the  valuation  is  comparatively  low.  Vacant  lands  are  those 
which  do  not  appear  on  the  tax  duplicates  as  belonging  to  any- 
one, and  may  either  never  have  been  granted  by  the  state  or  have 
been  granted  and  abandoned.  These  constitute  about  1,000,000 
acres.  Purchasers  locate  their 'land  by  actual  survey;  make  a 
written  a  pplication  to  purchase  to  the  secretary  of  state,  describ- 
ing same  and  enclosing  one-quarter  of  the  amount  they  offer;  also 
paying  all  cost  of  survey,  etc.  If  the  bid  is  accepted  a  deed 
issues,  and  the  balance  of  the  purchase  money  with  a  fee  of  $3  is 
payable.  If  the  bid  is  rejected,  the  one-quarter  paid  is  returned. 
These  lands  are  also  rented  in  the  same  manner.  Forfeited  lands 
are  those  acquired  and  held  for  taxes.  They  aggregate  856,000 
acres,  some  of  which  is  very  valuable,  and  cannot  be  sold  for 
less  than  th  tax,  penalties,  etc.,  due  on  them.  These  average 
about  $3  pei  acre.  Bids  for  them  are  considered  and  accepted  or 
rejected,  the  same  as  in  the  case  of  vacant  land,  except  that  no 
location  or  survey  is  necessary.  A  deed  conveys  absolute  title. 
Failure  to  complete  payment  forfeits  amount  paid.  The  Land 
Commissioners'  lands  amount  to  some  57,00">  acres.  They  are  sold 
for  one-quarter  cash,  balance  in  three  equal  annual  installments, 
with  7$  interest.  Blanks  supplied  by  the  secretary  of  state. 

•  '    /"^ 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  129 


GEORGIA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original 
states.  Named  for  King  George  II. 
of  England.  Called  the  "Empire 
State  of  the  South."  Originally  a 
part  of  South  Carolina  and  claimed 
by  Spain.  Charter  granted  to  trus- 
tees for  the  colony  June  9,  1732. 
Savannah  founded  by  Gen.  James 
Edward  Oglethorpe,  1733.  Spanish 
war.  1839-42.  Colonial  charter  sur- 
rendered 1752,  and  Georgia  became 
a  royal  province.  General  assem- 
bly established  1755.  State  con- 
stitution adopted  1777,  another  1789, 
and  a  third  1798.  Active  in  the  Revo- 
lution, suffer  ing  badly  from  devas- 
tation by  English.  Severe  wars  with 
Creeks  and  Cherokees  settled  by  treaties  1790  and  1791.  Creeks 
ceded  their  lands  to  the  United  States  1802.  Georgia  also  ceded 
all  lands  west  of  present  state  line,  held  under  English  charter, 
to  United  States.  Cherokees  removed  to  Indian  Territory  1838,  and 
their  lands  acquired  by  the  government.  State  seceded  January 
19,  1861.  Constitution  C.  S.  ratified  March,  1861.  Many  hard 
fought  battles  during  civil  war,  including  Atlanta,  etc.  New 
constitution  adopted  1868,  and  another  1877.  Re-entered  Union 
1870.  Number  counties,  137 ;  miles  of  railroad,  3,1 16;  state  elec- 
tions, first  Wednesday  in  October;  number  senators,  44;  repre- 
sentatives, 175;  sessions  biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meet- 
ing first  Wednesday  in  November,  hold  forty  days ;  terms  of  sen- 
ators and  representatives,  two  years  each.  Number  electoral 
votes,  12 ;  number  congressmen,  10.  Idiots,  insane,  criminals  and 
non-taxpayers  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  7 ;  State 
University  at  Athens,  organized  1801;  public  schools  excellent; 
school  age,  6-18.  No  state  license  law  governing  commercial 
travelers ;  but  Atlanta,  Athens,  Augusta  and  Savannah  exact  a 
tax.  Legal  interest,  7$  j^  by  contract,  8#;  usury  forfeits  excess  of 
interest. 

POPULATION,  1880, 1,542,180;  male,  762,981 ;  female,  779,199; 
native,  1,531,616 ;  white,  816^00  ;  Indians,  124jestirnated  increase,15#. 
TOPOORAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Greatest  length  N.  and  S.,  321  miles  ;  greatest  width,  255  miles ; 
area,  58,980  square  miles,  or  37,747,200  acres,  exclusive  of  water 
area.  Surface  diversified.  At  the  north  are  theJBlue  Ridge, 
Etowah,  and  other  mountains.  The  center  is  elevate  table  land, 
gradually  descending  to  low,  swampy  country  near  We  coast  and 
along  the  Florida  border..  In  the  southeast  is  the  Okeflnokee 
swamp,  150  miles  in  circumference.  Coast  irregular  and  indented; 
shore  line  about  500  miles ;  three  sea-ports.  Principal  rivers,  the 
Savannah  and  Altamaha,  entering  the  Atlantic,  and  the  Ogeechee. 
Ocmulgee,  Oconee,  Satilla,  Allapaha,  Chattahoochee  and  Flint, 
are  all  navigable.  Mountain  streams  are  rapid  with  picturesque 
cataracts  and  immense  basins.  The  chief  falls  are  the  Tallulah, 
in  Habersham  county,  Toccoa,  in  the  Tugalo,  180  feet  high ;  Tow- 
aliga,  in  Monroe  county,  and  the  Amicolah, which  descend  400  feet 
in  a  quarter  mile.  Scenery  everywhere  picturesque;  often 
grand.  Plenty  of  good  water.  Soil  very  fine  in  central  region; 
rocky  at  north,  but  superior  in  the  valleys ;  sandy  and  rich  at  the 
south.  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  cotton,  rice,  sweet  potatoes,  tobacco, 
sugar  and  melons,  cMef  agricultural  staples.  Fruit,  both  tem- 
perate and  semi-tropical,  thrives.  Stock  flourishes.  Wool-grow- 
ing important.  Gold  is  extensively  mined.  Coal,  iron,  marble, 
exist.  Cleared  hind  averages  $8,  and  woodland  $5.P0  per  acre. 


130 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


Attractions  very  inviting  to  homeseekers  and  capital.  One-fourth 
area  heavily  timbered  with  yellow  pine  of  great  value  for  lum- 
ber, turpentine,  etc.;  natural  grass  abundant  and  nutritious. 

CLIMATE.— At  the  north  rnild  and  extremely  healthy; 
hotter  in  the  lowlands.  Range  of  temperature,  30  deg.  to  105  deg.; 
average,  winter,  49  deg. ;  summer,  82  deg.  Rainfall  averages  55 
inches.  Lowlands  malarial  at  certain  seasons. 


CHIEF     CITIES.— Savannah,      pTTp.     30,000;     Brunswick, 
>p.  6,000,    and   St.  Mary's,    pop.  1,500,  ports  of  entry.    Colum- 

jus  contains  the  largest  cotton  mill  in  the  South ;  pop.  15,000. 

Atlanta,  capital ;  pop.  60,000. 

PRINCIPAL.  INDUSTRIES.— Three-fourths  population 

engaged  in  agriculture.    Remainder  in  various  pursuits.    Manu- 


po 
bui 


GUIDE   AiSD   HAND-BOOK.  131 


facturing  important.  Raw  materials  becoming  more  abundant 
and  cheap. 

PHOPEHTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Arms,  horses 
and  equipment  of  militia,  wearing  apparel,  tools  of  trade,  $30 
worth  of  provisions,  one  mule  or  cow  worth  $50,  and  ten  swine. 
Each  head  of  family,  or  guardian  or  trustee  of  minors,  is  entitled 
to  a  homestead  to  the  value  of  $1,000,  in  either  personal  or  real 
property.  Assignments  maybe  made  and  give  preference.  If 
all  property  is  surrendered  a  discharge  is  granted.  Suits  involv- 
ing title  to  land  barred  or  on  bond  after  twenty  years ;  after 
seven  years  when  written  evidence  of  title  exists;  after  six 
years  on  notes  or  written  contracts ;  after  four  years  on  ac- 
counts for  damage  for  injury  to  person  or  property,  and  after 
one  year  for  injury  to  reputation.  Wife's  property  entirely  ex- 
empt from  husband's  debts.  Imprisonment  for  debt  not  per- 
mitted, but  arrest  may  be  made  on  affidavit  of  intention  to  secrete 
property .  Wages  cannot  be  garnisheed . 

LICENSE  CHARG-ES.— Peddlers,  per  year,  $50  to  the 
county.  Drummers  license,  Savannah,  $100  per  year ;  Hartwell 
and  Jessup,  $5  per  day. 

LIENS  are  given  mechanics,but  must  be  filed  in  3  months  after 
work  is  complete,  and  suit  begun  within  a  year  after  debt  is  due. 
Liens  are  also  given  to  machinists  for  labor  and  supplies,  to  em- 
ployes and  officers  of  boats  and  all  classes  of  laborers,  millwrights, 
stone-cutters,  etc. 

STATE  LANDS.— Georgia  has  no  lands  to  dispose  of  except 
what  is  known  as  *'  Head  Rights,"  granted  only  to  residents. 


FLORIDA. 

Named  for  its  flowers  or  for 
"Flowery  Easter,"  having  been 
occupied  on  Easter  Sunday.  Called 
the  "Peninsula  State."  Visited 
1513,  by  Ponce  de  Leon  in  search  of 
a  supposed  fount  of  Eternal  Life. 
Granted  by  Charles  V,  of  Spain, 
1526,  to  Pamfilo  de  Narvaez.  Indi- 
ans resisted  colonists  till  1565,  when 
first  settlement  was  made  by  Span- 
ish at  St.  Augustine.  French  Pro-  . 
testant  refugees  disputed  territory 
with  Spanish,  1560 to  1570  England' 
laid  claim  to  northern  part,1584,  and 
captured  St.  Augustine,  1586.  Wars 
withCarolina  and  Georgia  frequent, 
1700  to  1800.  Spain  ceded  entire 
ja ,  1763.  Ceded  back  to 

_r ,  ver  occupied  by  United 

States,  1811.  Pensacola  taken  from  England  by  Gen.  Jackson 
during  war  of  1812.  Entire  province  ceded  to  United  States, 
1819.  Organized  as  a  territory.  1822.  Seminole  war,  1835  to  1842. 
Admitted  as  a  state,  March  3, 1845.  Seminoles  removed  west  of 
Mississippi  river,  1858.  State  seceded  Jan.  10, 1881.  New  constitu- 
tion adopted  and  state  re-entered  Union  July  4, 1868.  Number 
counties,  39;  miles  of  railroad,  1,321;  all  elections,  Tuesday  after 
first  Monday  in  November;  number  senators,  32;  representa- 
tives, 76 ;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years, 
meeting  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  January;  holds  60  days ; 
term  of  senators,  4 ;  of  representatives,  2  years.  Number  elec- 
toral votes,  4 ;  congressmen,  2.  Idiots,  insane,  criminals,  betters 
on  elections  and  duelists  excluded  from  voting.  Schools,  fair; 
school  age,  4-21.— Legal  interest  8^;  by  contract,  any  rate. 


1700  to  1800.     Spain  c 

territory  to  England  in  exchange  for  Cuba,  1763.    Ce 
Spain,  1733.    Portion  west  of  Perdido  river  occupie 


132 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


POPULATION,  1885,  330,406;  male,  173,922;  female,  164,484; 
native,  289,534;  white,  191,185;  Indians,  180;  slaves,  I860,  61,745. 
Estimated  increase,  1887,  30#, 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Four-fifths  of  Florida  is  in  the  peninsula,  which  is  about  350 
miles  N.  and  S.  and  105  miles  E.  and  W.  Remainder  is  the  nar- 
row strip  along  the  Gulf,  342  miles  E.  and  W.  and  30  to  50  miles 


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N.  and  S.  Area,  50,268  sq.  miles,  37,931,520  acres;  21st  state  in  size. 
State  surrounded  by  sea  except  on  north.  Coast  line  over  1,200 
rniles.  Good  harbors  rare,  mostly  on  Gulf.  South  and  west  at 
the  head  of  the  peninsula  are  the  Keys  and  Tort u gas,  Coral 
islands.  At  the  north  surface  is  Hat,  rises  gradually  to  center,  250 
feet  being  the  greatest  elevation,  and  sinks  southward  again  into 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  133 

the  Everglades.  The  northern  section  is  a  limestone  formation, 
affording  a  fair  soil.  In  the  middle  section  are  found  tracts  of  great 
richness,  interspersed  with  sand  ridges.  At  the  south,  the  soil 
when  dry  or  reclaimed,  is  inexhaustible.  Extending  south  as  far 
as  Charlotte  Harbor  througlrthe  center  of  peninsula  is  the  Back- 
bone ridge,  175  feet  high  and  W  miles  wide .  Shores  very  low, 
frequently  not  two  feet  above  tide  water.  Coral  growth  at 
south  continues.  The  surface  is  dotted  with  lakes,  many  small 
and  several  of  large  area.  Drainage  of  these  and  the  Everglades 
is  progressing  on  a  mammoth  scale,  and  the  reclaimed  lands  will 
eventually  become  very  valuable.  The  rivers  are  sluggish.  The 
navigable  ones  are  the  St.  Johns,  Appalachicola,  Perdido,  Char- 
lotte and  Suwanee.  Many  lesser  ones  exist.  Canals  connecting 
the  larger  lakes  and  the  gulf  and  Atlantic  are  projected.  The 
excellence  of  soil  and  climate,  the  cheapness  of  land,  etc.,  are 
attracting  a  large  northern  immigration.  Opportunities  for 
homes  or  enterprise  are  excellent.  The  scenery,  excepts  in  its 
perpetual  summer,  is  uninteresting.  The  staple  products  are 
corn  (most  valuable  crop),  sugar,  molasses,  rice,  cotton,  oats, 
tobacco,  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  peaches,  oranges,  and  all  tro- 
pical and  semi-tropical  fruits,  cocoanuts,  lumber,  fish,  oysters, 
etc.  Poultry  and  stock  raising  are  successful.  Cleared  land 
averages  $12,  wood  land,  $3,  swamp,  $1,  and  school  land  SI. 25  per 
acre.  Much  forest  remains.  Timber  chiefly  pine,  of  moderate 
size,  free  from  undergrowth.  Game  abounds. 

CLIMATE  superb.  No  snow.  Frosts  rare  at  north,  un- 
known at  south.  Thermometer  ranges  30  deg.  to  100  deg.,  rarely 
above  90.  Winter  averages  59  deg.  Summer,  81  deg.  Breezes 
blow  across  from  gulf  to  Atlantic  and  vice  versa,  temper  the 
heat  and  keep  air  dry  and  clear.  Average  rainfall,  55  inches, 
chiefly  in  summer.  Great  resort  for  invalids.  Some  malaria  at 
the  south,  but  not  serious. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Key  "West,  good  harbor  and  naval  station; 
pop.,  12,000.  Jacksonville;  pop.,  30,000.  St.  Augustine,  oldest 
town  in  United  States.  Tallahassee,  pop.,  4,500,  capital.  Pensa- 
cola,  pop.,  12,000. 

PRINCIPAL  INDUSTRIES.— Almost  the  entire  laboring 
population  is  engaged  in  agriculture  and  fruit  growing.  Fish- 
ing for  fish  and  oysters  and  lumbering  largely  followed. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  :  Homestead  of  160 
acres,  with  improvements  in  country,  or  a  residence  and  half 
acre  in  city,  and  in  both  cases  $1,000  worth  of  personal  property. 
Ail  additional  $1,000  is  exempt  from  debts  made  before  May  10, 
1865.  Assignments  may  be  made  with  or  without  preference, 
but  does  not  discharge  the  debtor.  Suits  on  real  estate  barred 
after  7  years,  after  20  years  on  judgments  or  sealed  writings,  after 
5  years  on  other  writings,  after  3  years  on  liability  created  by 
statute,  except  for  fraud.  After  2  years  on  accounts,  or  for  libel, 
slander,  or  assault.  Wife's  property  exempt  from  all  debts  of 
husband.  No  arrest  allowed,  except  for  fraud. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Drummers,  $25  per  year ;  peddlers 
on  foot,  $10,  with  horse  and  cart,  $20  ;  with  boat,  20  tons  burden 
or  less,  $20;  over  20  tons,  $30. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS.— There  are  government  lands  in 
almost  every  county  in  Florida  subject  to  pre-emption,  home- 
stead and  cash  entry.  They  partake  of  all  the  characteristics 
of  the  state,  and  range  from  sandy  or  swampy  to  excellent  in 
quality,  and  include  timber  lands  and  a  few  small  prairies.  Near 
the  towns  they  have  been  picked  over,  but  in  the  interior  good 
tracts  may  be  found.  THE  LAND  OFFICE  for  the  state  is  at 
Gainesville. 

STATE  LANDS.— Florida  owns  several  million  acres  of 
land  of  varying  quality,  which  are  offered  at  nominal  prices. 
They  are  located  throughout  the  state.  Under  this  head  may  be 
mentioned  also  the  school  lands,  comprising  a  very  large  area. 

RAILROAD  LANDS.— Several  grants  of  land  have  been 
made  in  aid  of  railroads,  and  these  are  offered  at  $1.25  per  acre  up. 


134  THE   VvESTEllN   WORLD 


ALABAMA. 


Name,  Indian;  means,  "  We  rest 
here."  Visited  by  De  Soto,  1541. 
Mobile  founded  by  French,  1702. 
Ceded  to  England  by  France,  1763. 
All  south  of  31  deg.  ceded  to  Spain 
by  England  1783.  The  remainder 
became  a  part  of  United  States  by 
success  of  the  Revolution.  Terri- 
tory originally  part  of  Georgia,  and 
included  Mississippi.  Separated 
from  Georgia  1778,  under  name  of 
Territory  of  Mississippi.  Spanish 
portion  acquired  by  conquest  in 
war  with  England  1812,  the  English 
being  expelled  from  Mobile,  which 
they  had  seized.  Creek  war  insti- 
gated by  English,  1813,  who  as- 
sisted in  massacre  of  Ft.  Mims.  Battles  of  Talladega,  Emuck- 
faw  and  Horseshoe  Bend  broke  power  of  Creeks.  Mississippi 
separated,  1817,  and  Territory  of  Alabama  formed .  Admitted  to 
Union  Dec.  14,  1819.  Seceded  Jan.  11,  1861.  Montgomery  made 
capital  of  Confederacy  Feb.  4, 1861.  Same  subsequently  removed 
to  Richmond,  Va.  New  constitution  adopted  Feb.,  1868,  and  the 
state  re-entered  Union  July  14.  Present  constitution  adopted 
1875.  Number  counties,  66;  miles  of  railroad,  2,191.  State  elec- 
tions biennial,  first  Monday  in  Aug.;  number  senators,  33;  re- 
presentatives, 100;  sessions  of  Legislature  biennial,  in  even- 
numbered  years,  meeting  Tuesday  after  second  Monday  in 
.Mov.,  and  holding  50  days;  term  of  senators,  4  years;  of  repre- 
sentatives, 2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  10;  congressmen, 
8.  Indians,  idiots,  convicts  of  crime  excluded  from  voting. 
Number  colleges,  4;  school  age,  7-21;  schools  good.  Legal  interest, 
8$;  usury  forfeits  entire  interest. 

POPULATION,  1880,  1,262,505;  male,  622,629;  female,  639,876; 
native,  1,252,771;  white,  662,185;  colored,  600,103;  Indians,  213; 
slaves,  1860,  435,080;  estimated  increase,  1885,  20& 

TOPOGKRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Length  N.  and  S.,  332  miles;  width  averages  155  miles,  area  51,540  sq. 
miles,  32,985,600  acres.  Surface  at  N.  E.  rugged,  extending  into 
Allegheny  mountains,  gradually  descends,  forming  rolling 
prairies  at  center  of  state  and  flat  low  stretches  at  the  south. 
Sea  coast  68  miles.  Mobile  bay  best  harbor  on  the  gulf.  Princi- 
pal rivers,  Tennessee,  Chattahoochee,  Coosa,  Tombigbee  and 
Alabama;  the  latter  two  uniting  from  the  Mobile;  1,600  miles  of 
navigable  waterways;  smaller  streams  abundant.  The  mount- 
ainous section,  80x165  miles  square,  has  fair  soil,  and  is  enor- 
mously rich  in  coal,  iron,  lime  and  sandstone,  timber  and  various 
minerals.  The  growth  here,  as  yet  but  begun,  is  marvelous. 
Middle  section  soil  fertile  and  varied.  Coast  region  sandy,  but 
by  proper  cultivation  prolific .  Vegetable  farming  near  Mobile 
very  successful .  Cotton,  mules,  iron,  coal,  sugar,  rice,  tobacco, 
hay,  oats,  corn,  staple  products.  Fruits  are  a  good  crop.  Much 
forest  remains.  Cleared  land  averages  $7,  and  woodland  $4  per 
acre.  State  ranks  fourth  in  cotton,  fifth  in  mules  and  molasses, 
sixth  in  iron  ore  and  sugar,  seventh  in  rice.  Opportunities  for 
homes  and  investment  superior. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature  mild;  cold  at  north;  warm  at 
south;  average,  winter,  47  deg.;  summer,  81  degv;  July  hottest 
month;  range  of  thermometer,  20  to  95  deg.,  sotnetimes  for  a 
day  reaching  102  deg.  Rainfall,  50  inches.  SnoWxOr  ice  very 
rare.  Trees  bloom  in  Feb.  Health  as  good  as  theNiyerage,  a', 
least. 


GUIDE  AND   HAND  BOOK. 


135 


CHIEF  CITIES.— Montgomery  (capital),  pop.  30,000;  Huntsville« 
pop.  4,977;  Selma,  pop, 7,529 ;  Mobile,  pop.  29,132;  Birmingham, 35,000- 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture  and  kindred  pur- 
suits, mining,  iron  making,  lumbering,  etc.  Number  industries, 
2,070. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  personal  property 
to  value  of  $1,000;  homestead  not  exceeding  80  acres,  or  house 


and  lot  in  town  to  value  of  $2,000.  Assignments  cannot  give 
preference,  and  do  not  release  debtor.  Suits  for  land  and  on 
judgment  barred  after  20;  on  sealed  contracts  and  against  officers 
after  10;  for  trespass,  etc.,  after  6;  on  contract  after  5;  on  account 
after  3,  and  on  actions  founded  on  wrong's  after  1  year.  Wife's 
estate  exempt;  she  cannot  do  business.  If  widow  has  no  sc -i»a- 


136  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


rate  estate  she  takes  one-third  land  of  which  husband  died  seized 
in  fee,  or  half  if  he  left  no  children.    No  arrest  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.—  Peddlers  in  wagon,  $50;  on  horse, 
$20;  011  foot,  $10,  in  each  county,  except  when  products  of  the 
state  are  sold.  Drummers'  tax,  $10  to  state,  $5  to  county  and  30 
cents  fee;  Mobile,  $3  per  day,  $7;25  per  week  (rarely  enforced). 

LIENS.— Advances  for  crops  if  so  stated  in  note  and  re- 
corded in  60  days  in  probate  judge's  office  are  liens  on  crop. 
Landlords  have  liens  on  crop  for  rent.  Liens  are  also  given  for 
labor  and  material.  To  enforce  these  suit  must  be  brought  by 
laborers  in  1,  contractors  in  6,  and  all  other  persons  in  4  months. 

GOVERNMENT.  LANDS,  subject  to  cash,  homestead  and 
pre-emption  entry,  exist  to  a  large  extent  in  Alabama.  They 
comprise  every  variety  of  mineral,  agricultural  and  grazing 
lands,  and  are  scattered  through  almost  every  county,  with 
every  variety  of  soil.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Huntsville  for 
land  in  the  northern  portion,  and  at  Montgomery  for  lands  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state. 

STATE  LANDS,  with  the  exception  of  swamp  and  over- 
flowed lands,  in  dispute,  and  some  limited  tracts  of  school  land, 
are  disposed  of. 

RAILROAD  LANDS  to  the  extent  of  many  thousand  acres 
are  offered  low  on  good  terms. 


MISSISSIPPI. 

Indian  name  meaning  Father  of 
Waters.  Called  "Bayou  State." 
Visited  by  De  Soto,  1542;  by  La 
Salle,  1682.  Settled,  Biloxi,  1699,  by 
M.  de  Iberville.  Formed  a  part  of 
the  territory  of  Louisiana,  and  be- 
longed to  France.  Yazoo  settle- 
merits  made  1703;  others  followed. 
All  settlers  killed  by  Indians,  1728. 
Chickasaws  subdued,  1733.  North- 
ern portion  acquired  by  England, 
17(13.  Gulf  section  transferred  to 
Spain  a  short  time  after.  Region 
claimed  by  Georgia  at  time  of 
Revolution,  and  what  is  now  Ala. 
and  Miss,  was  organized  as  Terri- 
tory of  Mississippi  after  peace  was 

secured.  Georgia  ceded  to  U.S.,  1802,  all  possessions  south  of  Ten- 
nessee line.  Gulf  Coast  acquired  by  conquest,  1811.  Separated 
from  Ala.  and  state  constitution  adopted,  1817.  Admitted  as  a 
state,  Dec.  10, 1817.  Seventh  state  admitted.  Capital  alternately 
at  Washington,  Columbia  and  Natchez  till  fixed  at  Jackson,  1822. 
State  active  in  war  of  1814  and  with  Mexico.  Seceded  1861. 
Corinth,  Shiloh,  the  most  notable  battles  of  the  rebellion  in  the 
state.  Constitution  amended,  1865;  new  constitution  adopted, 
1869,  and  amended,  1877.  State  re-entered  Union,  1870.  Number 
counties,  74;  number  miles  of  railroad,  1,844.  State  officers 
elected  quadrennially,  and  legislature  every  two  years  ;  all  elec- 
tions, Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  sessions  of  legislature 
biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  Tuesday  after  first 
Monday  in  Jan .;  number  senators,  37 ;  representatives,  120 ;  term 
of  senators,  4  years ;  of  representatives,  2  years  ;  number  electoral 
votes,  9;  congressmen,  7;  voters,  238,532 ;  colored,  130> 73;  foreign 
white,  5,674.  Idiots,  insane  and  criminals  excluded  fromvvoting. 
Number  colleges,  3;  school  age,  5-21 ;  school  system,  fair.)  Legal 
interest,  6$ ;  by  contract,  10$;  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest. 
Miles  railroad,  1844,26. 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK 


137 


POPULATION,  1880, 1,131,597;  male,  567,177;  female,  564,420; 
native,  1,122,388 ;  foreign,  9,209  ;  white,  479,398  ;  colored,  650,291; 
Chinese,  51;  Indians,  1,857;  slaves,  1860,  436,631.  Estimated  in- 
crease, 1885,  9#. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Greatest  length  N.  and  S.  334  miles;  average  width,  143  miles; 
area,  46,340  sq.  miles,  29,657,600  acres.  Coast  line,  including  islands, 


MAP  OF 

MISSISSIPPI 


312  miles.  Harbors,  Biloxi,  Mississippi  City,  Pascagoula  and 
Shieldsburg.  Surface  undulating  with  a  gradual  slope  from  ele- 
vation of  700  feet  at  N.E.,  W.  and  S.  to  the  Mississippi  and  Gulf. 
Some  hills  reach  200  feet  above  surrounding  country .  From  Tenn. 
line  S.  to  Vicksburg,  Mississippi  bottoms  wide,  flat,  with  more  or 
less  swamp  and  covered  with  cypress  and  oak.  Soil  an  iuexhaust- 


138  THE  WESTEKN  WORLD 


ible  alluvium.  Central  and  southern  portions  100  to  250  feet  above 
tho  sea,  hilly,  with  stretches  of  prairie  ;  soil  light  but  productive, 
at  south  sandy  with  pine  growth.  Islands,  Cat,  Ship,  and  smaller 
ones  JO  miles  from  coast,  all  sandy.  Rivers  Mississippi,  Yazoo, 
Big  Clack,  Bayou,  Pierre,  Pearle,  Pascagoula,  Cold  Water,  Ten- 
nessee, Tombigbee,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  all  navigable  by 
large  boats.  Smaller  streams  innumerable.  All  bottoms  ex- 
tremely fertile.  Cotton  most  prolific  in  bottoms.  Staple  crops, 
cotton,  rice,  sugar,  irolasses,  tobacco,  corn,  sweet  potatoes, 
grapes  for  wine.  Fruit-  and  vegetables  are  splendid  crops,  but  are 
neglected.  Forest  area  large;  pine,  oak,  chestnut,  walnut  and 
magnolia  grow  on  uplands  and  bluffs,  long-leafed  pine  on  islands 
and  in  sand.  Lumbering  important  industry;  mules  raised  with 
great  success.  State  ranks  second  in  cotton,  fifth  in  rice.  Oyster 
and  other  fisheries  valuable.  Cleaved  land  averages  $7.50  per  acre ; 
woodland,  $3.  No  state  offers  easier  means  of  success  to  settlers. 
No  minerals  are  found. 

CLIMATE  mild,  snow  and  ice  unknown.  Summers  long  and 
warm  ;  July  and  August  hottest  months.  Temperature  averages, 
summer,  80  deg. ;  winter  50  deg.  Rainfall,  46  in.  at  north,  58  in.  at 
south.  Highlands  very  healthy.  Malaria  in  bottoms. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Jackson,  (capital),  pop.,  5,204 ;  Natchez, 
pop.,  7,058;  Vicksburg,  pop.,  11,814. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  lumbering,  fish- 
ing and  canning. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  team  or  yoke 
cattle,  2  cows  and  calves,  5  hogs  or  sheep,  150  bu.  corn,  200  Ibs. 
meat,  300  bundles  fodder,  10  bu.  wheat  or  rice,  vehicles  to  value 
of  $100,  sewing  machine,  household  furniture  to  value  of  $100, 
growing  crops,  tools  of  trade,  books,  etc.,  of  profession,  arms  of 
militia,  homestead  of  160  acres,  or  to  value  of  $2,000.  Assignments 
administered  by  courts.  Suits  for  land  barred  after  10:  on  notes, 
bills  and  written  contracts,  trespass,  etc.,  after  6;  on  judgments 
after  7;  for  verbal  contracts  after  3,  and  for  assault,  slander,  etc., 
after  1  year.  Wife's  estate,  income  and  earnings  exempt.  She 
can  contract  and  sue  and  be  sued  separately.  No  arrest  for 
debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES. -Peddlers  on  foot,  $5;  with  1  horse, 
$10;  with  horse  and  cart,  $20;  with  2  horses  and  cart,  $25  in  each 
county.  Peddlers  of  tin  and  pottery  made  in  the  state  pay  no 
license.  Drummers  pay  at  Natchez  $2.50  per  day. 

LIENS  are  given  on  crops  for  rents  of  land,  advances  and 
labor;  on  building  for  labor  and  material.  Suit  must  be  brought 
in  6  months.  Judgments  are  liens  on  all  property. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  are  found  in  smaller  or  larger 
areas  in  a  majority  of  the  counties  of  the  state,  but  the  bulk  of 
them  are  in  the  pine  district  and  on  the  Gulf  coast,  and  partake 
of  the  character  of  the  section  in  which  they  are  found.  They 
off  er  inviting  opportunities  to  homesteaders,  pre-emptors,  or  cash 
buyers  for  a  cheap  home.  The  soil  is  generally  good.  The  LAND 
OFFICE  for  the  entire  state  is  at  Jackson. 

STATE  LANDS  to  the  extent  of  over  1,000,000  acres  are  held 
for  sale  by  the  auditor  of  public  accounts  at  Jackson,  and  are 
purchasable  at  low  figures.  They  are  chiefly  lands  forfeited  for 
tax,  and  are  dotted  all  over  the  state,  Titles  are  good. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  139 


LOUISIANA. 

Named  for  Louis  XIV.  of  France. 
Called  the  "  Pelican  State  "  and  the 
"Creole  State."  Visited  by  La  Salle 
1691.  First  settled  by  French  on 
lower  Mississippi  and  Gulf.  Origi- 
nally included  all  tenitory  west  of 
the  Mississippi  river  to  the  Rocky 
mountains  and  north  to  British 
America,  with  a  large  area  on  the 
g-ulf  east  of  the  Mississippi.  Propri- 
etary charter  issued,  1717,  to  Missis- 
sippi Company  and  John  Law,  and 
government  formed.  New  Orleans 
founded  by  the  French,  1718.  Pro- 
prietary government  collapsed,  1732. 
First  sugar  cane  cultivated  in. 
United  States  near  New  Orleans, 

1751.  First  sugar  mill,  1758.  Province  ceded  to  Spain,  1752.  First 
shipment  of  cotton  abroad,  1784.  Ceded  back  to  France,  1800,  and 
purchased  by  United  States,  1803,  for  $15,000,000.  What  is  now 
Louisiana  organized  as  Territory  of  Orleans.  Remainder  of  the 
district  still  retaining  name  of  Louisiana.  All  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi claimed  by  Spain.  Occupied  by  United  States,  1811.  Name 
of  the  territory  north  of  present  state  changed  to  Territory  of 
Missouri,  1812,  and  Louisiana  admitted  as  a  state  under  present 
name  April  8, 1812  ;  capital  at  New  Orleans.  In  the  war  with 
England  immediately  following,  the  state  made  a  glorious  record, 
and  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans,  Jan.  8, 1815,  humiliated  the 
British  and  ended  the  war.  Capital  removed  to  Baton  Rouge, 
1847.  Increased  rapidly  in  wealth  and  population  till  1860. 
Seceded  Jan.  26, 1861.  Some  fighting  on  the  river  between  boats 
and  forts.  New  Orleans  captured,  May  1, 1862.  New  constitution 
ratified,  1868,  and  in  June  state  re-entered  Union  and  capital 
moved  to  New  Orleans.  State  constitution  amended,  1874,  and 
present  one  adopted,  1879.  Capital  moved  back  to  Baton  Rouge, 
1881.  Number  of  parishes  or  counties,  58;  miles  railroad,  2,U01. 
Legislature  and  state  officers  elected  quadrennially ;  members 
congress,  biennially;  state  elections,  Tuesday  after  third  Monday 
in  April ;  number  senators,  36 ;  representatives,  98 ;  sessions  bien- 
nial, in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  second  Monday  in  May. 
holds  60  days ;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  4  years  each. 
Number  electoral  votes,  8 ;  congressmen,  6  ;  voters,  216,787 ;  col- 
ored, 107,977 ;  native  white,  81,777;  foreign  white,  27,033.  Idiots; 
insane  and  criminals  excluded  from  voting.  Legal  interest,  5$; 
by  contract,  8#;  usury  forfeits  entire  interest.  Educational 
facilities  average. 

POPULATION",  1880,  939,  946;  male,  468,754;  female,  471,192; 
native.  885.800:  foreign.  54.146;  white.  454.954:  colored.  483.655: 
Chinese,  489;  Indiana,  848;  slaves,  1860,  331,736;  estimated  increase, 
25£ 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  E.andW.,  294  miles;  breadth,  248  miles;  area, 
45,420  sq.  miles,  29,068,800  acres.  Surface  at  the  south  low  and  flat, 
with  inexhaustible  soil.  In  the  northwest  are  ranges  of  hills  at- 
taining an  altitude  of  200  feet.  Similar  elevations  are  found  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  The  soil  of  the  hills  is  good  and 
is  more  largely  in  cultivation  than  the  lowlands.  Coast  line,  1,276 
miles ;  very  irregular  navigable  rivers,  2,700  miles.  Mississippi 
flows  in  or  on  the  borders  of  the  state.  Other  navigable  streams, 
Red,  Ouachita,  A  mite,  Atchafalaya  and  Pearl  rivers.  Chief  lakes, 
Ponchartrain,  Verret,  Borgue,  Grand,  Washa,  Saline,  White, 
Maurepas,  Black,  Catahoula  and  Bistineau.  Bays  numerous  on 
coast  but  harbors  indifferent.  Many  small  islands  in  Gulf.  Staple 


140 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


products,  sweet  potatoes,  sugar,  molasses,  rice,  corn,  cotton, 
grasses,  oats,  etc.  All  fruits  of  the  semi-tropical  climate  thrive. 
State  ranks  first  in  sugar  and  molasses  and  third  in  rice.  Forests 
almost  inexhaustible.  Timber  superior  in  kind  and  quality;  lum- 
bering important  industry.  Salt  produced  on  a  large  scale.  Iron 
recently  discovered.  Cleared  land  averages  $12.50,  woodland  $3@ 
$4  per  acre.  Reclamation  of  marshes  very  profitable  and  begin 


ning  to  be  done  on  large  scale.  Moss-gathering  profitable  and  in- 
vites more  attention.  Inducements  offered  immigrants  of  the 
first  order. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature  ranges  from  44  to  100  deg.;  average 
summer,  81  deg.;  winter,  55  deg.  Rainfall,  57  inches,  chiefly  in 
spring  and  summer.  S  ummers  long  and  occasionally  hot.  Health, 


GUIDE  AND  HAND  BOOK,  141 

average.  Actual  death  rate  lower  than  in  many  northern  sec- 
tions. Occasional  yellow  fever  in  the  cities. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— New  Orleans,  port  of  entry  and  largest 
cotton  market  in  the  world,  pop.,  246,090;  Baton  Rouge  (capital), 
pop.,  7,197  ;  Shreveport,  pop.,  8,009 ;  Morgan  City,  port  of  entry. 
State  institution  for  insane  at  Jackson  ;  for  deaf  mutes  and  blind, 
Baton  Rouge. 

INDUSTRIES.—  Three-fifths  of  laboring  population  en- 
gaged in  agriculture.  Average  income  of  rural  population 
among  highest  in  Union .  Number  industries,  1,600. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  :  Apparel,  neces- 
sary furniture,  arms,  tools,  musical  instruments,  team,  2  cows,  25 
hogs,  1,000  Ibs.  bacon ;  corn  and  fodder  for  current  year ;  home- 
stead, all  not  to  exceed  $2,000.  No  exemption  if  wife  has  $2,000. 
Assignment  releases  only  on  consent  of  two  thirds  creditors. 
Suits  for  land  barred  after  30,  on  judgment  and  stated  account 
after  10,  on  notes  after  5  and  on  open  account  after  3  years. 
Wife's  property  exempt  and  she  hold  mortgage  on  husband's 
estate  for  all  receipts  by  him  for  her  account.  She  must  con- 
tribute to  household  expense  and  can  do  business.  Arrest  may  be 
made  for  debt,  but  under  conditions  that  render  same  of  no  effect. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.—  Peddlers  in  boat,  $100;  with  2  horses, 
$20 ;  with  more  than  2  horses,  $25 ;  with  1  horse,  $10 ;  on  foot,  $5. 

LIENS  held  on  crop  for  salary  of  overseer,  for  rent,  labor 
and  advances;  on  buildings  for  labor  and  material.  Judgments 
are  liens  on  real  estate. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  to  the  extent  of  nearly  6,000,000 
acres  remain  subject  to  cash,  homestead  and  timber  culture  entry. 
They  are  scattered  over  the  entire  state,  but  lie  mostly  in  the 
prairies,  good  uplands,  pine  hills  or  pine  flats.  The  LAND  OFFICES 
are  at  Natchitoches  for  the  northwestern  13  counties  and  New 
Orleai^s  for  rest  of  the  state. 

STATE  LANDS  aggregate  9,000,000  acres,  mostly  low  and 
unfit  to  live  on,  but  enormously  fertile;  they  are  both  prairie  and 
magnificently  timbered  and  lie  near  hill  sections  of  government 
land.  Settlers  can  enter  160  acres  state  lands  at  12^j  cents  per 
acre,  and  by  combining  with  government  homestead  and  timber 
culture  480  acres  can  be  had  for  $50.40.  State  Land  Office  at  Baton 
JEiouge. 


TEXAS. 

Origin  of  name  unknown;  called 
"  Lone  Star  State."  Settled  first  by 
French,  under  LaSalle,  1685;  was  a 
part  of  Old  Mexico,  arid  formed 
the  states  of  Texas  and  Coahuila. 
Trouble  with  Louisana  over  border 
1803;  settled  18 19;  Saline  river  fixed 
as  boundary  between  states.  Mexi- 
can government  granted  extensive 
area  to  Moses  Austin  1820,  and 
confirmed  them  to  his  son,  S.  F. 
Austin,  who  formed  colonies  of 
Americans.  Coahuila  and  Texas 
consolidated,  and  revolted  against 
discriminating  laws  18:35.  Defeated 
Mexicans  at  battles  of  Concepcion, 
Goliad  and  Gonzales,  Oct.  same 
year.  Sam.  Houston  made  commander  of  army.  Mexicans  ex- 
pelled after  battle  of  San  Antonio  de  Bexar,  Dec  10,  1835.  Inde- 
pendence declared  Dec.  20.  Houston  inaugurated  as  President 
Oct.,  1833.  Independence  of  the  Republic  recognized  by  United 
States,  March,  1837:  by  European  powers,  1839  and  '40.  Continued 
wars  with  Mexico;  embarrassed  finances.  Proposition  for  union 


142 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


with  United  States,  1845,  and  admitted  as  a  state  Dec.  29.  State 
paid  $10,000,000  by  United  States  lor  all  lands  outside  prose  nt 
limits,  1850.  Seceded  Feb.,  1801.  Houston,  who  refused  to  secede, 
deposed .  Military  operations  small .  Last  battle  of  the  war  near 
Rio  Grande,  May  13, 1865.  Re-entered  Union  1870.  Present  con- 
stitution adopted  1875.  Number  counties,  228;  miles  of  railroad, 
All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  number 


%   si 


senators,  31;  representatives,  106;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial, 
in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  second  Tuesday  in  Jan.;  kohls  (;'/ 
days;  term  of  senators,  4  years;  of  representatives,  2  years. 
Number  electoral  votes,  13;  congressmen,  11;  voters,  380,376. 
United  States  army,  lunatics,  idiots,  paupers  and  convicts  ex- 
cluded from  voting-.  Number  colleges,  10;  school  age,  8-14. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  f  43 

School  endowment  enormous;  includes  23,470,377  acres  yet 
unsold..  Legal  interest  8#,  by  contract  ]*#;  usury  forfeits  entire 
interest. 

POPULATION,  1880, 1,591,749;  male,  837,840;  female,  753,909; 
native,  1,477,133;  foreign,  114,616;  white,  1,197,337;  colored,  393,384; 
Chinese,  136;  Indians,  993.  Estimated  increase  30^. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  830  miles:  extreme  width,  750  miles; 
area,  167,865,600  acres;  largest  of  the  states  and  territories;  in- 
cludes many  small  islands.  Coast  line,  413  miles:  irregular,  and 
bordered  by  lagoons;  Galveston  bay  largest,  has  13  feet  of  water, 
35  miles  inland.  Rio  Grande  (navigable  440  miles),  Pecos,  Red, 
Nueces,  Angelina,  Trinity  (all  navigable  streams),  Canadian, 
Brazos,  Colorado,  Gaudaloupe  and  San  Antonio  are  the  chief 
rivers.  Some  small  lakes;  one  remarkable  one,  with  a  bed  of  salt 
at  S.  E.  corner  state.  Surface  varied;  mountains  between  the 
Pecos  and  Rio  Grande,  reach  6,000  feet  high,  with  broad  valleys 
between.  West  and  N.  W.  a  high  table  land;  from  latter  the 
surface  slopes  gradually  to  the  Gulf  and  lower  Rio  Grande,  being 
low  and  level  at  south  and  east.  Lands  extremely  fertile,  except 
in  the  N.  W.,  where  water  is  scarce  Lands  on  Rio  Grande  and 
at  south  require  irrigation  for  good  results,  although  crops  will 
grow  to  some  extent  without.  Entire  state  covered  with  rich 
grasses,  affording  pasture  the  year  round.  Water  plenty  at  a  shal- 
low depth;  quality  good.  All  cereals,  root  crops,  vegetables, 
fruit  and  stocks  nourish.  Cotton  best  crop.  Other  staples: 
sugar,  molasses,  sweet  potatoes,  corn,  wheat,  grapes  and  fruits. 
Dairying  extensive.  Cattle,  sheep,  goat  and  hog  raising  on 
mammoth  scale.  Cotton  picking,  July  to  Dec,;  corn  planting, 
middle  of  Feb.;  grain  harvest,  May;  corn  harvest,  July.  Ranks 
first  in  cattle  and  cotton;  second  in  sugar,  sheep,  mules  and 
horses.  Coal  area,  6,000  sq.  miles;  quality  good.  Iron  ore  and 
salt  deposits  extensive.  Other  minerals  found,  but  extent  un- 
known. Improved  land  averages  $8,  and  unimproved  $3@$4per 
acre.  No  state  offers  more  or  better  chances  for  homes  and 
wealth.  Uncultivated  and  timber  land  seven-eighths  of  area; 
timber  area,  one-fourth;  quality  moderate. 

CLIMATE  varies;  temperate  at  north,  semi-tropical  at 
south.  Health  everywhere  most  excellent.  Thermometer 
ranges  from  35  to  98  deg.,  but  seldom  rises  to  the  latter  tempera- 
ture. At  Austin  averages,  winter,  56  deg.;  summer,  80  deg. 
Rainfall  averages  at  Austin  35  inches;  increases  on  coast  and  to 
the  south:  decreases  to  13  inches  in  N.  W. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Brownsville,  El  Paso,  Indianola  and  Gal- 
vestori  (ports  of  entry);  Houston  (important  railroad  center), 
pop.  30,000;  Galveston  (metropolis,  best  harbor,  chief  shipping 
point),  pop.  35,000;  Austin  (capital),  pop.  18,000;  San  Antonio 
(oldest  town),  pop.  37,000;  Dallas,  pop.  15,000. 

INDUSTRIES  number  3,000.  Leading  ones,  grazing  and 
agriculture,  lumbering:,  mining,  dairying,  milling,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Homestead,  300 
acres  or  lot  in  town,  value  not  to  exceed  $5,0  0  at  time  of  desig- 
nation as  homestead;  subsequent  improvements  also  exempt; 
furniture,  tools,  books,  and  limited  quantity  of  stock  to  heads  of 
families;  horse,  saddle,  bridal,  apparel  and  tools  to  single  men. 
Assignments  may  prefer  those  who  discharge  debtor.  Actions 
for  real  estate  barred  after  10  ye^rs  when  held  without  title; 
after  5  years  when  held  under  deed;  after  3  years  when  held 
under  chain  of  title;  after  10  years  on  judgments;  after  4  years  on 
written  contract  or  account  between  merchants;  after  3  years 
on  other  accounts,  and  after  1  year  fo»  personal  damages. 
Wife's  property  exempt.  She  cannot  do  business  separately.  No 
imprisonment  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.-Peddlers  on  foot,  $10  per  year  in 
each  county;  with  one  horse,  $35;  with  two  horses,  $40;  drum- 
mers' tax.  $300  per  year,  remitted  if  employer  pays  occupation 
tax  in  the  state. 


144  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

LIENS  hold  on  buildings  for  labor  and  material;  on  crops  for 
rent  or  supplies  advanced;  on  property  of  tenants  for  rent  in 
cities;  on  bag-gage  for  board;  and  livery  stables  have  lien  on 
teams  for  feed.  Judgments  are  liens  for  ten  years  on  real  estate. 

STATE  LANDS.— There  is  no  government  land  in  Texas.  The 
state  lands  include  School  Lands  23,470,377  acres,  located  in  every 
county;  University  Lands,  2,000,000  acres  in  Pecos,  Crockett 
and  Tom  Green  counties,  and  some  remnants  scattered  through 
Cook,  Grayson,  Fannin  and  McLennan  counties  belonging  to  the 
same  interest,  both  governed  by  the  same  rules  of  sale,  etc . ,  and 
endowments  of  elemosynary  institutions.  Sales  of  educational 
lands  suitable  for  agriculture,  are  limited  to  one  section  for  each 
purchaser,  at  $2  per  acre,  without  competition,  the  purchaser 
making  affidavit  that  he  will  settle  on  same  within  six  months,  and 
paying  in  advance  one-thirtieth  of  the  purchase  money,  and 
annually  thereafter  five  per  cent  interest  on  the  balance,  and,  at 
his  option,  he  may  withhold  the  payment  of  such  balance  until 
the  end  of  30  years,  or  at  the  end  of  3  years,  pay  in  full  and 
obtain  a  patent.  Grazing  lands  are  sold  in  quantities,  not  to 
exceed  three  sections  to  any  one  purchaser,  the  purchaser  paying 
to  the  state  in  advance  one-thirtieth  of  the  purchase  money,  as 
above,  and  annually  thereafter  for  30  years  5#  interest  on  the 
balance  of  the  debt,  but  he  cannot  pay  in  full  and  receive  a 
patent  until  the  expiration  of  seven  years  from  date  of  pur- 
chase. The  minimum  price  for  grazing  lands  per  acre  is  $2,  but 
competition  between  applicants  for  the  same  tract  is  allowed .  A 
paper  designating  the  land  and  the  amount  per  acre  bid  is  by 
each  competitor  filed  with  the  surveyor  of  the  county  in  which  the 
land  lies,  and  11  days  before  final  award  is  to  be  made,  the  sur- 
veyor makes  a  public  outcry  of  the  bids.  Should  any  higher  bid 
or  bids  be  then  offered,  he  transmits  them  along  with  those  pre- 
viously filed  in  his  office  to  the  Land  Board  in  Austin.  That 
Board  awards  the  land  so  competed  for  to  the  highest  bidder  on 
the  first  Tuesday  in  each  month.  Lands  containing  water  are 
not  now  offered,  either  for  sale  or  lease.  Leases  for  the  term  of 
five  years  are  made  by  the  Land  Board,  at  the  minimum  price  of 
six  cents  per  acre  per  annum. 


TENNESSEE. 

Takes  its  name  from  Indian  name 
for  the  Tennessee  River.  Called 
"Big  Bend  State,"  First  settled, 
1754.  Fort  London,  near  Knoxville, 
established  1756.  Territory,  called 
"  Wataug  Association,"  1769.  Be*, 
came  a  part  of  North  Carolina,  1777. 
Organized  as  the  State  of  Franklin, 
1785,  but  again  became  part  of  North 
Carolina,  1788.  Ceded  to  United 
States  by  North  Carolina,  1789. 
District  now  comprising  Tennes- 
see and  Kentucky  formed  into  the 
"  Territory  of  the  United  States 
south  of  the  Ohio,"  1790.  Tennessee 
territory  organized  1794.  Admitted 
as  state  June  1, 1796.  State  Consti- 
tution framed,  1796.  Amended,  1834, 1853, 1865  and  1870.  Capital. 
Knoxville,1794,removed  to  Nashville,1813.  Returned  to  Knoxville, 
1817.  Removed  to  Murfreesboro,  1819,  and  returned  to  Nashville, 
present  seat,  1826.  Creek  war,  1813,  ended  by  breaking  their 
power  at  battle  of  Tallapoosa  March  27, 3814.  First  railroad  part 
of  N.  &  C.,  1853,  Nashville  to  Bridgeport.  Seceded,  June  8, 1801. 
Battles  of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  Feb.  6  and  16, 1862.  Fort 
Pillow  and  Island  No .  10,  March,  1862.  Chicamauga,  Sept.  19, 1863. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  145 

Lookout  Mountain,  Nov.  24,  1863.  Missionary  Ridge,  Nov.  25. 
lie-entered  Union,  1866.  Number  counties,  96.  State,  congres- 
sional and  presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in 
November;  number  senators,  33;  representatives,  99;  sessions 
biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  January; 
holds  75  days ;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2  years 
each.  Number  electoral  votes,  12;  number  Congressmen,  10; 
number  voters,  571,244;  native  white,  240,939;  foreign  white, 
250,055 ;  colored,  80,250.  Non-payers  of  poll-tax  excluded  from 
voting.  Legal  interest  6$ ;  by  contract,  any  rate  ;  usury  forfeits 
excess  of  interest  and  $100  fine.  Schools  fair.  Miles  railroad, 
1,323; 

POPULATION,  1880, 1.542,359;  male,  769,277;  female,  773,082; 
native,  1,525,657 ;  foreign,  16,702 ;  white,  1,138,831 ;  colored,  403,151 ; 
Chinese,  25 ;  Indians,  352.  Slaves,  1860,  275,519. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  B.  and  W.  430  miles ;  width,  110  miles.  Area, 
41,750sq.  miles,  26,720,000  acres.  Mountainous  at  E.  where  Apa- 
lachians  separate  state  from  North  Carolina.  Succeeding  this  to 
the  westward  is  a  table  land  which  terminates  in  the  "  great 
central  basin  "  of  Middle  Tennessee.  West  of  this  is  a  plateau 
region  to  the  Mississippi  river.  Chief  rivers,  Mississippi, 
Tennessee,  Cumberland,  Clinch,  Hqlston,  Forked  Deer,  Big 
Hatchie  and  Wolf.  First  three  navigable,  others  afford  enor- 
mous water  power.  Small  streams  very  numerous.  Soil  fair, 
except  in  central  basin,  where  it  is  very  productive.  State 
abounds  in  coal,  iron,  fine  marbles  and  building  stones,  copper 
and  other  minerals.  Possesses  one  of  the  finest  areas  of  virgin 
forest  in  the  Union.  Principal  timbers,  walnut,  oak,  poplar,  ash, 
hickory,  etc.  Staple  products,  mules,  hogs,  peanuts,  corn,  wheat, 
cotton,  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  potatoes,  tobacco,  hemp,  flax, 
broomcorn,  iron,  copper,  coal,  marbles,  etc.  Ranks  second  in 
peanuts  and  third  in  mules.  Resources  but  little  developed  and 
plenty  of  room  and  opportunities  for  home  and  fortunes  exist. 
5,000  sq.  miles  of  coal  field,  with  3  to  7  workable  veins.  Cleared 
land  averages  $12.50,  forest  $5  per  acre.  Grape  growing  pays. 

CLIMATE  one  of  healthiest  in  world.  Mild  and  pleasant, 
and  owing  to  varying  elevation  very  diverse.  Snow  light  and  lays 
briefly.  Ice  rarely  more  than  a  mere  film  in  thickness.  Average 
temperature,  winter  38  d eg.;  summer,  75  deg.  Extremes  seldom 
occur.  Rainfall,  45  to  4 7  inches.  Air  bracing. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Nashville,  capital ;  pop.,  43,350.  Memphis, 
pop.,  33,592;  Chattanooga,  pop.,  12,892;  Jackson,  pop.,  8,377; 
Knoxville,  pop.,  9,693. 

INDUSTRIES  chiefly  agricultural,  mining,  lumbering  and 
iron  making. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Two  beds  and 
clothing  and  an  additional  bed  for  each  3  children,  each  be-1  not 
to  exceed  $25  in  value ;  1  cow;  1  calf,  or  if  family  contains  6  per- 
sons, 2  cows  and  2  calves ;  12  knives  and  forks,  12  plates,  6  dishes, 
set  of  table  and  set  of  tea  spoons,  bread  tray,  2  pitchers,  waiter, 
C9ffee-pot,  tea-pot,  canister,  cream  jug,  12  cups  and  saucers, 
dining-table,  two  table  cloths,  12  chairs,  bureau  to  $40;  safe  op- 
press, wash  basin,  bowl  and  pitcher,  kettle,  2  tubs,  churn,  looking- 
glass,  axe,  spinning-wheel,  loom  and  gear;  pair  cotton  cards,  pair 
wool  cards ;  cooking-stove  and  utensils  to  $25;  cradle,  Bible  and 
school  books ;  2  horses  or  mules,  wagon,  to  $75 ;  harness,  man's 
saddle,  woman's  saddle,  2  bridles ;  25  bbls.  corn,  20  bu.  wheat,  500 
bundles  oats,  500  bundles  fodder ;  hay,  to  $20 ;  1,250  Ibs  pork  alive 
or  slaughtered,  or  900  Ibs.  bacon;  poultry  to  $25;  home-made 
carpet ;  6  cords  wood,  or  100  bu.  coal ;  reasonable  provisions 
designated ;  carpet  to  $25 ;  200  bu .  cotton  seed,  2  plows,  2  hoes, 
grubbing  hoe,  cutting-knife ;  harvest  cradle,  plow  gears,  pitch- 
fork, rake,  wedge,  5  sheep,  10  stock  hogs ;  mechanics  tools,  gun ; 
to  head  of  family  or  female,  sewing  machine;  50  Ibs.  picked  cotton, 
25  Ibs.  wool,  leather  for  shoes,  $50  in  material  to  mechanics.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  above  $250  in  personal  property  is  exempt  and  home- 


146 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


stead  to  vame  of  $1,000.  Exemptions  extend  to  estate  of  house- 
holder in  favor  of  widow  or  children.  Assignments  cannot  pre- 
fer. Suits  barred  after  7  years  for  real  estate  or  for  claims  against 
deceased  person  ;  after  10  years  on  official  or  administrative  bond 
or  judgments;  after  6  years  for  malfeasance,  on  notes,  accounts, 
contract,  etc.;  after  3  years  for  injury  to  property;  after  6  months 


for  slander;  after  1  year  for  injury  to  person.    Wife's  property 
exempt.    No  imprisonment  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES,  per  year :  Peddlers  on  foot,  $20;  with 
horse  or  vehicle,  $50,  and  |50  additional  for  each  vehicle  and  $10 
for  each  additional  horse.  Licenses  issued  quarterly.  Drummers 
pay  $50  per  year  to  state,  and  counties  may  charge  $5.  Memphis 
charges  $10  per  week,  $25  per  month. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND- BOOK.  147 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  and  lot  for  labor  or  material. 
Claimants  agrainst  contractor  must  notify  owner.  Lien  precedes 
mortgage  if  latter  Is  notified .  Liens  also  hold  on  crop  for  rent  or 
supplies ;  on  property  for  house  rent ;  on  baggage  and  teams  for 
board  or  food.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  10  years. 


KENTUCKY. 

Name  Ind  ian.    Signifies  dark  and 
bloody  ground,  because  the  state 

was  tho  huiitinjr  an'*  little  yrourid 
of  the  tribes.  Cal  led  ••Com  Cracker 
State."  Explored  llffl  by  John  Fin- 

ir.-y  and  ot.hf.-i>;  i'rorri  .Vort.h  Carolina. 

Boone  settled  r.>;^,  HM<J  penetrated 
to  the  Ohio  1771.  Indians  resisted 
settlement  vigorous!  y .  Pacified  by 
treaty  with  Cherokees,  March,  1775. 
Or^i-ii/'-'i  $;s  '' Colony  of  Tr;ur-vl- 
variia,"  but  claimed  by  Virginia, 
and  became  Kentucky  county,  Va., 
K7G.  Louisville  founded,  i:*i.  HO- 
came,  with  Tennessee,  1790,  "  Terri- 
tory of  U.  8.  South  of  the  Ohio," 
and  in  same  year  Territory  of  Ken- 
tucky organized.  Admitted  as  a  State  June  1, 1792.  State  con- 
stitution adopted  same  year.  Replaced  by  n»w  one,  l£uO.  State 
furnished  7,000  troops  in  war  of  1812,  and  13,700  in  Mexican  war. 
Won  sreat  credit  in  latter.  New  constitution,  1850,  and  amended 
1877.  Neutral  at  beginning  of  civil  war.  State  the  scene  of  con- 
tinuous cavalry  raids  during  the  war,  and  some  sharp  battles  at 
Perryville,  iiichmond,  etc.  Put  under  martial  law,  1864.  Civil 
government  restored,  1865.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  75,760. 
Number  counties,  118.  State  elections  biennial,  first  Monday  in 
August,  in  odd-numbered  years.  Number  senators,  38;  repre- 
sentatives, 100 ;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  even-numbered 
years,  meeting  last  day  of  December,  holds  60  days.  Term  of 
senators,  4  years ;  of  representatives,  2  years .  Number  electoral 
votes,  '3;  number  congressmen,  11;  number  voters,  376,221. 
Bribers,  robbers  and  forgers  excluded  from  voting.  Number 
colleges,  15 ;  public  school  system  framed,  1838 ;  good  schools, 
school  age  $-20  years.  Letral  interest  0$ ;  by  contract,  1<# :  usury 
forfeits  excess  over  10  per  cent.  Miles  of  railroad,  1JB87. 

POPULATION,  1880,  1,648,690 :  male, 833,590;female, 816,100; 
native,  1,589,173 ;  forei an,  59,517;  white,  1,377,179;  colored,  271,451; 
Chinese,  10;  Indians,.  50;  slaves,  I860,  fc' 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.  #iO;  width,  179  miles;  area,  40,000 sq. 
miles,  25,000,000  acres.  River  frontage,  832  miles ;  navigable  water 
ways,  4,120  miles.  Surface  mountainous  at  southeast  and  east, 
and  slopes  gradually  westward.  It  is  through  ut  hilly,  except  in 
the  river  bottoms,  which  are  narrow.  Average  elevation  about 
850  feet.  Average  elevation  eastern  half  UQO  f pet.  Soil  fair,  ex- 
cept in  the  famous  "  Bluegrass  region,"  extending  for  40  or  50 
miles  around  Lexington,  and  one  of  the  most  beautiful  sections 
on  the  globe,  li.  .'ns  also  extremely  fertile.  Principal 

rivers,  Mississippi,  Ohio.  Kentucky,  Oreen,  Salt,  Tennessee, 
Cumberland,  Licking,  Biar  Sandy  and  Big  Barren.  Smaller 
streams  fed  by  perennial  sprints  abound.  Natural  wonder  Mam- 
moth Cave,  greatest  in  the  world.  Kentucky  ranks  high  as  an 
agricultural  and  stock  state.  Staple  crops,  corn,  wheat,  tobacco, 
oats,  barley,  hemp,  rye  and  vegetables ;  fruits  do  fairly.  Famous 
for  thoroughbred  horses  and  cattle.  Mules  and  hogs  largely 


148  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

raised.  At  the  east  in  the  mountains  are  immense  forests  of  virgin 
oak,  poplar,  ash,  chestnut,  elm,  walnut,  cucumber  and  other  val- 
uable timber  trees.  Coal,  marbles,  minerals,  oil,  stone,  etc.,  also 
abound.  Iron  deposits  of  immense  magnitude  are  known  to 
exist.  The  lands  are  cheap,  and  this  section  is  destined  to  become 
one  of  the  richest  in  the  Union.  The  state  is  making  an  effort, 
and  possesses  splendid  opportunities  for  immigration  and  capi- 
tal. Cleared  land  averages  $20  and  woodland  $5  per  acre.  The 
average  of  the  former  is  raised  materially  by  the  high  prices, 
often  $100  or  more  per  acre  in  the  bluegrass  section.  Mountain 
lands  rich  in  timber  and  minerals  and  not  without  agricultural 
value,  rate  $2  to  $5  per  acre .  The  state  ranks  first  in  tobacco, 
and  fourth  in  malt  and  distilled  liquors. 

CLIMATE  variable,  favorable  to  health  and  agriculture-, 
healthf  ulness  not  surpassed ;  thermometer  ranges  from  5  deg. 
below  zero  to  98  deg.  above  ;  rarely  greater  extremes  are  known; 
temperature  averages,  summer,  75  deg.,  winter,  38  deg  ;  rainfall  50 
inches.  Snows  fall  but  disappear  in  a  few  days.  Sleighing  only 
for  a  day  or  so.  Winters  moderately  long.  Malaria  very  rare, 
except  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Louisville,  pop.  156,300;  Frankfort  (capi- 
tal), pop.  6,958 ;  Covington,  29,720 ;  Lexington,  former  capital, 
founded  1776,  pop.  16,656 ;  Newport  connected  with  Covington  by 
bridge,  pop.  20,433.  Louisville  and  Paducah  ports  of  entry. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  stock-raising,  lum- 
bering, iron-making,  mining  and  distilling. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Homestead,  $1,000; 
horse  or  yoke  of  oxen,  2  cows,  5  sheep,  apparel,  household  furni- 
ture, $100;  sewing  machine;  professional  library  and  instru- 
ments, $500;  wages,  $50;  mechanics  tools,  $100.  Assignment  can- 
not prefer.  Suits  barred  after  30  years  for  real  estate;  after  15 
years  on  contract  in  writing,  official  bond  or  judgment ;  after  5 
years  for  trespass  on  bills,  notes,  stated  accounts  or  for  fraud  ; 
after  2  years  from  succeeding  January  on  merchants  accounts; 
after  1  year  for  personal  damage.  Wife's  property  exempt  She 
cannot  do  business.  Arrest  for  debt  may  be  made  on  affidavit  of 
concealment  of  property,  fraud,  etc.,  but  plaintiiff  must  give 
bonds.  Bail  allowed  or  release  secured  by  insolvent  debtor's  oath. 

LICENSE  CHARGES,  per  year  :  Peddlers,  $100  for  state,  or 
65  cents  for  each  100  voters  in  any  county.  License  issued  by 
county  clerk.  Drummers  tax,  Newport,  $1  per  month. 

LIENS  hold  for  labor  and  material  if  statement  is  filed  in  60 
days  and  suit  brought  in  1  year.  Sub-contractors  and  laborers 
must  notify  owner ,  Judgments  are  not  liens  on  real  estate. 


OHIO. 

Indian  name  meaning  "  Beau- 
tiful River,"  called  "Buckeye 
State."  Explored  by  La  Salle,  1679. 
Region  claimed  by  France  and  held 
by  force.  Title  of  England  settled 
by  treaty  of  Paris,  1763.  Became 
with  all  the  northwest  territory  a 
part  of  Virginia,  although  claimed 
under  old  English  charter  by  New 
York,  Connecticut  and  Massachu- 
setts. First  settled,  17^2,  by  Mora- 
vians on  the  Muskingum.  These 
expelled  by  British,  1781.  Expedi- 
tion of  Bouquet,  176i.  Dun  more 
war,  1774.  Cornstalk's  warriors  de- 
feated on  the  Sciota.  Cincinnati 
founded,  1789.  Clarke  overcame 
Miamis,  1782.  Marrietta  founded,  1788.  Miami  Indians  conquered 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


149 


by  Gen.  Wayne,  1794.  Virginia  ceded  region  to  the  United  States 
under  condition  that  the  northwest  territory  should  be  divided 
into  not  less  than  five  states,  and  Ohio  became  part  of  Territory 
of  the  Northwest.  Ohio  Territory  organized  May  .7,  1800.  Ad- 
mitted as  a  state,  April  30, 1802.  Capital  fixed  at  Chillicothe,  1800, 
removed  to  Zanesville,  1810,  returned  to  Chillicothe,  1812,  and  re- 
moved to  Columbus,  1816,  where  it  remains.  Constitution  re- 


OHIO 

Population  3,198,062 
reasq.nnles       40.760 


vised,  1851.  Number  Union  soldiers  furnished,  313,180.  Number 
counties,  88.  State  and  congressional  elections,  second  Tuesday 
in  October ;  number  senators,  33  ;  representatives,  105  ;  sessions 
biennial,  but  **  adjourned  sessions  "  practically  amount  to  annual 
meetings ;  assembles  first  Monday  in  January ;  terms  of  senators 
and  representatives,  2  years  each.  Number  electoral  votes,  23; 


150  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

number  congressmen,  21 ;  number  voters,  826,577 ;  insane  and 
idiots  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  35 ;  school  age, 
6-21;  school  system,  first-class.  Legal  interest  rate,  6^;  by  con- 
tract, Sfc ;  usury  forfeits  excess.  Miles  of  railroad,  7,276. 

POPULATION.  1880,3,198,062;  male,  1,613,931 ;  female,  1,584,- 
126;  native,  2,803,119;  foreign,  394,943;  white,  3,117,920;  colored, 
79,900 ;  Chinese,  109  ;  Indians,  130. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  225  miles;  breadth, 200  miles.  Area, 
40,760  sq.  miles,  25,686,400  acres.  Includes  Kelley's  and  Bass7 
islands  in  Lake  Erie.  Lake  frontage,  230  miles.  Ohio  river  front- 
age, 432  miles.  A  great  ridge  or  divide  traverses  the  state  from 
Trumbull  Co.  in  the  N.  E.  to  Mercer  Co.  at  the  W.,  having  an  ele- 
vation averaging  about  1,200  feet.  The  surface  of  the  state  slopes 
north  from  the  divide  to  Lake  Erie  (elevation  o65  feet)  and  south 
to  the  Ohio  river  (elevation  440  feet  at  Cincinnati).  Main  streams, 
Ohio,  Muskingum,  Sciota,  Big  and  Little  Miami,  Mahoning, 
Hocking,  Maumee,  Cuyahoga,  Huron,  Rocky,  Chagrin,  San- 
dusky,  Portage,  etc.  Entire  state  well  watered.  Valleys  ex- 
tremely productive.  Uplands  fertile  as  a  rule.  Scenery  beautiful, 
but  with  no  prominent  features.  Ohio  ranks  first  in  agricult- 
ural implements  and  wool ;  second  in  dairy  products,  petroleum, 
iron  and  steel ;  third  in  wheat,  sheep,  coal,  malt  and  distilled 
liquors;  fourth  in  printing  and  publishing, salt,  miles  railway 
and  soap ;  fifth  in  milch  cows,  hogs,  horses,  hay,  tobacco  and 
iron  ore.  Coal,  building  stones,  iron  ore  and  salt  are  found  in 
vast  quantities.  Staple  crops,  wheat,  corn,  oats,  potatoes, 
tobacco,  buckwheat,  etc.,  vegetables,  apples  and  the  hardier 
fruits.  Cleared  land  averages  $45,  woodland  $40  per  acre.  Little 
forest  valuable  for  lumber  remains  except  in  small  reserves. 

CLIMATE  as  healthful  as  any  in  the  United  States.  Warm- 
est on  Ohio  river.  Temperature  for  state  averages,  winter,  35 
deg.;  summer,  77  deg.;  range  of  temperature,  16  deg.  below  zero 
to  101  deg.  above.  Changes  sometimes  sudden.  Snowfall  con- 
siderable. Average  rainfall,  including  snow,  42  inches,  decreases 
to  37  inches  at  north  and  increases  to  47  inches  at  south. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Cincinnati,  "  Queen  City  of  the  West;" 
pop  ,  255,139.  Cleveland,  pop.,  160,146.  Columbus,  capital,  pop., 
51,647.  Chillicothe,  Zanesville,  Toledo,  Sandusky,  Cleveland  and 
Cincinnati  ports  of  entry. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  dairying,  min- 
ing, quarrying,  iron  making-,  pork  packing,  manufacturing 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  To  single  women, 
apparel  $100,  sewing  machine,  knitting  machine,  books  $25.  To 
head  of  family,  necessary  apparel,  beds  and  bedding  for  family, 
2  stoves,  60  days'  fuel,  tools  of  trade  to  $100;  domestic  animals 
and  60  days'  feed,  or  furniture  to  $65;  books,  pictures,  provisions 
to  $50,  sewing  and  knitting  machines,  earning  for  three  months, 
homestead  to  value  of  $1,000,  or  if  none  possessed,  $500  in  per- 
sonal property  in  addition  to  the  above.  Assignments  cannot 
prefer  and  do  not  release.  Suits  for  real  estate  barred  after  21 
years,  after  2  years  for  forcible  entry  and  detaining,  after  15 
years  on  bond  and  written  contract,  after  6  years  on  verbal  con- 
tract and  statute  liability,  except  penalty;  after  4  years  for 
trespass  or  injury  to  person  or  property,  alter  1  year  for  assault 
or  slander.  Wife's  property  exempt.  Her  separate  note  good. 
Arrest  for  debt  may  be  made  on  affidavit  of  fraud,  concealment 
or  removal. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddlers  on  foot,  $12;  on  horseback, 
$20;  with  horse  and  cart,  $20;  2  horses  and  cart,  $28;  in  boat  or  by 
rail,  $60.  License  issued  by  county  auditors. 

LIENS  hold  for  two  years  on  structures  or  vessels  for  labor 
and  materials  if  statement  is  filed  in  county  recorder's  office  in  4 
months;  judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  5  years. 

PUBLIC  LANDS.— A  few  isolated  tracts  of  government 
and  school  lands  may  remain.  The  former  is  in  charge  of  the 
General  Land  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 


GUIDE   A  IN  D  HAND  BOOK.  151 


INDIANA. 

Called  the  "  Hoosier  State."  Set- 
tled at  Fort  St.  Vincents,  now  Vin- 
cennes,  1702,  by  French-Canadian 
voyagers.  Region  belonged  to 
France.  Acquired  by  England, 
1763,  and  became  a  part  of  Virginia 
by  capture  by  the  expedition  of 
Clarke,  1776.  Ceded  to  U.  S.  by  Vir- 
ginia, 1783,  and  formed  part  of  the 
Northwest  Territory.  Organized, 
1787.  Indian  wars,  1788  to  1791,  end- 
ing in  the  enforced  submission  of 
the  tribes.  Indians  ceded  large 
bodies  of  land  to  government  by 
treaty  of  Greenville,  1795.  Ohio 
cut  out  of  Northwest  Territory, 
1800,  and  the  territory  of  Indiana  organized,  which  included  all 
section  west  of  Ohio  to  the  Mississippi  river,  and  north  of  the 
Ohio  river  to  British  possessions.  Michigan  cut  out  as  separate 
territory,  1805,  and  Illinois,  1809,  leaving  Indiana  with  its  present 
boundaries.  War  with  Shawnees  under  Tecumseh,  1811.  Battle 
of  Tippecanoe  ended  struggle  in  defeat  of  Indians.  Admitted  as 
a  state  Dec.  11, 1816.  Sixth  state  admitted.  State  constitution 
adopted  June  19,  1816.  New  constitution  1851;  amended  1881. 
soldiers  furnished  in  Mexican  war,  5,000.  Union  soldiers,  196,363. 
Number  counties,  92.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  November ;  number  senators,  50;  representatives,  100;  sessions 
of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meet  Thursday 
after  first  Monday  in  January,  holds  60  days ;  term  of  senators, 
4  years ;  of  representatives,  2  years ;  number  electoral  votes,  15 ; 
number  congressmen,  13;  number  voters,  498,437.  Fraudulent 
voters  and  bribers  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  15, 
State  University  at  Bloomington ;  medical  school  at  Indianap- 
olis ;  university  at  Notre  Dame ;  flourishing  common-school 
system ;  school  age,  6-21.  Legal  interest  rate,  &% ;  by  contract, 
8# ;  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest.  Miles  of  railroad,  5,534. 

POPULATION,  1880,  1,978,301;  male,  1,010,861;  female,  967,- 
940;  native,  1,834,123;  foreign,  144,178;  white,  1,938,798;  colored, 
39,228;  Chinese,  29;  Indians,  246.  Estimated  increase  8  per  cent. 
TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  N.  and  S.  275  miles;  width  averages  150  miles; 
area,  35,910  sq.  miles,  22,982,400  acres.  Surface  usually  level  or 
rolling,  sometimes  hilly.  No  mountains.  Skirting  the  river  bot- 
toms are  ranges  of  hills  and  bluffs,  notably  so  on  the  upper 
Ohio.  Hills  200  to  400  feet  above  the  surrounding  country.  Gen- 
eral slope  of  the  state  south  to  west.  Frontage  on  Lake  Michigan 
43  miles;  lake  shore  low  and  sandy,  except  at  Michigan  City.  Chief 
rivers.  Ohio,  Wabash,  White,  Kankakee,  Maumee ;  small  streams 
everywhere ;  river  bottoms  wide  and  unsurpassed  in  fertility ; 
highlands  when  level,  rich,  black  or  sandy  soil ;  hills  sand  or 
limestone,  with  thin  but  productive  soil,  except  at  southeast, 
where  hill  lands  are  poor.  All  crops  and  fruits  of  the  temperate 
zone  do  well  both  in  yield  and  quality.  State  highly  favored  for 
agriculture  and  manufacturing.  Kanks  second  in  wheat;  fourth 
in  corn,  hogs  and  agricultural  implements ;  fifth  in  coal.  Cattle, 
hogs,  sheep,  horses,  etc.,  are  most  successfully  raised.  Corn, 
wheat,  oats,  staple  crops.  Timber  still  abundant  at  south,  but  in 
scattered  tracts.  Coal  fields  in  southwestern  portions  of  state  over 
7,000  sq.  miles,  on  much  of  which  are  3  workable  veins.  Kinds  of 
coal,  block,  canneland  ordinary  bituminous,  cokes  well,  superior 
for  gas.  Building  stones  varied  and  of  unsurpassed  quality,  in- 
cluding the  famous  Bedford  stone.  Supply  unlimited.  Land  is 


152 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


-cheap,  cleared  averaging-  $18,  and  woodland  $14  per  acre.  In 
rich  section  to  southwest  cleared  land  $15,  woodland  $10@12. 
Chances  for  making  homes,  comfort  and  advantages  considered, 
not  excelled  elsewhere.  Iron  ore  is  found. 

CLIMATE  changeable  in  winter,  but  seldom  severe ;  winds 
from  north  and  west ;  summers  moderately  long,  and  sometimes 
hot ;  temperature  averages,  winter,  3±  deg.,  summer,  78  deg. 


Trees  blossom  in  March.  Rainfall  40  inches.  Health  excellent. 
Malarial  disappearing  from  bottoms  before  uroper  drainage. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Indianapolis  (capital),  contains  deaf  and 
dumb,  blind  and  insane  asylums,  pop.  75,056 ;  Terre  Haute,  26,042; 
EvansviJle.  C9.2°0  ;  Fort  Wayne,  2H,880.  Michigan  City,  lake  port. 

INDUSTBIES.    Agriculture,  mining  and  manufacturing. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  153 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Real  or  personal 
to  value  of  $600.  Property  sold  must  bring  two-thirds  appraised 
value,  unless  the  law  is  waived  by  contract.  Assignments  do  not 
release.  Suits  barred  after  20  years  for  injuries  to  person  or 
character,  on  written  contracts,  for  real  estate;  after  10  years  on 
notes,  Jbills,  etc.;  after  6  years  on  accounts,  for  rents,  injury  to 
property  and  relief  from  fraud;  after  15  years  on  actions  not 
especially  limited.  Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  sue,  be 
sued,  make  will,  etc.  She  takes  instead  of  dowry  one-half  in  fee 
simple  in  lands.  Arrest  for  debt  legal  on  affidavit  of  removal 
with  property  subject  to  execution  with  intent  to  defraud. 

LICENSE  CHARGKES.—  Non-resident  peddlers  selling  goods 
made  out  of  the  state  pay  to  county  treasurer  $5  on  $1,000  capi- 
tal; $7.50  on  more  than  $1,000  and  less  than  $2,000;  $10  on  capital 
up  to  $5,000,  and  $20  on  capital  greater  than  $5,000. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures,  railroads  or  boats  for  labor  or 
material,  on  crops  for  rent  when  rented  on  shares,  on  land  for 
benefits  from  drains,  levees,  etc.  Liens  must  be  filed  in  county 
recorder's  office  in  60  days  after  completion  of  work.  Judg- 
ments are  liens  on  real  estate  for  10  years. 

.PUBLIC  LANDS.— A  few  isolated  tracts  of  Government 
Land  may  exist.  Transactions  relating  to  them  are  in  the  hands 
of  the  General  Land  Office  at  Washington,  D.  C.  State  Lands, 
including,  swamp,  university  and  college  fund  lands  are  held  for 
sale  to  a  considerable  extent.  They  are  in  small  tracts  scattered 
over  the  state,  and  are  controlled  by  the  Auditor  of  State. 


ILLINOIS. 

Name  derived  from  Illini  tribe  of 
Indians,  meaning  Superior  Men, 
and  also  said  to  be  French.  Called 
"Prairie  State"  and  "Sucker  State." 
Discovered  June  20,  1673,  by  Mar- 
quette  and  Joliet.  Settled  first  at 
Kaskaskia  (later  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  N.W.  territory)  by  Jesuits, 
1682.  Formed  part  of  Louisiana 
territory  and  belonged  to  France. 
Transferred  to  England  by  Treaty 
of  Paris,  1765.  Seized  and  British 
expelled  by  Clarke's  Virginia  ex- 
pedition, July  4, 1778,  and  became  a 
part  of  Virginia,  being  called  Illi- 
nois county.  Became  part  of  the 
"  Northwest  Territory  "  organized 
1787.  Ohio  cut  out  of  territory,  1800,  and  what  is  now  Indiana, 
Wisconsin,Illinois  and  Minnesota  (east  of  Miss.  river)was  organized 
as  Indiana  territory.  Illinois  territory  formed,  1809.  Kaskaskia, 
capital.  Fort  Dearborn  (Chicago)  massacre,  1812,  by  Pottawato- 
mies.  Admitted  as  state,  1818.  Capital  removed  to  Vandalia, 
1818.  State  constitution  adopted  same  year.  Black  Hawk 
war,  1831.  Capital  moved  to  Springfield,  1836.  Mormon 
troubles,  1839.  Mormons  expelled,  1844.  New  constitution, 
1848.  Soldiers  in  Mexican  war,  5,000.  Union  soldiers,  259,092. 
Number  counties,  102.  All  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  Nov.;  number  senators,  51 ;  representatives,  153 ;  sessions  bien- 
nial, in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  Jan.;  term 
of  senators,  4  years ;  representatives,  2  years.  Number  electoral 
votes,  22 ;  congressmen,  20 ;  number  voters,  796,847 ;  convicts  ex- 
cluded from  voting.  School  system  excellent ;  number  colleges, 
28 ;  school  age,  6-21.  Legal  interest,  6# ;  by  contract,  8% ;  usury 
forfeits  entire  interest.  Miles  of  railroad,  18,905. 

POPULATION,  1880,  3,077,871 ;  male,  1,586,523 ;  female,  1,491,- 


154 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


348 ;  native,  2,494,295 ;  foreign,  583,576 ;  white,  3,031,151 ;  colored, 
46,368;  Chinese,  209;  Indians,  140.  Estimated  increase  9g. 

TOPOORAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  N.  and  8.,  386  miles;  extreme  width,  218  miles. 
Average  elevation,  482  feet ;  elevation  at  Cairo,  340  feet ;  highest 
— >int,  1,140  feet  in  northwest  portion.  Area,  56,000  sq.  miles, 

"'0,000  acres;  miles  of  navigable  water-ways,  4,100.    Frontage 


3 


4 


6  ! 


Population  3,077,871 
-Area  sq.miles  56,000      Sa 


6 


on  Lake  Michigan  110  miles.  Principal  streams,  Mississippi, 
Ohio,  Wabash,  Kankakee,  Calumet  and  Illinois.  Surface  ex- 
tremely level  and  much  of  it  prairie.  Slopes  to  east  and  south. 
Soil  superior.  Among  first  agricultural  states  of  Union.  Staple 
crops,  corn,  wheat,  oats.-rye,  barley,  broomcorn,  vegetables,  hay, 
potatoes,  etc.  Fruits  and  grapes,  except  Catawba,  do  well  at 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


155 


south.  Yield  of  all  crops  cultivated,  large.  Coal  area,  two-thirds 
state.  First  coal  mined  in  America  at  Ottawa;  quality  moderately 
fair.  Considerable  forest  of  hardwoods  at  south  on  hilis  and  in 
bottoms.  Superior  quality  limestone  on  Fox  and  Desplaines 
rivers ;  lead,  most  important  mineral ;  Galena  in  center  of  richest 
diggings  in  N.  W.  Rich  salt  wells  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties, 
75  gallons  brine  making  50  Ibs.  salt.  State  ranks  first  in  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  meat  packing,  lumber  traffic,  malt  and  distilled 
liquors  and  miles  railway;  second  in  rye,  coal,  agricultural  im- 
plements, soap  and  hogs;  fourth  in  hay,  potatoes,  iron  and  steel, 
mules,  milch  cows  and  other  cattle.  Cleared  land  averages  $28, 
and  woodland  or  raw  prairie,  $18  per  acre.  Land  cheaper  at 
south,  which  offers  excellent  inducements  to  immigration. 

CLIMATE  healthful  as  a  rule ;  subject  to  sudden  and  violent 
changes  at  north.  Temperature  ranges  from  30  deg.  below  zero 
to  101  deg.  above.  Average  temperature  at  Springfield,  30  deg. 
winter;  78  deg.  summer.  At  Chicago,  25  deg.  winter;  72  deg. 
summer.  At  Cairo,  38  deg.  winter  ;  80  deg.  summer.  Frosts  come 
last  of  September.  Vegetation  begins  in  April.  Rainfall,  36  inches. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Chicasro,  pop.  700,000.  Peoria,  pop.,  29,259. 
Quincy,  pop  27.26N.  Springfield  (capital),pop.  19,743. 

INDUSTRIES  —Agriculture,  mining1,  stock-raising  and 
manufacturing  of  all  kinds. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  homestead  to  value 
of  $1,000.  Exemption  ends  after  death  till  youngest  child  is 
21  years  old;  apparel,  books  and  pictures;  $100  in  other  property, 
and  when  debtor  is  head  of  family,  $300  in  other  property,  not 
money;  wages  of  laborer  exempt  to  $25.  Assignments  cannot 
prefer  and  do  not  discharge.  Suits  for  land  and  on  judgement 
barred  after  20  years,  after  7  years  when  title  is  held  by  record, 
after  10  years  on  notes,  bills  and  written  contracts,  or  mortgages, 
after  2  years  for  personal  injury,  after  1  year  for  slander,  and 
after  5  years  on  all  other  actions.  Wife's  property  exempt.  She 
may  do  business,  make  will,  and  change  her  estate.  Arrest  for 
debt  only  in  cases  of  fraud  or  refusal  to  surrender  property. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddlers  and  drummers  not  taxed. 

LIENS  hold  on  building  and  lot,  and  railroad,  for  labor,  ma- 
terial and  services.  Sub-contractors  have  lien  for  amount  due 
contractor.  Notice  must  be  given  by  contractor  in  6  months,  t-y 
sub-contractor  in  40  days.  Judgments  are  liens  on  land  for  7  years. 

PUBLIC  LANDS.— A  few  isolated  tracts  of  government 
may  exist,  and  is  controlled  by  the  General  Land  Office  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  The  state  has  no  lands.  The  counties  hold  unim- 
portant areas  of  forfeited  school  land. 


MICHIGAN.  • 

Name, Indian,  meaning  "Land  of 
Lakes."  Called  "Wolverine  State." 
First  settlement  by  Father  •  Mar- 
quette,  1668,  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
Fort  Michimackinac  (Mackinaw; 
built  by  French.  16*1.  Detroit 
founded.  1701.  Territory  belonged 
to  France.  Passed  to  possession  of 
England,  1763,  followed  by  Pontiac 
conspiracy  and  massacre  at  Macki- 
naw. Became  part  of  Virginia  at 
close  of  Revolution.  Ceded  by  Vir- 
ginia to  U.  S.,  and  formed  part  of 
Northwest  Territory.  Became  part 
of  Indiana  territory,  3800.  Michi- 
gan territory  formed  1805,  did  not 
include  upper  peninsula,  but  ex- 
tended west  to  Missouri  river.  Devastated  by  Indians  and 


156 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


English  in  war  1812-14,  until  run  off  by  Gen.  Harrison.  Wiscon- 
sin included  in  the  territory  of  Michigan,  1818,  and  separated 
from  it  1836.  State  constitution  adopted  1836.  Admitted  as  state 
Jan.  26, 1837.  Thirteenth  state  to  enter  Union.  Received  upper 
peninsula  as  compensation  for  disputed  territory  same  year. 
Capital  fixed  at  Lansing,  1847.  New  constitution  adopted  1850, 
still  in  force.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  87,384.  Number  coun- 


I 


ties,  79.  Miles  railroad,  5,233.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first 
Monday  in  November.  Number  senators,  32 ;  representatives, 
100;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years, 
meeting  first  Wednesday  in  January ;  terms  of  senators  and  rep- 
resentatives, 2  years  each ;  number  electoral  votes,  13 ;  number 
congressmen,  11.  Number  voters,  467,687.  Duelists  excluded 


GUIDE  -AND    HAJsD-BOUK.  157 

from  voting.  Number  colleges,  9;  efficient  public  schools  ;  school 
age,  5-30  years.  Legal  interest,  1% ;  by  contract,  10# ;  usury  for- 
feits excess  of  interest. 

POPULATION,  1884,  1,856,100;  male,  974,424;  female,  879,028; 
native,  1,357,639;  foreign.  503,461;  white,  1,830,480;  colored,  15,133; 
Indians,  6,900.  Estimated  increase,  11$. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
State  formed  of  two  peninsulas  and  number  small  islands.  Ex- 
treme length  lower  peninsula  north  and  south,  278  miles;  breadth, 
260  miles.  Extreme  length  upper  peninsula  east  and  west,  330 
miles ;  width,  34  to  16o  miles ;  area,  57,430  sq.  miles,  or  36,755,300 
acres.  Length  shore  line  on  Lakes  Michigan,  Superior,  Huron, 
St.  Clair  and  Erie,  North  Channel  and  Green  Bay,  3,000  miles. 
Lower  peninsula  consists  of  plains  and  table  lands,  heavily  tim- 
bered with  pine  and  hardwoods,  and  small  prairies,  with  eleva- 
tion of  600  to  750  feet.  At  south  are  ranges  of  hills,  and  border- 
ing Lake  Michigan  are  sand-hills  and  bluffs  sometimes  300  feet 
high.  The  soil  is  generally  good,  but  patches  of  sand  occur. 
Saginaw  and  Thunder  bays  in  Lake  Huron  and  Grand  and  Little 
Traverse  bays  in  Lake  Michigan  form  splendid  harbors.  Fruit 
raising,  especially  apples,  peaches  and  grapes,  very  successful. 
All  cereals  make  good  crops,  except  corn  at  north.  Staples, 
wheat,  corn,  oats,  buckwheat,  potatoes,  barley,  etc.  Upper 
peninsula  broken,  rocky,  and  almost  mountainous,  rising  at  west 
to  3,000  feet  above  sea.  Western  portion  mining  region; 
eastern  portion  favorable  to  agriculture.  Rivers,  inlets 
and  small  lakes  numerous.  Water  good  and  well  dis- 
tributed. Chief  islands,  Isle  Royale  and  Grand  Tsland  in  Lake 
Superior,  Marquette,  Mackinaw  and  Bois  Blanc  in  Lake  Huron, 
and  Beaver,  Fox  and  Manitou  in  Lake  Michigan.  Copper  in 
Houghton,  Ontonagon  and  Keweenah  counties ;  valuable  iron 
ores  in  Marquette  and  Delta  counties ;  coal  in  Shiawassee,  Eaton, 
Ingham  and  Jackson  counties.  Salt  abundant.  Timber  yet  in 
immense  tracts  of  virgin  pine  and  hardwoods.  Grand  Haven,  Au 
Sable  and  Detroit  are  centers  of  valuable  fishing  interests;  prin- 
cipal catch  is  trout  and  whitefish.  State  ranks  first  in  copper, 
lumber  and  salt ;  second  in  iron  ore ;  third  in  buckwheat ;  fifth  in 
sheep,  hops  and  potatoes.  Inducements  to  farmers,  manufact- 
urers, miners,  and  all  classes  of  immigrants,  first  class.  People 
progressive,  Cleared  land  averages  $20  per  acre;  forest,  $10. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature  averages  at  Detroit,  winter,  30 
deg.;  summer,  70  deg.;  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  winter,  33  deg.;  sum- 
mer, 65  deg.  Rainfall  at  Detroit,  30  inches ;  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie, 
34  inches.  Health  excellent.  Temperature  at  Marquette  averages 
about  3  deg.  lower  than  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 

CHIEF  CITIES. Detroit,  pop.  132.956;  Grand  Rapids,  pop. 
41,898;  Lansing  (capital),  pop.  9,774;  Bay  City,  pop.  29,412;  East 
Saginaw,  29,085 ;  Jackson,  19,100;  Muskegon,  17,825;  Saginaw,  13,760; 
Detroit,  Marquette,  Port  Huron,  Grand  Haven  ports  of  entry. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Lumbering,  mining,  farming, 
fruit  raising,  manufacturing,  fishing,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Spinning  wheels, 
looms  and  apparatus;  stoves  for  use;  arms,  etc.,  of  militia; 
apparel ;  $150  in  books ;  family  pictures ;  10  sheep  and  fleeces  and 
manufactures  thereof ;  3  cows ;  5  swine ;  6  months  provision  and 
fuel  for  family;  $350  in  household  goods ;  6  months  feed  for  stock 
named  above ;  tools  of  trade ;  team,  etc.,  essential  to  occupation. 
Exemptions  do  not  hold  for  purchase  money  except  on  tools,  etc. 
There  is  also  exempt  $500  in  personal  property  and  homestead  to 
value  of  $1,500.  Assignment  under  insolvent  law  may  discharge 
debtor.  Suits  barred  after  20  years  for  land  if  person  was  out  of 
the  United  States  when  right  occurred ;  otherwise  after  15  years; 
after  10  years  when  claimed  under  tax  deed,  and  also  on  judg- 
ments; after  6  years  on  contracts,  accounts,  etc.;  after  3  years 
for  injury  to  person  or  reputation.  Wife's  property  exempt. 
She  may  dispose  of  same  separately,  do  business,  etc .  Arrest  for 
debt  permitted  where  it  involves  breach  of  trust  or  fraud. 


158  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddler  on  foot,  $15 ;  with  horse, 
$40  ;  with  2  horses,  $75 ;  by  rail,  $100.  Travelers  taking  order, 
$50,  to  treasurer  of  state. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  and  lot  for  labor  and  material. 
Notice  must  be  filed  in  county  register's  office  in  60  days,  and 
suit  brought  in  60  days  more. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  remain  subject  to  homestead, 
pre-emption  and  cash  entry  to  a  considerable  extent  in  Michigan. 
The  land  offices  are  located  at  Detroit  for  the  counties  of  Alpena, 
(10,000  acres  government  land).  Cheboygan  (5,000  acres),  and 
Presque  Isle  (2,200  acres);  at  Reed  City  for  the  surrounding  sec- 
tion, in  which  50,000  acres  of  government  land  remains,  chiefly 
pine  plains;  at  -Marquette  for  the  northern  peninsula,  area 
government  land  very  large,  and  at  East  Saginaw. 

STATE  LANDS  are  designated  as  swamp,  but  include  all 
classes  of  land.  They  are  held  at  $1.25,  except  in  a  few  northern 
townships,  where  the  price  is  $2,  and  lie  in  almost  every  county 
aggregating  over  180,060  acres.  These  lands  are  sold  in  tracts  of 
80  acres  to  applicants  making  affidavit  of  intention  to  settle  on 
them  on  payment  of  24  the  price,  the  balance  to  be  paid  in  10 
years  with  7$  interest  annually .  A  homestead  of  80  acres  or  less 
may  be  taken  free  if  the  homesteader  does  not  already  own  40 
acres.  In  all  cash  purchases  road  scrip  may  be  used  in  payment 
and  the  quantity  of  land  which  may  be  bought  is  unlimited  by 
law .  The  scrip  can  be  bought  at  a  discount  from  private  holders. 
School  lands.  The  state  also  holds  for  sale,  at  $4  per  acre,  316,- 
000  acres  of  school  land.  Where  timbered  it  must  be  paid  for  in 
cash,  otherwise  it  is  sold  on  time  at  1%  interest.  There  is  further 
about  125,000  acres  of  college  lands  held  at  $5  to  $12.50  per  acre, 
sold  on  same  terms  as  school  land.  The  educational  lands  are 
scattered  all  over  the  state.  Information  relating  to  them  may 
be  had  of  the  Michigan  State  Land  Office  at  Lansing,  where  they 
are  controlled. 


WISCONSIN. 

Indian  name  of  river;  means 
"Wild  Hushing  Iliver."Called"Bad- 
ger  State."  Settled  first  by  French 
at  Green  Bay,  1669.  Belonged  to 
Virginia.  Ceded  to  United  States. 
Formed  part  of  Northwest  terri- 
tory. Included  in  Indiana  terri- 
tory, 1800.  Became  part  of  Michi- 
gan territory,  1805.  Wisconsin  ter- 
ritory organized  1836.  and  included 
Iowa,  Minnesota  and  part  of 
Dakota.  Present  boundaries  fixed, 
1888.  Madison  made  capital,  1388 . 
Applied  for  admission,  1846.  Ad- 
mitted as  state,  May,  1848.  Seven- 
teenth state  to  join  Union.  State 
constitution  adopted  1848;  still  in 
force,  but  amended.  Number  Union  soldiers  furnished,  91,327. 
Number  counties,  66;  miles  railroad. .4,21- 9.  All  elections,  Tuesday 
after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  number  senators,  33;  representa- 
tives, 100;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting 
second  Wednesday  in  Jan.;  term  of  senators,  4  years;  of  repre- 
sentatives, 2  years.  Number  electoral  votes,  11;  number  con- 
gressmen, 9;  number  voters,  340,482;  insane,  idiots,  convicts, 
Embers,  betters  and  duelists  excluded  from  voting.  Number 
col '.--.UTS  7;  number  public  schools,  6,588;  school  age,  4-20  years; 
school  endowment  very  liberal.  Legal  interest,  7#;  by  contract, 
10#;  usury  forfeits  entire  interest. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND  BOOK. 


159 


POPULATION,  1885,  1,506,423;  male,  809,094;  female,  754,339; 
native,  1,101,072;  foreign,  462,353;  white,  1,509,618;  colored,  53,807; 
Chinese,  16;  Indians,  3,161.  Estimated  increase,  10#. 

TOPOGKRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  N.  and  8.,  298  miles;  width,  260  miles;  area,  54,450 
sq.  miles;  34,848,000  acres.  Surface  presents  varied  and  beautiful 
scenery,  without  any  grand  features.  Forms  a  great  plain  580  to 


about  1,700  feet  above  sea  level,  highest  points  being-  at  the  N.W.; 
gradual  slope  to  Lake  Michigan  and  the  south.  Chief  rivers, 
Mississippi,  Pox,  Wisconsin;  these,  with  innumerable  smaller 
streams,  furnish  such  picturesque  scenery  as  the  famous  "  Dells," 
etc.,  and  afford  a  multitude  of  valuable  water  powers,  many  of 
which  are  still  unutilized.  Besides  the  great  lakes  Michigan  and 


160  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

Superior,  the  state  contains  Green  bay,  Winnebago,  Geneva, 
Devils  lake,  and  innumerable  other  lakes  in  the  central  and 
northern  sections  of  the  state,  of  unsurpassed  beauty,  making 
the  state  a  favorite  place  of  summer  resort.  Mississippi  river 
navigable  throughout  S.  W.  boundary;  excellent  harbors  in  Lake 
Superior  and  Michigan.  Port  Washington,  one  of  the  finest 
natural  harbors  in  the  world.  Much  of  state  prairie,  but  enor- 
mous stretches  of  magnificent  pine  and  hardwood  timbers 
remain  untouched.  The  soil  is  excellent  and  adapted  to  diversi- 
fied farming,  dairying  and  stock  raising.  The  hardier  fruits  grow, 
and  berries  are  a  fine  crop.  Cranberries  are  largely  raised.  Wheat 
is  the  best  crop;  flax,  buckwheat ,  hay,  corn,  oats,  staples.  Exten- 
sive lead  mines  in  Grant,  Lafayette  and  Iowa  counties;  native  cop- 
Eer  >n  the  north,  in  Crawford  and  Iowa  counties.  Milwaukee  clay 
amous  for  making  cream-colored  brick.  Iron  ores  in  Dodge,Sauk, 
Jackson  and  Ashland  counties.  Ranks  second  in  hops,  third  in 
barley  and  potatoes,  fourth  in  rye  and  buckwheat,  fifth  in  oats 
and  agricultural  implements.  Improved  land  averages  $18  and 
unimproved  $10  per  acre.  Much  government  and  railroad  land 
yet  untaken.  Opportunities  for  homes  and  enterprise  first-class. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature  averages,  winter,  30  deg.,  sum- 
mer, 71  deg.;  ranges  from  32  deg.  below  zero  to  95  deg.  Rainfall 
31  inches,  including  snow.  Snows  heavy,  especially  at  north; 
spring  late;  summers  short;  falls  pleasant.  Milwaukee  river 
frozen  over  an  average  of  105  days  in  year.  Health  superior. 
Air  bracing  and  life  giving. 

CHIEF  CITIES.  Milwaukee,  port  of  entry,  great  pork 
packing  and  beer  brewing  center,  grain  and  wheat  market;  pop. 
158,509.  Madison  (capital),  pop.  16,000.  Eau.  Claire,  pop.  25,000; 
Fonddu  Lac,  pop.  15,000;  Oshkosh,  24,000;  LaCrosse,  24,000. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.—  Lumbering,  farming,  mining, 
manufacturing,  brewing,  pork  packing,  dairying,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Family  pictures, 
books,  apparel,  $200  in  household  furniture,  2  cows,  10  swine, 
yoke  oxen  and  horse  or  2  horses,  10  sheep  and  wool  9f  same,  1 
years  feed  for  stock  named,  wagon,  etc.,  to  $50,  provisions  and 
feed  for  1  year,  tools,  stock  in  trade  or  professional  books,  etc. 
to  $300,  printing  materials  $1,500,  life  insurance,  insurance  on  ex- 
empt property  when  destroyed,  homestead  40  acres  in  county  or 
24  acre  in  town  with  improvements.  Assignments  may  prefer, 
but  do  not  discharge  debtor,  but  a  discharge  in  insolvency  may 
be  obtained;  suits  barred  after  20  years  on  bond  or  judgment, 
and  after  10  years  if  cause  of  action  accrued  out  of  the  state; 
after  6  years  on  contracts  and  liabilities.  Wife's  property  ex- 
empt. She  can  dispose  of  same  as  if  single.  Arrest  for  debt  may 
be  made  in  case  of  fraud,  malfeasance  or  removal. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Peddlers  on  foot,  $15: 
with  horse,  $30;  with  2  horses,  $40;  with  more  than  2  horses,  $50. 
License  issued  by  Secretary  of  State. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  for  labor  and  material,  if  petition 
of  same  be  filed  with  county  clerk  within  1  year.  Sub-con- 
tractors must  give  owner  30  days  notice  of  claim.  J  udgments  are 
liens  on  real  estate  for  10  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS.— A  very  large  portion  of  Wis- 
consin is  yet  public  in  domain,  and  comprises  every  description 
of  land  found  in  the  state.  It  is  subject  to  homestead,  pre-emp- 
tion and  cash,  and  in  some  sections  to  timber  culture  entry. 
THE  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Eau  Claire  for  the  region  included  in 
townships  25  to  40  north  inclusive,  and  ranges  1  to  11  east  inclu- 
sive, tft  Falls  of  St.  Croix  for  lands  lying  in  townships  38,  39 
and  40,  ranges  12  to  20  west  inclusive,  and  is  mostly  timbered 
with  pine  and  hardwood ;  and  at  Menasha,  Wausau,  Bayfield  and 
La  Crosse  for  the  districts  surrounding  each. 

STATE  LANDS  include  school  lands,  120,000  acres,  held  at 
$1  to  $1.25  per  acre ;  University  lands,  1,700  acres,  held  at  $2  to  $3 
per  acre;  Agricultural  College  lands,  13,000  acres,  at  $1.25  per 
acre ;  Normal  School  (swamp)  lands,  470,000  acres,  at  50c.  to  $3  per 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


161 


acre ;  drainage  land  (swamp),  500,000  acres,  at  50c.  to  $3  per  acre, 
and  Marathon  county  lands,  4,000  acres,  at  75c.  per  acre.  Tbe 
educational  lands,  except  Normal  school  lands,  are  sold  for  y± 
cash  balance  in  10  years  at  *i%  interest  in  advance  annually.  All 
other  lands  are  sold  for  cash. 


MINNESOTA. 

Name  Indian,  signifies  "Sky 
like  water.1'  Called  "tf  opher  state.'* 
Explored  by  Fathers  Hennepin  and 
LaSalle,  1680,  via  Mississippi  river 
to  Falls  St.  Anthony.  Portion  east 
of  the  Mississippi  river  a  part  of 
the  Territory  of  the  Northwest, 
covered  by  the  treaty  forced  from 
England,  1783.  The  western  por- 
tion acquired  from  France  by  pur- 
chase, 1803.  It  belonged  first  to 
Missouri  and  then  to  Iowa.  Fort 
Snelling  built,  1819.  Tract  between 
the  St.  Croix  and  Mississippi  ceded 
by  Indians,  1837.  Territory  organ- 
ized, 1849.  Sioux  Indians,  ceded  all 
land  between  Big  Sioux  and  Missis- 
sippi rivers,  1851.  Admitted  as  state,  1858.  War  with  Dakotas, 
1862.  Indians  subdued;  38  hanged  at  Mankato.  Foreign  immi- 
gration immense.  Number  Union  soldiers  furnished,  25,OL2. 
Number  counties,  80.  Miles  railroad,  4,193.  All  elections  Tuesday 
after  first  Monday  in  November;  number  senators,  47;  repre- 
sentatives, 103;  sessions  of  legislature,  biennial,  in  odd-num- 
bered years,  meeting  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  January ; 
holding  60  days;  term  of  senators,  4  years;  representatives,  2 
years.  Number  electoral  votes,  7;  congressmen,  5;  voters, 
213,485;  idiots,  insane  and  convicts  not  voting.  Number  colleges, 
5 ;  school  age,  5-21 ;  school  system,  first-class.  Legal  interest  r^te, 
1% ;  by  contract,  10# ;  usury  forfeits  excess  over  10#. 

POPULATION,  1885,  1,117,700;  male,  611,107;  female,  506,593; 
native,  687,120;  foreign,  427,513;  white,  776,884;  colored,  1,564;  In- 
dians, 2,300.  Estimated  increase,  10*. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Length  N.  and  S.,  378  miles;  average  width,  261  miles.  Area, 
79,205  sq.  miles,  50,691,200  acres.  Surface  rolling  plain  1,000  feet 
above  sea  level,  except  at  N.  E.,  where  are  a  series  of  sand  hills 
called  *•  Heights  of  Land,"  1,600  feet  high.  It  is  the  state  of  small 
lakes,  including  over  7,000,  varying  from  a  few  rods  to  32  miles 
across.  In  one  of  these,  Itasca,  the  Mississippi  rises  and  flows  800 
miles  through  the  state.  The  other  principal  rivers  are  the  Min- 
nesota, Red  River  of  the  North,  and  the  St.  Louis.  Small  streams 
and  lakes  make  water  plentiful.  The  scenery  is  picturesque  and 
beautiful.  The  soil  is  splendid,  as  a  rule,  and  the  accessibility  to 
market  and  general  attractions  render  the  state  especially  favored 
by  agriculturists.  The  forests  of  the  state  are  small  (2,000,000 
acres),  but  in  parts  are  rich  in  fine  timbers.  Two-thirds  of  the 
state  is  unoccupied.  Cleared  land  averages  $12.50  per  acre  and 
woodland  $8.  Wheat  is  the  great  crop.  Corn,  oats,  barley,  hay 
and  dairy  products  are  also  staples.  State  ranks  fourth  in  wheat. 
CLIMATE.— Healthful.  Air  pure  and  dry,  summers  warm, 
averaging  68-70  deg.;  winters  cold,  averaging  9-24  deg.  Rainfall 
36  inches,  chiefly  in  summer.  Snowfall  medium.  The  dryness 
mitigates  the  cold  in  winter. 

CHIEF  CITIES. -Pembina,  port  of  entry  on  Red  river. 
St.  Paul,  capital ;  pop.  111,397.  Minneapolis,  pop.  129,200. 

CHIEF  INDUS  TRIES. -Agriculture,  dairying,  milling,  etc. 
PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Books,  pictures 


162 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


and  musical  instruments  of  family,  apparel,  household  furniture 
to  $500,  3  cows,  10  swine,  yoke  oxen  and  horse  or  a  team,  20  sheep 
and  wool  of  same,  1  year's  feed  for  stock  named,  wagon  and  farm 
implements  to  $300,  provisions  and  fuel  for  1  year,  tools,  books, 
etc.,  of  trade  or  profession,  stock  in  trade  to  $4^0,  homestead  80 
acres  or  1  lot  in  town  with  improvements.  No  exemption  from 
liens  for  labor.  Assignments  may  be  made  voluntarily  or  on 


petition  of  creditor;  do  not  discharge  debts.  Suits  are  barred 
after  20  years  for  land  and  foreclosure,  after  10  years  on  judg- 
ments, after  6  years  on  contract,  after  2  for  slander,  assault,  etc. 
Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  contract.  No  arrest  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CHABGKES.— Drummers  and  peddlers  untaxed. 

IiIENS  hold  on  structure,  boat,  etc.,  for  labor  and  material 
for  2  years  if  statement  is  filed  with  county  register  in  1  year. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  163 


Sub-contractors  must  file  in  60  days.  Owners  may  avoid  liens  by 
proper  notice.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  ten  years. 

G-OVERMENT  LANDS  remain  unoccupied  to  the  extent 
of  about  13,000,000  acres,  and  include  fertile  prairie  and  timber 
tracts  or  iron  lands,  and  to  which  may  be  added  1,000,000  acres  of 
the  Pembina  and  Red  Lake  reservations,  all  fine  land.  The 
Land  Offices  are  at  Benson  for  the  surrounding1  district  (no  gov- 
ernment land  subject  to  entry  remains);  at  Worthington  (vacant 
land  exhausted),  at  Crookston  for  the  counties  of  Kittson,  Mar- 
shall, Polk,  Norman,  Clay,  Becker  and  Beltrami  and  the  northern 
tier  of  township  in  Otter  Tail,  containing  about  1,000,000  acres 
chiefly  timbered  and  brush  prairie ;  at  Duluth,  for  that  part  of 
the  state  north  of  Pine  county  and  east  of  Itaska  and  Aitkin,  two 
tiers  of  township  in  the  east  of  both  being  included,  and  includes 
7.000,000  acres  of  vacant  land  one-third  unsurveyed,  all  rich  in 
minerals  and  timber;  at  St.  Cloud,  controlling  3,500,000  acres  be- 
tween ranges  25  and  35  from  town  120  to  Canadian  line,  two-thirds 
unsurveyed;  at  Fergus  Falls,  controlling  10,000  acres  chiefly  in 
Grant  and  Wilkin  counties;  at  Tracy,  controlling  1,000  acres  odds 
and  ends;  at  Redwood  Falls,  controlling  the  lands,  its  district  30 
miles  wide  and  reaching  across  the  state  east  to  west  60  miles 
north  of  the  Iowa  line.  At  the  west  are  some  fine  prairies ;  at 
Taylors  Falls,  controlling  200,000  acres  vacant  land  in  Chisago, 
Anoka,  Aitkin,  Isanti,  Kanabec,  Mille  Lacs,  Pine,  Ramsay,  Sher- 
burne  and  Washington  counties.  All  government  lands  in  the 
state  are  subject  t  <  pre  emption,  homestead  and  cash  entry. 

STATE  LANDS  include  School  lands  (16th  and  32d  section 
in  every  township),  minimum  price,  $5  per  acre ;  Internal  Im- 
provement lands,  240,000  acres,  average  price,  $5.29  per  acre ; 


appraisement.  They  are  only  sold  at  public  auction  in  June  and 
October  of  each  year.  Terms  of  sale,  15#  of  the  purchase  money 
and  interest  at  the  rate  of  5%  on  the  balance  from  the  day  of  sale 
to  the  first  day  of  June,  next,  in  cash .  On  hardwood  lands  the 
the  value  of  the  timber  is  required  besides.  The  balance  of  piir- 
chase  money,  in  full,  or  installments,  is  payable  at  the  option  of 
the  purchaser,  at  any  time  within  thirty  years,  on  school,  agricult- 
ural college  and  university  lands,  and  twenty  years  on  internal 
improvement  lands,  provided  that  interest  at  the  rate  of  5#  is 
paid  in  advance,  June  first,  each  year,  or  within  sixty  days  alter. 


DAKOTA. 

Named  for  Dakota  Indians.  First  settled  at  Pembina,  1812,  by 
Lord  Selkirk  as  British  territory.  First  permanent  settlements 
of  Missouri  river,  1859.  Organized  as  territory  March,  1861,  and 
included  Wyoming  and  Montana.  First  legislature  met,  1862,  at 
Yankton,  which  was  made  ine  capital.  Immigration  became  act- 
i  ve,  1866.  Capital  removed,  1883,  to  Bismarck.  Chief  settlements 
i  n  Red  and  Missouri  river  vn  Hoys.  Propositions  pending  to  divide 
t he  territory.  Railroad  building  active,  and  systems  mammoth 
in  their  scale.  Application  for  admission,  made.  Number 
c  mnties,  1?9.  All  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.; 
number  senators,  12;  representatives,  24;  sessions  biennial,  in 
o  '  1-numlered  years,  meeting  second  Tuesday  in  Jan,  and  hoJd- 
i-m-  60  days;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2  years  each. 
T  .o^-al  interest  rate,  7#;  by  contract  12#;  usury  forfeits  excess. 
School  endowments,  ^y^hen  the  territory  shall  become  a  state, 
magnificent.  Miles  railroad,  2,759. 

POPULATION,  1S85,  415,263;  male,  236,045;  native,  264,620; 
v.hite,  414,065;  Indians,  27,550(2,330  Sioux). 

TOPOGRAPHY,   AREA,    SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 


164 


THE  WESTERN   WOKLo 


Average  length  N.  and  S.,  451  miles;  width,  348  miles;  area,  149,112 
sq.  miles;  95,431,680  acres.  Indian  reservations  principally  west 
of  Missouri  river;  42,000,000  acres;  one-seventh  good  farming 
land.  Surface  high,  level,  plain,  950  to  2,600  feet  above  the  sea; 
traversed  by  ranges  of  lofty  hills,  which  at  the  S.  W.  reach  an 
elevation  of  7,000  feet  in  the  Black  Hills.  The  Missouri  river 


traverses  the  territory  diagonally  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.,  and  is 


navigable.  Other  principal  rivers,  Yellowstone,  Little  Missouri, 
White,  Big  Cheyenne,  Niobrara,  Dakota,  Ked  River  of  the  North, 
Vermillion  and  Big  Sioux.  Smaller  streams  are  very  numerous. 
Lakes  are  numerous,  especially  in  the  north  and  east;  Devil's 
lake  is  semi-salt,  12x40  in  extent;  other  large  lakes  are  Big  Stone, 
Albert,  Poinsett,  Whitewood,  Traverse  and  Tchauchicaha.  The 
soil  is  very  rich  and  peculiarly  suited  to  wheat,  which  is  the 


GUIDE  AND  HAND  BOOK.  165 

staple  crop.  Corn,  oats,  grasses  and  potatoes  do  well.  Fruit  not 
a  good  crop.  Cattle,  and  especially  sheep  raising,  favored  and 
growing  industries.  Timber  scarce,  except  along  the  streams 
and  in  some  of  the  hills.  Cold  and  silver  extensively  mined. 
Black  Hills  very  rich  in  p?e,cious  minerals.  Ranks  fourth  in 
gold  output.  Good  coal  wjfitof  the  Missouri.  Not  much  devel- 
oped as  yet.  Scenery,  no',  striking,  except  in  hills.  Deposits  of 
tin  said  to  be  of  great  value  exist.  Inducements  to  immigration 
first-class.  Price  of  land  $1.25  to  $20  per  acre  (latter  improved). 

CLIMATE.— Temperature  ranges  from  32  deg.  below  zero  to 
100  deg.  aoove  ;  averages,  winter,  4  to  20  deg.;  summer,  65  to  75 
deg.  Winters  at  north  severe,  with  heavy  snow;  moderate 
at  the  south.  Air  clear,  dry  and  free  from  malaria.  Cold  not  so 
penetrating  as  in  moister  climates.  Springs  late  and  summers  of 
medium  length.  Rainfall  19  in.,  chiefly  in  spring  and  summer. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Fargo,  northern  metropolis;  Bismarck 
(capital);  Yanktoii  and  Sioux  Falls  important  centers. 

INDUSTRIES.—  Almost  entire  laboring  population,engaged 
in  agriculture  and  mining. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  family  pictures, 
$100  in  books,  apparel,  provisions  and  fuel  for  one  year  $1,500  in 
other  personal  property,  homestead  of  160  acres  land  or  1  acre  in 
town  regardless  of  value.  Assignment  cannot  prefer  and  does 
not  release  debtor.  Suits  barred  after  20  years  for  land  on  judg- 
ment or  sealed  instrument,  after  6  years  in  contract  or  liability, 
after  2  years  for  slander  or  assault.  Wife's  property  exempt, 
she  can  sell,  contract,  etc.,  as  if  single.  Arrest  fbr  debt  per- 
mitted in  cases  of  fraud,  concealment,  removal  or  damage. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  may  be  fixed  by  county  clerks. 

LIENS  hold  on  ground  and  structure  for  labor  and  material 
if  filed  in  90  days  by  contractor,  or  in  60  days  by  sub-contractor. 
Judgments  docketed  in  clerks  office  of  county  where  land  lies 
are  liens  on  same  for  ten  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  are  found  in  all  parts  of  Dakota. 
Near  towns  they  have  been  picked,  but  back  from  settlement 
choice  trade  are  yet  vacant.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  located  at 
Bismarkfor  the  surrounding  district  containing  18,000,000  acres 
vacant  land;  at  Grand  Forks ;  at  Devils  Lake  for  district  92x102 
miles  in  area,  mostly  vacant ;  at  Mitchell  (all  lands  taken  except 
those  in  Crow  Creek  reservation  now  open  to  entry) ;  at  Water- 
town  ;  Fargo,  Yankton,  Deadwood,  Aberdeen  and  Huron  for  the 
surrounding  districts.  All  government  lands  in  the  territory  are 
subject  to  homestead,  pre-emption  and  cash  entry.  Much  rail- 
road lands  for  sale.  No  territorial  lands  now  offered. 


IOWA. 

Indian  name,  means  "This  is 
the  place."  Called  the  "  Hawkeye 
State."  Settled  first  by  Dubuque, 
1788,  a  French  Canadian,  for  whom 
that  city  is  named.  First  settlers 
miners  of  lead.  Territory  belonged 
to  France.  Acquired  by  United 
States  by  "  Louisiana  Purchase," 
1 803.  Formed  part  of  Louisiana  till 
1812,  when  it  was  included  in  Mis- 
souri territory.  Active  immigra- 
tion began  1833.  Became  part  of 
Michigan  183*,  and  of  Wisconsin 
1836.  Iowa  territory  organized 
July  4,  1838.  Burlington  made 
capital.  Removed  1839  to  Iowa 
City.  Admitted  as  state  1846.  Con- 
stitution modified  7S37.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  70,243.  Num- 


166 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD 


ber  counties,  99;  miles  of  railroad,  7,510.  State  elections  annual, 
Tuesday  after  second  Monday  in  October,  excepting:  yeurs  of 
presidential  elections,  when  all  elections  occur  together.  Num- 
ber senators,  50;  representatives,  100;  sessions  of  legislature 
biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting-  second  Monday  in 
January.  Term  of  senators,  4  yeaxs;  of  representatives,  2  years. 


Number  electoral  votes,  13;  congressmen,  11;  number  voters 
416,658.  Idiots,  insane  and  criminals  excluded  from  votin0' 
Number  colleges,  19;  school  age,  5-21.  School  system  admirable 
endowment  liberal.  Legal  interest  rate,  6#;  by  contract  10#* 
usury  forfeits  10  per  cent,  per  year  on  amount.  State  has 
adopted  prohibition. 

POPULATION,  1885,  1,753,980;  male,  911,759;  female,  842,221: 


GUIDE   AND    HAND-BOOK.  167 

native,   1,443,576;    foreign/ 310,404;  white,  1,014,601);    Colored,  9  210 ; 
Chinese,  33;  Indians,  466. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  398  miles;  width,  303  miles;  area, 
55,470  sq.  miles,  35,500,800  acres.  Surface  almost  an  unbroken 
prairie,  without  mountains  and  with  very  few  low  hills.  Some 
bluffs  on  streams,  but  scenery  pretty  and  rather  monotonous. 
Natural  meadows  are  formed  everywhere,  and  water  is  abun- 
dantly supplied  by  small  streams.  Many  small  picturesque  lakes 
at  north.  Highest  point,  Spirit  Lake,  over  1,600  feet  above  the 
sea.  Slopes  southeast,  and  elevation  at  mouth  of  DesMoines  river 
440  feet.  Principal  streams,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  DesMoines, 
Iowa,  and  Little  Sioux.  Soil  averages  superior.  Corn,  wheat,  oats, 
potatoes,  hay,  barley,  sorghum,  rye>  staples.  Apples  unsurpassed 
in  United  States;  pears,  plums,  cherries,  grapes  and  berries  are 
excellent  crops.  Cattle  and  other  stock  interests  large  and 
thrifty.  Dairying  especially  attractive.  Forest  area  small  and 
scarcely  equal  to  home  requirements.  Coal  area  fair.  Other 
minerals  unimportant.  Manufacturing  active.  Improved  land 
averages  $30;  unimproved,  including  railroad  and  government 
domains,  $13.50.  State  ranks  first  in  hogs;  second  in  milch  cows, 
oxen  and  other  cattle,  corn  hay  and  oats;  third  in  horses;  fifth  in 
barley  and  miles  of  railway. 

CLIMATE  healthy,  but  subject  to  extremes.  Winter  severe, 
with  sharp  north  and  west  winds;  summers  pleasant.  Tempera- 
ture averages,  summer,  73  deg.;  winter,  33  deg.;  ranges  from  10 
deg.  below  to  99  deg.  above  zero.  Rainfall,  42  inches.  Wheat 
harvest  in  August. 

CHIEF  CITIES.Des  Moinee,  metropolis  and  capital;  pop. 
32,459.  Pop.  of  Dubuque,  26,330;  of  Davenport,  23,830;  of  Burling- 
ton, 23,459;  of  Council  Bluffs,  21,557.  Keokuk,  Burlington  and 
Dubuque  are  United  States  ports  of  delivery. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  stock  raising 
and  manufacturing:. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  exection:  apparel  and  trunks, 
etc.,  gun,  tools,  books,  or  instruments  of  trade  or  profession, 
horse  and  vehicle  of  physician,  minister,  officer,  farmer  or 
teamster,  library  and  pictures.  To  heads  of  family  in  addition, 
cow,  calf,  5  hogs,  n'l  piars  under  6  months  old,  horse,  60-days  feed 
for  animals  named,  flax  raised  by  debtor  and  manufacture ••  of 
same,  $100  in  household  furniture,  weaving  devices,  bod  for 
every  3  i  M  family,  6  months  fuel  and  provisions,  printing'  press 
and  plant  to  $1,300,  90  days'  earnings  and  homstead  40  acres,  or 
half  acre  in  town  from  debts  accruing  after  its  acquisition, 
Assignments  cannot  prefer  and  do  not  release.  Suits  barred 
after  2  years  for  injury  to  person  or  reputation,  after  5  years  on 
verbal  contract  or  for  fraud,  after  10  years  on  written  contract 
and  for  real  estate,  after  30  years  on  judgment.  Wife's  property 
exempt,  her  control  of  it  is  same  as  if  she  was  single.  Arrest  for 
debt  permitted  only  in  cases  of  fraud. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  peddlers  (if  sroods  are  not 
made  in  state)  on  foot,  $10;  with  less  than  4  horses,  $35;  with  more 
than  4  horses,  $75.  .  Peddlers  selling  watches,  $30 ;  clocks,  $50. 

UENS  hold  on  structures  and  land  for  labor  if  same  is  filed 
clerk  District  Court  in  90  days  by  contractor,  or  in  30  days  by 
sub-contractor.  Judgments  are  liens  on  land  for  10  years. 

PUBLIC  liANDS.— The  government  lands  of  Iowa  ar  i 
about,  if  not  entirely  taken  up.  The  land  office  for  the  ent.x'e 
state  is  at  Des  Moines.  There  are  no  lands  for  sale  by  the  ate. 
School  lands  yet  unsold  in  a  majority  of  the  counties  aiv  con- 
trolled by  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  each  county  in  whif  *  they 
lie.  The  largest  areas  are  in  the  northern  and  north  estern 
counties.  They  are  sold  at  public  auction  by  the  count.*  auditor 
at  not  less  than  $6  per  acre.  Lands  are  also  for  sale  i7  xder  the 
University  and  Saline  grants  by  the  Board  of  Rege  ts  of  the 
Iowa  University  at  Iowa  City.  A  considerable  area  f  rai!;oad 
land  remains  unsold. 


168  THE  WESTEKN   WORLD 

NEBRASKA. 

Name  Indian,  means  "Shallow 
Water. "  Included  in  territory  ac- 
quired from  France  in  1803  by 
"  Louisiana  Purchase."  Nebraska 
Territory  organized  May,  1854,  in- 
eluded  all  region  north  of  present 
State  to  British  possessions,  and 
west  to  Rocky  mountains.'  Few 
settlements  till  1864.  In  1861, 16,000 
eq.  miles  cut  off  to  form  Colorado; 
nearly  250,000  sq .  miles  to  form  Da- 
kota, and  large  strip  added  from 
Utah  and  Washington  Territories. 
Idaho  cut  off  March,  1863,  and 
present  boundaries  fixed.  Refused 
to  become  a  state  1860.  Indian 
_  ,  ,  raids,  1864.  State  constitution  rati- 

fied June,  1866.  Bill  to  admit  July,  1866,  unsigned  by  President 
Johnson,  and  another  Jan.,  1867,  vetoed.  Bill  passed  over  veto 
Feb.,  1867.  Admitted  that  year.  Lincoln  chosen  as  capital.  Con- 
stitutional convention,  1871 .  Present  constitution  adopted,  1875. 
Union  soldiers  furnished,  3,157.  Number  counties,  74.  Miles  of 
railroad,  1865,  123;  1885,  2,794.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first 
Monday  in  Nov.;  number  senators,  33;  representatives,  100; 
sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Tuesday 
in  Jan.,  holding  40  days;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives, 
2  years  each;  number  electoral  votes,  5;  number  congressmen  3; 
number  voters,  129,042.  U.  S.  army,  idiots  and  convicts  excluded 
from  voting.  Number  colleges,  9;  school  age,  5-21;  school  system 
superior;  school  endowments  liberal.  Legal  interest,  1%;  by  con- 
tract, log;  usury  forfeits  interest  and  cost. 

POPULATION,  1885,  740,645;  male,  378,540;  female,  322105; 
native,  354,988;  foreign,  97,414;  white,  449,764;  colored,  2,385;  Chi- 
nese, 18;  Indians,  235. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreine  length  E.  and  W.,  4^4  miles;''  width,  210  miles;  area, 
76,lb5  sq.  miles,  48,755,000  acres.  Surface  a  vast  plain,  undulating 
gently,  and  principally  prairie  with  a  few  low  hills.  At  extreme 
northwest  are  spurs  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  Black  Hill 
country  begins;  general  slope  fromW.  toE.;  Missouri,  Platte, 
Niobrara,  Republican  and  Blue,  principal  rivers,  and  are  fed  by 
numerous  smaller  streams.  Platte  valley  stretches  across  entire 
length  of  state,  is  wide  and  very  fertile;  southern  portion  of 
state  peculiarly  favorable  to  all  kinds  of  crops;  western  half 
magnificent  series  of  pastures,  and  best  suited  to  grazing.  Whole 
eastern  two-fifths  a  great  natural  garden.  Corn  the  great  crop; 
wheat,  oats,  hay,  rye,  buckwheat,  barley,  flax,  hemp,  apples, 
plums,  grapes,  berries,  staples  and  flourish.  Cattle  raising  of 
vast  importance  and  magnitude.  Good  herd  laws.  No  import- 
ant minerals.  Manufacturing  growing  wonderfully.  Improved 
land  averages  $9;  unimproved,  $5,  and  woodland  $18  per  acre. 
Inducements  to  settlers  first-class. 

CLIMATE  dry,  salubrious  and  free  from  malaria.  Temper- 
ature averages,  summer,  73  deg.,  winter,  20  deg.  Rainfall  east  of 
100th  meridian,  including  snow,  25  inches;  heaviest  in  May;  at 
west,  precipitation  falls  to  17  inches.  Rainfall  gradually  in- 
crenf=ine% 

CHIEF  CITIES.  Omaha,  U.  S.  port  of  delivery,  commercial 
center,  pop.  61,835;  Lincoln  contains  State  University,  pop.  20,004; 
Plattemouth,  pop.  5,796;  Nebraska  City,  5,597. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  cattle-raising, 
dairy  in  ff.  m«mifactnrinsr.  etc 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  exection:  Homestead  $2,000, 
and  161*  acres  land  or  two  town  lots,  $500  in  personal  property  if 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


169 


debtor  owns  no  land,  apparel,  6  months'  supplies,  3  months1  feed 
for  animals,  furniture  and  tools.  Exemption  not  good  against 
wages.  Assignments  can  prefer  wages  only,  and  do  not  release 
debtor.  Suits  barred  after  10  years  f®r  land,  after  5  years  on 
contract  or  foreign  judgment,  after  4  years  for  recovery  of  per- 
sonality and  for  fraud,  after  1  year  for  assault.  Wife's  property 


not  gift  of  her  husband  exempt;  her  note  not  good.  She  can 
make  will.  Arrest  for  debt  may  be  made  when  intent  to  defraud 
is  shown. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Peddlers,  $30  for  entire  state, 
issued  by  county  clerks. 

LIENS  hold  for  2  years  for  labor  and  materials  on  structure 
and  ground  if  filed  in  clerk's  office  within  4  months.  Judgments 
are  liens  on  real  estate. 


170  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  reaching  a  very  large  Aggregate 
aria  are  open  to  entry  in  Nebraska,  chiefly  in  the  north  and 
west,  and,  while  picked  over  iu  sections,  offer  good  opportunities. 
The  LAND  OFFICES  are  located  at  Neligh  for  the  counties  of 
Boone,  Wheeler  and  Holt;  and  the  territory  west  of  said  covfnties 
to  Range  20;  at  Beatrice  (land  all  taken);  at  McCook  controlling 
800,000  acres  surrounding  vacant  lands ;  at  North  Platte  for 
Lincoln,  Keith  and  Cheyenne  and  the  west  half  of  Dawson  and 
Custer  counties,  and  the  territory  north  of  Lincoln  and  Keith, 
south  of  Cherry  and  eait  of  Cheyenne,  two-thirds  of  the  entire 
district  being  vacant;  at  Blpomington  (comprising  Adams,  Web- 
ster, Kearney,  Franklin,  Phelps,  Harlan,  Furnas  counties,  all  of 
Hall  south  of  the  Platte  river,  south  half  of  Cooper  and  three 
southeast  townships  of  Frontier)  only  odds  and  ends  remain;  at 
Valentine,  Lincoln,  Nebraska  and  Grand  Island  for  districts 
around  each.  The  lands  in  Nebraska  are  subject  to  cash,  timber 
culture,  pre-emption  and  homestead  entry. 

STATE  LANDS  include  about  1,450,000  acres  of  educational 
lands,  and  lie  111  sections  16  atid  36  in  each  township,  to  which 
should,  be  added  about  25.000  acres  of  University  lands.  The  lands 
are  controlled  by  the  commissioner  of  public  lands,  with  office  at 
Lincoln.  These  lands  are  leased  at  a  rental  of  at  least  Q%  on  valua- 
tion, or  sold  either  at  public  or  private  sale,  but  not  more  than 
640  acres  to  one  person.  No  appraisement  can  be  made  at  less 
than  $7  per  acre,  and  no  sale  made  for  less  than  the  appraisement; 
terms,  -&  cash  for  prairie,  ^  cash  for  woodland,  balance  in  30 
years  at  $%  interest,  payable  yearly.  The  county  treasurer  is 
agent  for  the  lands  in  his  county.  Railroad  lands  are  for  sale  in 
large  quantities. 


MISSOURI. 

Name  means  "Muddy  River." 
Originally  French  territory,  settled 
by  French  first  at  St.  Genevieve, 
1755.  Became  Spanish  property, 
1763.  St.  Louis  settled  under  the 
French.  Returned  to  France.  Ac- 
quired by  United  States  by  Louis- 
iana purchase,  1803.  Organized  as 
territory  under  present  name,  1812, 
included  Arkansas,  Indian  Terri- 
tory, etc.  Admitted,  March,  1821. 
Eleventh  state  admitted.  Admis- 
sion aroused  much  discussion.  "Mis- 
souri Compromise"  effected  and 
state  permitted  to  retain  slavery. 
State  divided  on  secession  and  was 
scene  of  perpetual  internal  war- 
fare. Battle  Wilson  Creek  Aug.,  1862  Martial  law  declared  Aug. 
31.  New  Constitution  adopted,  June,  1865.  Another,  Oct.,  1875. 
Union  soldiers  furnished,  109,111.  Number  counties,  115.  Miles 
railroad,  4,710.  State  officers  elected  quadrennially,  and  legisla- 
ture every  two  years.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  November;  number  senators,  34;  representatives,  141;  ses- 
sions of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting 
Wednesday  after  January  1 ;  holds  70  days;  term  of  senators,  4 
years;  r  presentatives,  2  years.  Number  electoral  votes,  16; 
congressmen,  14;  number  voters,  541,207.  United  States  Army 
and  inmates  of  asylums,  poorhouses  and  prisons,  excluded  from 
voting.  Number  colleges,  17;  school  age,  6-20;  school  system, 
good ;  endowments  large.  Legal  interest  rate,  §% ;  by  contract, 
# ;  usury  forfeits  entire  interest. 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK. 


171 


TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,    SOIL,    PRODUCTS,   ETC.- 

Length  N.  and  S.,  275  miies.  Average  width,  246  miles.  Area, 
68.73-3  sq.  miles,  43,990,400  acres.  Surface  N.  of  Missouri  river 
alternately  level  and  rolling-  prairies  with  deep,  broad  river  val- 
leys and  a  general  southeasterly  slope.  Soil  variable,  but  gener- 
ally good.  Bottoms  extremely  productive,  but  suffer  from  over- 


flows in  parts.  South  of  the  last  named  river  the  surface  is 
more  broken  with  hills,  sometimes  1,000  feet  high.  The  most 
noted,  Iron  Mountain  and  the  Ozarks.  West  of  pzarks  is  a 
prairie  region  with  wide,  deep,  fertile  valleys.  Soil  here  also 
good,  except  where  too  rugged.  Chief  rivers,  Mississippi  (500 
miles),  Missouri,  Osage  and  Gasconade.  Entire  area  well  watered 
by  small  streams,  springs,  etc.  OMef  crops,  corn,  wheat,  oats, 


172  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


potatoes,  tobacco.  Fruits  do  splendidly.  Peaches  especially 
tine.  Vegetable  gardening*  very  successful.  Improved  land 
averages  $12,  unimproved,  $7  per  acre.  Coal,  iron,  marble,  gran- 
ite, limestone,  lead  and  copper  found  in  enormous  deposits. 
Lead  area  5,000  sq.  miles.  Forests  magnificent.  Growth  walnut, 
poplar,  oak  and  the  hardwoods ;  grazing  a  leading  business  both 
in  extent  and  profit.  Stock  of  all  kinds  raised  with  success.  In- 
ducements to  settlers  first-class.  State  ranks  first  in  mules; 
third  in  oxen,  hogs,  corn  and  copper;  fifth  in  iron  ore. 

CLIMATE  variable,  with  sudden  changes,  but  generally 
pleasant  and  healthy.  Summers  are  long  and  warm,  but  not 
enervating.  Winters  moderate,  with  occasional  severe  days. 
Average  temperature,  summer,  76  deg.;  winter,  39  deg.  Kainfall 
greatest  in  May,  averages  34  inches. 

CHIEF  CITIES. -St.  Louis,  largest  city  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, port  of  entry  and  great  commercial  and  manufacturing 
point;  pop.  460,000.  Capital,  Jefferson  City  ;  pop.  55,785.  Pop. 
St.  Joseph,  35,431 ;  Kansas  City,  192,000. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  mining,  manu- 
facturing, quarrying,  grazing,  fruit  and  vegetable  growing,  lum- 
bering, etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Apparel  and  tools, 
and  to  head  of  family  10  hogs,  10  sheep  and  their  product,  10  ewes, 
10  calves,  4  plows,  axe,  hoe,  harness,  farm  implements,  $150  in 
work  stock,  25  Ibs.  each  of  hemp,  flax  arid  wool  and  devices  for 
manufacturing  same,  $100  in  household  furniture,  books,  tools, 
homestead  to  $3,000  and  18  sq.  rods  of  ground  in  cities  of  40,000 
pop.;  to  $1,500  and  30  sq.  rods  ground  in  cities  10,000  to  40,000  pop.; 
in  other  towns,  to  $1,500  and  5  acres,  and  in  country  to  $1,500  and 
160  acres.  Assignments  do  not  release  debtors.  Suits  barred  after 
10  years  for  land  and  on  written  contracts,  after  5  years  on 
account,  verbal  contract  and  fraud  or  trespass:  after  2  years  for 
libel,  assault,  etc.  Wife's  property  exempt,  except  for  neces- 
saries; must  hold  through  a  trustee.  She  can  buy,  sell,  make 
notes,  etc.  No  arrest  for  debt. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  to  an  area  of  about  1,200,000  acres 
aiv  yet  open  to  cash,  homesteap  and  pre-emption  entry  in  Mis- 
souri. THE  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Booneville  for  Benton,  Cedar, 
Crawford,  Camden,  Dallas,  Henry,  Hickory,  Laclede,  Maries, 
Miller,  Csage,  Phelps,  Polk,  Pulaski  and  St.  Clair  counties,  in- 
cluding about  340,000  acres,  two-thirds  in  Camden,  Benton  and 
Pulaski :  at  Ironton  for  Butler,  Bellinger,  Carter,  Crawford,  Cape 
Girardeau,  Dent,  Dunklin,  Howell  (200,000  acres),  Iron,  Madison, 
Mississippi,  New  Madrid,  Oregon  (60,000  acres),  Penniscot,  Perry, 
Pulaski,  Phelps,  Reynolds,  Ripley,  Scott,  Shannon  (50,000  acres>, 
Stoddard,  St.  Francois,  St.  Genevieve,  Texas  (250,000  acres),  Wash- 
ington and  Wayne,  in  all  about  700,000  acres);  at  Springfield  for 
the  rest  of  the  state . 

STATE  LANDS  include  School  lands,  over  200,000  acres,  held 
at  an  average  of  about  $3  per  acre  and  sold  by  the  counties  to  the 
highest  bidder ;  a  large  area  of  Swamp  land  and  some  small  tracts 
of  Internal  Improvement  land.  Information  as  to  location  may 
be  had  of  the  county  officers  or  the  register  of  lands  at  Jefferson 


AND   HAND-BOOK. 


173 


KANSAS. 


Name  Indian,  means  "Smoky 
water."  State  named  for  Kansas 
river.  Called  the  "  Garden  State." 
Visited  by  Spaniards,  1541;  by 
French,  1719.  Acquired  of  France 
by  United  States,  18  3,  by  "Louisi- 
ana purchase."  Formed  part  of 
Indian  territory.  Kansas  territory 
organized,  May,  1854.  Law  known 
as  "Missouri  Compromise,"  for- 
bidding- slavery  in  states  formed 
out  of  Louisiana  purchase  north 
of  latitude  36  deg.  30  min.  repealed, 
and  question  of  slavery  left  to  the 
territory.  At  first  it  was  decided 
for  slavery.  Constitution  framed 
by  legislature  at  Wyandotte  pro- 
hibiting slavery  adopted  July,  1859;  ratified  Oct.  4,  and  with 
amendments,  is  still  in  force.  Admitted  as  a  state,  Jan.,  1861. 
Border  counties  scene  of  guerilla  warfare  on  both  sides.  Union 
soldiers  furnished,  20,149:  number  counties,  106;  miles  railroad, 
4,441 ;  first  railroad  built,  1864,  40  miles  long.  All  elections,  Tues- 
day after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  senators,  40;  representatives, 
125;  sessions  biennial,  meeting  second  Tuesday  in  Jan.  in  odd- 
numbered  years;  limit  of  session,  50  days;  term  of  senators,  4: 
years;  of  representatives,  2  years.  Number  electoral  votes,  9; 
congressmen,  7;  voters,  265,714.  Idiots,  insane,  convicts  and 
rebels  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  8;  number 
schoolhouses,  over  8,000;  school  age,  5-21  years;  school  system 
magnificent;  endowment  immense.  Legal  interest,  7#;  by  con- 
tract. 12^i  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest. 

POPULATION,  1885,  1,406,738;  male,  736.667;  female,  670.071  ; 
native,  1,086,010;  white,  952,155;  colored,  43,107;  Chinese,  19;  In- 
dians,  815.  Estimated  increase,  IQg. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  410  miles;  breadth,  210  miles;  area, 
81,700  sq.  milrs;  52,288,000  acres.  Surface,  slightly  undulating- 
plain,  with  a  gradual  slope  from  west  to  Missouri  river.  High- 
est land,  3,800  ft.;  lowest  (at  mouth  Kansas  river),  750  ft.;  average 
elevation,  2,300  ft.  No  mountains.  Scenery  rather  beautiful 
than  grand.  Bluffs  3>0  feet  high  on  Arkansas  and  Republican 
rivers.  Main  rivers,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Republican,  Smoky  Hill, 
Saline,  Solomon,  Arkansas,  Osage,  Neosho  and  Cottonwood. 
There  is  little  navigable  water.  Water  powers  of  fair  propor- 
tions and  number  exist. .  Small  streams  are  moderately  numer- 
ous at  east;  less  so  at  west,  and  irrigation  necessary  in 
large  sections.  Coal  area  of  moderate  extent;  veins  usually 
thin;  quality  fair.  Soil  usually  fine;  always  so  in  valleys;  patches 
of  hard  pan  occur.  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hemp,  flax  and  rye, 
staples.  Castor  beans  and  cotton  grown  successfully.  Soil  of 
prairies  deep  loam  of  dark  color;  bottoms  sandy  loam.  Pecu- 
liarly favorable  to  stock-raising.  Prairie  pastures  broad  and 
rich  in  nutritious  grasses.  Dairying  favored.  Fruits  moderately 
successful.  Forests  small;  limited  to  fringes  of  oak,  elm,  cotton- 
wood,  hickory,  etc.,  on  streams  and  artificial  groves.  Limestone 
and  colored  chalk  furnish  building  materials.  Value  improved 
land  averages  $12  per  acre,  woodland  $15.  Manufacturing  grow- 
ing. State  ranks  fifth  in  cattle,  corn  and  rye.  Homes  easily 
made. 

CLIMATE  salubrious;  winters  mild;  summers  warm:  air 
pure  and  clear.  Temperature  averages,  winter,  31  deg.;  summer, 
78  deg.;  ranges  8  deg.  below  to  101  deg.  above  zero;  such  extremes 
exceptional.  Rainfall  averages  45  inches  at  east,  33  inches  at 
west.  No  malaria. 


174 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


CHIEF  CITIES.— Leaven  worth,  pop.  29,268;  Topeka  (capi- 
tal), pop.  23,499;  State  University  at  Lawrence;  state  asylums  for 
insane  and  feeble-minded  at  Topeka  and  Qssawattomie;  institu- 
tion for  education  of  the  blind,  Wyandotte;  for  deaf  mutes,  Olathe. 

INDUSTRIES. — Agriculture,  stock-raising,  manufactur- 
ing, etc. 


PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Homestead,  160 
acres  or  1  acre  in  town,  with  all  improvements;  books,  pictures, 
musical  instruments,  apparel,  beds ;  stoves  and  their  furnishings ; 
?e\ving-  machine,  spinning-wheel,  implements  of  trade;  $500  in 
other  household  furniture;  2  cows,  10  hogs,  yoke  oxen  and  horse  or 
team,  20  sheep,  1  years'  food  for  stock,  wagons,  farm  implements, 
etc.,  to  iou),  supplies  for  1  year,  stock  in  trade  to  $400,  and  library 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


of  profession  and  office  furniture.  Assignments  do  not  release 
debtor  and  cannot  prefer.  Suits  barred  after  15  years  for  land 
unless  sold  under  execution  or  by  executor :  after  5  years  if  sold 
for  taxes  and  on  written  contract ;  after  3  years  on  verbal  con- 
tract or  statute  liability ;  after  2  years  for  trespass,  injury  or 
fraud ;  after  1  year  for  slander,  assault,  and  after  5  years  for 
actions  not  otherwise  provided  for.  Wife's  property,  not  gift  of 
husband,  exempt.  She  controls  same  as  if  single  and  can  do 
business.  No  imprisonment  for  debt  except  for  fraud. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  may  be  fixed  by  cities. 

LIENS  hold  on  property  for  materials  and  labor  furnished 
for  construction  or  trees  planted  thereon  if  filed  in  4  months  and 
sued  on  in  i  year.  Sub-contractors  have  liens  to  amount  due 
contractor.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  5  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  to  a  very  large  area  are  still 
vacant  subject  to  cash,  homestead,  pre-emption  and  timber  cult- 
ure entry.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Larned  for  the  counties  of 
Rice,  Barton,  Stafford,  Pratt,  Pawnee,  Edwards  and  Hodgeman, 
containing  about  35,000  acres,  mostly  indifferent  land,  besides  the 
Osage  reservation,  about  500,000  acres,  including  many  good  tracts; 
at  Oberlin  for  the  counties  of  Norton,  Graham,  Decatur,  Sheri- 
dan, Thomas,  Sherman,  Cheyenne  and  Rawlins,  containing  1,700,- 
000  acres,  chiefly  in  the  last  four  counties;  at  Topeka  (lands  about 
exhausted);  at  Kirwin  for  Jewell,  Mitchell,  Lincoln,  Smith,  Os- 
borne,  Phillips,  Brooks,  Graham  and  Norton  counties,  containing 
about  40,000  acres,  chiefly  in  Graham  and  Norton ;  at  Independ- 
ence, (land  about  all  taken);  at  Concordia,  (only  a  few  scattering 
tracts  remain);  at  Salina  for  Ottawa,  Saline,  Lincoln,  Ellsworth, 
Russell,  Davis  and  Chase  counties,  containing  about  8,000  acres 
rough  land ;  at  Garden  City  for  Hodgeman,  Ford,  Seward,  Finney 
and  Hamilton  counties,  and  contains  about  4,500,000  acres  vacant 
land;  at  Wakeeney  for  Rooks,  Ellis,  Rush,  Graham,  Trego,  Ness, 
Sheridan,  Gove,  Lane,  Thomas,  St.  John,  Scott,  Sherman,  Wal- 
lace, Wichita  and  Greeley  counties,  and  east  8  townships  of 
Chautauqua,  Elk  and  Greenwood,  and  west  10  of  Barber,  and  em- 
braces some  60,000  acres,  chiefly  Osage  trust  lands. 

STATE  LANDS  include  School  lands  (1,400,000  acres)  lying 
in  sections  16  and  36,  sold  by  the  county  treasurer  at  public 
auction  at  actual  appraised  value,  the  purchaser  paying  one- 
tenth  cash  and  balance  at  pleasure  within  20  years,  paying  Q%  in- 
terest annually  on  same.  If  offered  and  unsold  they  may  .be 
bought  by  settlers  at  private  sale  in  tracts  not  to  exceed  160  acres 
to  one  person.  A  large  area  of  railroad  lands  are  also  available 
at  low  values. 

ARKANSAS. 

Name  Indian,  means  "  Smoky 
water."  Called  the  "Bear  State." 
Visited  by  De  Soto ;  by  Mar- 
quette  and  Joliet,  1673.  Settled  at 
Arkansas  Post  by  French,  1685. 
Formed  part  of  grant  of  Duke  of 
Orleans,  regent  of  France,  to  John 
Law.  Acquired  by  Spain,  1763.  Re- 
acquirecl  by  France,  1800.  Sold  to 
U.S.,  1803,  as  a  part  of  Louisiana 
territory.  Separated  from  Louisi- 
ana and  became  part  of  Missouri 
territory,  1812.  Arkansas  territory 
organized,  1819.  Admitted  as  a 
state,  June  15,  1836.  Slavery  ac- 
knowledged. Seceded  May  6,  1861. 
Witnessed  considerable  fighting  dur- 
ing the  war,  but  no  great  battles.  New  constitution  adopted. 
1868.  Re-entered  Union,  June  22.  Present  constitution  adopted 


176 


THE  \vuSTERN  WORLD 


1874.  Number  counties,  75.  Miles  railroad,  1,764.  State  elections 
biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  first  Monday  in  Sept.;  number 
senators,  31 ;  representatives,  94 ;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial, 
in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  second  Monday  in  Jan.,  holding 
60  days ;  term  of  senators,  4  years ;  of  representatives,  2  years. 
Number  electoral  votes,  7;  congressmen,  5;  voters,  182,977;  native 


white,  129,675 ;  foreign  white,  6,475 ;  colored,  46,827.  Idiots,  In- 
dians, convicts  not  voting.  Number  colleges,  5 ;  school  system, 
progressive;  school  age,  6-21.  Legal  interest  rate,  6$;  by  con- 
tract, 10^ ;  usury  forfeits  principal  and  interest. 

POPULATION,  1880,  802,525;  male,  416,729 ;  female,  386,246  ; 
native,  792,175;  foreign,  10,350;  white,  39J,531;  colored,  210,606: 
Estimated  increase,  20£.  (Continued  on  page  194.) 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


177 


INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

Acquired  by  Louisiana  purchase  from  France  1800;  set  apart 
for  peaceful  tribes.  Organized  1834;  no  territorial  government. 
Government  in  hands  of  tribes  which  include  Cherokees  and 


Creeks,  removed  from  Georgia  1838;  Chickasaws,  Natches,  Ar- 
kansas and  Choctaws,  from  Gulf  region;  Sacs,  Illinois,  Foxes  and 
Pottawatomies,  from  Illinois;  Seminoles,  from  Florida;  Miamis, 
from  Ohio:  lowas,  from  Iowa;  Osages,  Pawnees,  Kiowas,  Co- 
manches,  from  various  sections;  Arapahoes  and  Cheyennes, 
from  Montana,  and  Modocs,  from  Oregon,  and  others,  numbering 
twenty-two  in  all.  Also  contains  Oklahoma  and  public  land  strip, 
(Continued  on  page  195.) 


178 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


NEW  MEXICO. 


Origin  of  name  not  definitely  known.  Supposed  to  be  that  of 
Aztec  god.  Settled  earlier  than  any  other  part  U.  S.  Visited  by 
Alvar  Nunez  before  1537.  Explored,  1539  and  1581,  by  expedition 


CouncilBock 

Spring     s.8*>™r.ro. 

s  San  Anton- 

8/0      C     ,0      !? 

Old   |  jFor^Crc 


Area  square  miles  122.460 


from  Mexico  in  search  of  gold.  Permanent  settlement,  1598. 
Santa  Fe,  then  an  Indian  town,  chosen  as  seat  of  Spanish  govern- 
ment. The  natives  were  enslaved  and  forced  to  work  in  the 
fields  and  mines.  They  made  progress  in  the  arts  of  civilization 
and  still  retain  traces  of  their  acquirements.  They  revolted, 
1680;  expelled  whites  and  destroyed  churches,  etc.  Santa  Fe  re- 
occupied  by  Spanish,  1694.  •  Another  insurrection,  1837.  Santa  Fe 
(Continued  on  page  196.) 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOR. 


179 


ARIZONA. 


Visited  by  Spanish  explorers,  1526.  Mineral  wealth  found, 
but  no  important  settlements  etf  ected  because  of  hostile  natives. 
Little  attention  paid  the  section  by  Spanish.  All  north  of  Gila 


\ 


MAP  OF 
ARIZONA 

Population 40,440 


river  ceded  to  TJ.  S.  by  Mexico,  by  treaty  of  Guadaloupe  Hidalgo, 
Feb.  2, 1843.  Remainder  acquired  from  Mexico  by  purchase  under 
Gadsden  treaty,  Dec.  30,  1853.  Formed  part  of  New  Mexico. 
Organized  as  separate  territory,  Feb.  24, 1803.  Number  counties, 
11.  Miles  railroad,  906.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  Nov.;  number  senators,  12;  representaves,  24;  sessions  of  legis- 
(Continued  on  page  197.) 


180 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


COLORADO. 


Named  for  Colorado  river.  Called  "Centennial  State,"  because 
admitted  1876.  First  explored  by  Vasquez  Coronado  for  Spain, 
1540.  Region  east  of  Rocky  mountains  formed  part  of  Louisiana 


purchased  from  France,  1803.  Western  portion  acquired  from 
Mexico  by  conquest,  1848.  First  exploration  by  Americans  under 
Col.  Z.  M.  Pike,  1806.  Pike's  Peak  discovered.  Col.  S.  H.  Long's 
expedition,  1820,  and  John  C.  Fremont,  "  The  Pathfinder,"  crossed 
Rockies,  1843-44.  First  American  settlement  near  Denver,  1859. 
Mining  begun.  Organized  as  territory,  Feb.,  1861,  out  of  parts  of 
(Continued  on  page  199.) 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK. 


181 


UTAH. 

Belonged  to  Mexico,  and  acquired  by  IT.  S.  1848.  Settled 
same  year  at  Salt  Lake  by  Mormons  from  Illinois.  March,  1849, 
state  of  "  Deseret "  organized.  Congress  refused  to  receive  con- 


MAP  OP 

TJ  T  AH 

Population.  _  ^  143,963 
Area  sq.miles  -  _  82,190 


stitution  adopted.  Utah  territory  organized  Sept.  1850,  included 
Colorado,  part  of  Wyoming  and  Nevada.  Brigham  Young, 
Governor.  Troubles  with  government  till  1858.  Young  removed, 
1854,  and  Col.  Steptoe  appointed  governor.  The  latter  was  re- 
sisted, and  Young  held  office  by  force.  Federal  officers  driven 
from  territory,  1856.  Alfred .  Cummings  appointed  governor, 
(Continued  on  page  ^00.) 


182 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


NEVADA. 


Name  Spanish,  meaning  "Snow 
C9vered . "  Called  "Sage  Hen  State." 
First  settlements  in  Washoe  and  Car- 
son valleys  1848,  by  Mormons.  Gold 
discovered,  1849.  Silver,  1859,  and 
brought  a  flood  of  emigration.  Terri- 
tory organized  out  of  part  of  Utah, 
March,  1861.  Received  additional  ter- 
ritory from  Utah,  1862.  Admitted  as 
state,  Oct.  1864.  Area  increased  May, 
1866,  to  present  extent,  by  additions 
from  Utah  and  Arizona.  Number 
counties,  15.  Miles  railroad,  948.  Gov- 
ernor and  State  officers  elected  quad- 
rennially, and  legislature  every  2 
years,  on  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 

in  Nov.;  number  senators,  20;  representatives,  40;  sessions  of  leg- 
islature biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday 
in  Jan.,  holding  60  days;  term  of  senators,  4  years;  of  representa- 
tives, 2  years.  Voting  population,  31,255;  native  white,  11,442; 
foreign  white,  14,191;  colored,  $5,622.  Idiots,  insane  and  con- 
victs excluded  from  voting.  School  age,  6-18  years.  Legal  in- 
terest rate,  10#;  by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  63,266;  male,  42,019;  female,  20,247; 
native,  36,613;  foreign,  25,653;  white,  53,556;  colored,  488;  Chinese, 
5,416;  Indians,  2.803. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  N.  and  S.,  485  miles;  width,  320  miles;  area, 
109,740  sq.  miles,  70,233,000  acres;  two-thirds  unsurveyed.  Surface 
elevated  table  land,  averaging  4,500  feet  above  the  sea,  and 
traversed  by  mountain  chains  north  and  south,  reaching  an  ele- 
vation of  5,500  feet  to  13,000  feet.  Sierra  Nevadas  at  West.  Hum- 
boldt  longest  river  (300  miles);  other  principal  streams  the  Col- 
orado. Several  smaller  streams  which  sink  in  earth  or  end  in 
lakes.  Lake  Tahoe,  1,500  feet  deep,  10x22  miles  in  area,  and  6,000 
feet  above  sea,  temperature,  year  round,  57  deg.;  other  notable 
lakes,  Humboldt,  Pyramid,  Walker;  many  smaller  lakes,  a  large 
proportion  of  which  have  brackish  water.  A  feature  is  the 
**  mud  lakes  "  (some  100  sq.  miles  in  area),  which  are  thick  alka- 
line deposits  in  dry  season,  with  one  or  two  feet  of  water  in  the 
wet  season.  Many  mineral  springs,  both  warm  and  cold,  exist. 
Great  part  of  surface  unavailable  for  cultivation.  Considerable 
areas  of  grazing  land  (estimated  at  y&  entire  state);  many  val- 
f  offer  a  rich,  easily  worked  and  prolific  soil.  Corn,  wheat, 
•«s,  oats  and  barley,  staple  crops;  horses,  mules,  cattle, 
r  fid  sheep,  do  well.  Forests  extensive  and  valuable.  Min- 
sources  enormous,  Comstock  lode  supposed  to  be  richest 
gilv  mine  in  the  world ;  Eureka  one  of  the  most  productive. 
A  ant  of  gold  produced,  1882,  $2,000,000;  silver,  $6,750,000.  Rich 
r  -ad  and  copper;  zinc,  platinum,  tin  and  nickel,  plumbago,  man- 
t  Anese,  cobalt,  cinnebar,  etc. ,  found.  Extensive  deposits  of  borax 
<m  Churchill  and  Esmeralda  counties.  Coal  and  iron  exist.  Ranks 
<  second  in  gold;  fourth  in  silver.  Kaolin,  building  stones,  slate, 
soda  and  salt  are  obtained.  But  little  land  improved.  Govern- 
ment land  everywhere.  Rivers  full  of  fish. 

CLIMATE  mild  in  valleys;  little  snow  except  on  mountains. 
At  north  mercury  sometimes  falls  to  15  deg.  below  zero;  air 
bracing;  health  good;  at  south  frosts  rare;  extremes  of  cold  un- 
known; summer  heat  occasionally  reaches  above  100  deg.;  tem- 
perature averages,  summer,  71  deg.;  June  hottest  month;  winter, 
36  deg.  Rainfall  slight,  chiefly  in  spring. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Virginia  City  chief  commercial  center, 
pop.  10,917.  Carson  City  (capital),-  and  contains  a  branch  mint, 
pop.  4,229. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


183 


LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Mining,  reducing  ores,  lum- 
bering, agriculture,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Chairs,  desks  and 
books,  $100 ;  necessary  household  effects ;  apparel ;  30  days'  pro- 
visions and  fuel ;  farm  utensils,  2  oxen  or  team  and  harness,  2 
cows,  wagon,  30  days'  food  for  stock;  seed,  $400;  tools, 


u      JK.     .EJ     \JT  v  u      «y      :  i         T)          A        H       O 

A 

hi*"i^S£SQ!si;^4 

8 


c 

|}^rLYO>^lV<vver^We]i..),%/  '    -    ££--.-• -U| -Wafdf^04'I.V; 

,    WiELAi:  •••,.-'/>  £/ ^"^i^i^^r^^c,^    (IC^opeTi^f 


'•- ••"'=   ^:-'v<.i-TVq'-  ^  :\        I!'°g'an^I  ^.^  I/ 

_    -S.^trFeak^  6^.     -. 

^Uae|     ^l,./ White     j  L^|  jjp   KN  ^ 

.Uc.  \  Bi;;r°  i 

\  v^    \ *    \CKfe  iiif'-j'% 

V_         O      ft5'™™'^  Xx?  W'-ThMA 

X  oYs       >     rJn^iiT\Sa!tWe!£     IA 

^    WiMHo^^       ^M^tfH 
MAP  OF  ^  \     F»te°^P'-°    (« 

NEVADA  ^  .^ISW100" 

Population  62,266  Salt  Spr.< 

.Area  Sq.miles  109,740 

— -  ( 

•     -- Cottonwood 


books,  etc.,  of  trade  or  profession;  dwelling  of  miner, 
$500;  outfit  of  miner,  $500;  sewing  machine,  arms,  etc.; 
homestead  to  $5,000.  Assignments  may  be  voluntary  or 
forced  and  release  debtor  if  there  is  no  fraud,  and  30$  dividend 
is  paid,  if  %  creditors  representing  ^  debts  agree.  Suits  barred 
after  6  years  for  land,  2  years  for  mining  claims,  6  years  on  written 
contracts  and  judgment,  4  years  on  accounts  aad  verbal  con- 


184  THE    WESTERN   WORLD 

tracts,  2  years  for  slander  or  assault.  Wife's  property  acquired 
before  marriage  subject  to  her  separate  control  and  exempt 
from  husband's  debts.  Arrest  for  debt  may  be  made  in  cases  of 
fraud  or  concealment. 

LICENSE  CHARG-ES  per  month :  Peddlers  on  foot,  $10 ; 
with  cart,  $20.  Licenses  issued  by  county  auditor.  Drummers' 
tax,  $250  on  liquor  salesmen;  cigars  and  tobacco,  $150;  boots 
and  shoes,  $75 ;  all  others,  $100  per  year. 

LIENS  hold  for  6  months  on'  structures  for  labor  and 
materials,  and  on  wood  for  cutting-  if  filed  in  60  days  or  by  sub- 
contractor in  30  days.  Judgments  hold  real  estate  2  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  comprise  the  greater  portion  of 
the  state  and  are  open  to  entry  under  the  various  forms  known 
to  the  law.  The  greater  portion  of  these  are  not  suited  to  agri- 
culture and  much  that  is  so  requires  irrigation.  THE  LAND  OF- 
FICES are  at  Eureka  for  all  that  portion  'of  the  state  east  of  range 
40  east  of  Mt.  Diable  meridian  and  includes  both  minimum  and 
double  minimum  lands ;  at  Carson  City  for  the  rest  of  the  state. 

STATE  LANDS  include  1,750,000  acres  School  lands  (all 
farming  timber  or  grazing).  They  are  sold  in  tracts  of  40  to  640 
acres  at  $1.2o,  whether  within  or  without  the  limits  of  railroad 
grants,  one-fifth  down,  balance  in  25  years  at  6%  interest  payable 
yearly,  except  for  timbered  lands,  which  must  be  paid  for  in 
cash  'at  $2.50  or  $1.25  per  acre  according  to  quality  of  timber. 
There  are  also  considerable  bodies  of  Internal  Improvement, 
Agricultural  College,  University,  Public  Building  and 
State  Prison  lands.  All  state  lands  are  controlled  by  the  State 
Land  Office  at  Carson  City.  Railroad  lands  are  also  in  the  mar- 
ket upon  a  large  scale. 


CALIFORNIA. 

Name  Spanish,  means  Hot  Fur- 
nace. Called  "Golden  State."  Visited 
by  Cortez  about  1550.  First  settled 
by  Spanish  at  San  Diego,  1768. 
Owned  by  Spain  and  formed  part  of 
Mexico,  and  with  latter  became  in- 
dependent of  Spain,  1822.  Chief 
trade  in  furs  about  this  time.  Few 
settlers.  Fremont's  expedition  to 
Settlers'  Fort  on  the  Sacramento, 
1841.  His  reports  nrpused  interest 
in  the  section.  Immigration  set  in. 
Acquired  by  U.  S.  from  Mexico  by 
conquest,  1848.  Gold  discovered, 

1848.  Rush  of  immigration  set  in, 

1849.  State  cons  itution,  without 
the    preliminary   of    a    territorial 

organization,  framed,  Sept.,  1849.  Admitted  as  a  state,  Sept.  9, 
1850.  Indians  and  Mexicans  disappearing  rapidly.  Constitution 
revised,  1878.  Number  counties,  52  Miles  railroad,  2,911.  Gov- 
ernor and  state  officers  elected  quadrennially,  and  legislature 
every  two  years;  number  senators,  40;  representatives,  80 ;  ses- 
sions of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first 
Monday  after  Jan.  1;  holds  60  days;  term  of  senators,4  years;  of  rep- 
resentatives, 2  years.  Number  electoral  votes,  8;  congressmen,  6; 
white  voters,  262583.  Idiots,  Indians,  convicts  and  Chinese  ex- 
cluded from  voting.  School  system,  very  fair ;  school  age,  5-17. 
Legal  interest.  1% ;  by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  864.694;  male,  518,176 ;  female,  346,518; 
native,  571,820;  foreign.  292,874;  white,  767,181;  colored,  6,018; 
Chinese,  75,132;  Indians,  16  2?7.  Estimated  increase,  18*. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  N.  and  S.,  725  miles;  width,  330  miles;  area,  155,- 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK. 


185 


^  miles,  99,827,200  acres.  Coast  line,  over  800  miles.  San 
Francisco  Bay  (40  miles  long,  9  wide)  magnificent  harbor.  Much 
of  state  mountainous.  Coast  range  and  Sierra  Nevadas  run  entire 
length  of  state  and  are  connected  by  cross  ranges.  Between 
ranges  are  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  valleys.  Yosemite, 
in  the  Sierras,  one  of  the  greatest  natural  wonders  of  the  world  and 


MAP  OF 
CALIFORNIA 

Population  864,694 
Area  sq.miles  155,980 


the  greatest  marvel  of  the  state,  where  scenery  is  always  grand  01 
beautiful.  Mt.  YViiitnev,  15,000  and  Mt.  Shasta  14,400  feet,  highest 
peaks.  Sierras  average  8,000  feet.  Coast  ran*e,  3,000.  Chief 
rivers,  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin,  Klamath  and  Colorado.  Princi- 
pal Jakes,  Mono,  Tahoe,  Tulare.  Very  rich  agriculturally  and  in 
minerals.  Soil  \varm,  genial  and  rich.  Two  crops  may  be  raised 
in  a  season.  Irrigation  necessary  in  parts  and  almost  always  de- 
sirable: effected  by  canals  and  artesian  wells.  Wheat  most 


186  THE  WESTERN  WOULD 

valuable  crop;  all  cereals,  root  crops  and  grasses  do  well;  corn, 
barley,  grapes,  fruit,  nuts,  silk,  hops  and  oats  staples.  Mineral 
deposits  include  gold,  silver,  iron,  copper,  mercury,  coal,  stones, 
salt,  soda,  etc.  Ranks  high  as  a  fruit-growing-  state;  fruits 
of  temperate  climates,  sub-tropical  fruits  and  nuts,  grapes,  north 
to  41  deg.;  olives,  etc.,  grow  to  great  perfection.  Fine  sheep- 
raising  country;  Cashmere  goats  introduced  and  succeed.  Ranks 
first  in  barley,  grape  culture,  sheep,  gold  and  quicksilver ;  third 
in  hops,  fifth  in  wheat  and  salt.  Noble  forests  of  redwood  and 
other  valuable  growths.  Land  runs  from  $1.25  to  several  hundred 
dollars  per  acre.  Improved  land  averages  $oO  unimproved  $7.50 
per  acre.  It  is  the  paradise  of  the  small  farmer.  Plenty  of  room 
for  men  with  a  little  something  to  begin  on. 

CLIMATE  varies  with  elevation  and  latitude.  Mild  and 
pleasant  on  coast.  Men  work  in  shirt  sleeves  all  the  year.  Aver- 
age temperature  at  San  Francisco  in  summer,  62  deg.;  winter,  50 
deg.  Warmer  in  interior,  reaching  at  times  100  deg.  Rainfall, 
variable,  from  7  to  50  inches  at  San  Francisco.  Average  at  S.,  10 
inches.  Melting  snow  from  mountains  replaces  rainfall.  Frosts 
rare,  Health  unsurpassed. 

CHIEF  CITIES. San  Francisco,  port  of  entry;  regular  line 
of  steamers  to  Australia,  Panama,  Mexico,  China  and  Japan  •  pop 
300,000;  Sacramento  (capital),  pop.  32,000;  pop.  Oakland,  40,000; 
San  Jose,  17,567;  Stockton,  15,282;  Los  Angeles,  25,000;  U.  S.  navy 
yard  at  San  Pablo  Bay. 

READING  INDTJSTRIES.-Agricutture,  stock  raising, 
fruit  culture,  mining,  lumbering,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  except  for  pur- 
chase recovery:  Chairs,  desks  and  books  to  $200;  necessary  fur- 
niture, etc. ;  sewing  machine,  apparel ;  3  months'  provisions,  3 
cows  and  calves,  4  hogs  and  their  pigs,  feed  for  animals  1  month, 
$200  in  seeds,  etc.;  75  beehives,  horse  or  vehicle  of  cripple,  tools, 
books  or  instruments  of  calling;  books  of  abstract,  miner's  cabin, 
to  $500;  mine  to  $1,000, 2  oxen,  mules  or  horses,  1  wag9n  or  vehicle, 
$25  in  poultry,  30  days'  earnings,  $1,000  worth  shares  in  homestead 
association  it  no  homestead,  life  insurance  (premium  not  more 
than  $500  per  year),  arms,  homestead,  $5,000,  to  a  single  person, 
$1,000.  Assignments  cannot  prefer  and  do  not  release.  Release 
may  be  had  under  insolvent  laws.  Suits  for  land  barred  after  5 
years,  after  4  on  written  contracts,  after  2  on  simple  contract, 
after  3  lor  fraud,  after  1  for  slander,  libel,  assault  and  seduction. 
Wife's  property  acquired  before  marriage  subject  to  her  separate 
control  and  exempt.  She  can  do  business  if  authorized  by  court. 
Arrest  for  debt  can  be  made  on  declaration  of  fraud,  removal  or 
concealment. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  month:  Peddlers  (unless  selling- 
goods  made  in  state)  in  wagon,  $15;  on  foot,  $5,  to  county  auditor. 

LIENS  hold  on  premises  for  labor  and  material  of  all  kinds  if 
filed  in  60  days,  or  in  30  by  sub-contractor,  and  sued  on  in  90  days 
thereafter.  Judgments  hold  real  estate  2  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  to  over  40,000,000  acres  remain 
unoccupied,  chiefly  in  the  mountains,  barrens  and  foot  hills,  but 
includes  much  good  land,  and  is  subject  to  all  forms  of  entry, 
except  timber  culture.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Bodie,  Hum- 
boldt,  Los  Angeles,  Marysville,  San  Francisco,  Stockton,  Shasta, 
Susanvilie,  Sacramento  and  Visalia  for  surrounding  districts. 

STATE  LANDS,  also  hilly  and  back  from  railways,  are  for 
sale  at  nominal  figures;  TV  cash,  balance  in  10  years  with  interest. 
They  are  located  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  A  large  area  of  railroad 
land  is  also  oil ered.  __________________ 

WYOMING. 

Indian  name.  First  settlements,  Ft.  Laramie  and  Ft.  Bridger, 
1867.  Included  in  Idaho,  1863,  and  organized  as  a  territory  from 
portions  of  Dakota, Utah  and  Colorado,1868.  Present  number  coun- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


187 


ties,  9;  all  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov. ;  number 
senators,  12;  representatives,  24;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial, 
in  even-numbered  years,  meeting-  second  Tuesday  Jan.;  hold 
60  days;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  years  each; 
voters,  10,180;  native  white,  6,042;  foreign  white,  3,199,  colored, 
939.  Good  school  system  started;  school  age,  7-21.  Legal  interest 


rate,  12^;  by  contract,  any  rate.  Reserve  of  land  for  school 
endowment  when  admitted  as  a  state,  one-eighteenth  of  entire 
area  of.  agricultural  lands.  Miles  of  railroad,  1885, 616. 

POPULATION,  1880, 20,780;  male,  14,153;  female,  6,037;  native, 
14,939;  foreign,  5,850;  white,  19,437;  colored,  298;  Chinese,  914; 
Indians,  2,400,  Estimated  increase,  40%. 

(Continued  on  Dc^e  201.) 


188 


THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


MONTANA. 

Acquired  from  France  1803,  but  unexplored  during  first  half 
present  century.  Gold  discovered  1860.  Formed  part  of  Idaho, 
organized  1863.  Separated  from  Idaho  and  organized  as  Montana 
territory  May,  1831.  Area  increased,  1873,  by2,OuO  square  miles  cut 


off  Dakota.  Capital  first  at  Virginia  City;  removed  to  Helena  1875. 
Custer  massacre  June  25,  1876  (350  men  of  the  7th  United.  States  . 
Cavalry  annihilated  by  Sioux  under  Sitting-  Bull),  on  the  Little  Big 
Horn  river.  Number  counties,  14.  Miles  of  railroad,  1,047.  All 
elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.  Number  (senators, 
12;  representatives,  24;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd- 
Continued  on  page  202.) 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  189 

IDAHO. 

Acquired  from  France,  1803,  by  Louisiana  purchase,  visited  by 
trappers,  prospectors  and  missionaries  in  first  half  of  the  cent- 
ury. Gold  discovered,  1860,  in  Oro  Fino  creek.  Organized  as 
territory  March,  1863,  out  of  parts  of  Nebraska,  Dakota  and 


Washington  territories,  and  included  Montana  and  part  of  Wy- 
oming-. Pesent  boundaries  fixed,  1868.  Present  number  coun- 
ties, 14.  All  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  num- 
ber senators.  12;  representatives,  24,  sessions  of  legislature 
biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  second  Monday  in 
(Continued  on  page  203.) 


190 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


WASHINGTON. 


Named  for  George  Washington.  First  sett! ement  at  Tumwater 
1845;  preceded,  however,  by  Hudson  Bay  Co.'s  trading  posts 
Formed  part  of  Oregon  (which  see);  separated  March,  1853,  and 
organized  as  territory.  Comprised  all  region  from  Pacific  to 


summit  of  Rocky  Mountains  north  of  Columbia  river.  Parts  of 
Idaho,  Wyoming  and  Montana  added  1859,  giving  area  of  200,000 
square  miles,  subsequently  reduced  to  present  size.  First  legisla- 
ture assembled  at  Olytnpia  February,  1854.  Indian  wars  1855  and 
1858.  Gold  discovered  1855.  Island  San  Juan  in  dispute  between 
United  States  and  England  1859.  Rights  of  the  Hudson  Bay  and 
(Continued  on  page  204.) 


GUIDE  AJSTD   HAND-BOOK. 


191 


ALASKA. 

Discovered  by  Vitus  Retiring-,  1741,  and  became  Russian  terri- 
tory by  rijrht  of  discovery.  Called  first  Alayeska  by  natives, 
simplified  to  present  form.  Purchased  by  the  United  States  for 
$7,000,000, 1867,  as  a  deed  of  gratitude  to  Russia  for  her  course  in 


civil  war.  Has  paid  five  per  cent  on  investment  ever  since,  and 
promises  to  become  the  source  of  enormous  mineral,  fur,  agri- 
cultural and  timber  wealth.  Now  beginning-  to  be  explored. 
Governor  appointed  by  the  president  of  the  United  States. 

POPULATION-Whites,  2,000:  Indians,  estimated,  Immits, 
18,000;  Aleutian,  2,200;  Ninneh,  4,000;  Thlinket,  7,000;  Hyda.  800- 


192 


THE     WESTERN  "WORLD 


TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,   SOIL,   PRODUCTS,   ETC.— 

Extreme  length  north  and  south,  1  200  miles ;  width,  »00  miles. 
Area  (estimated, un surveyed),  531,409  sq.  miles;  Arctic  division. 
125,000;  Yukon,  180,000;  Kuskokvim,  115,000;  Aleutian,  15,000; 
Kadiak,  75,000;  Southeastern,  40,000.  Yukon  Chief  river,  80 
miles  wide  at  mouth,  navigable  040  miles;  length  about  1,300 


miles;  coast  line,  5,000  miles,  including  bays.  Aleutian  and 
Sitka  districts  are  the  agricultural  regions.  Most  fertile  land 
near  Cook's  Inlet ;  good  oats,  barley  and  root  crops  are  raised 
here  without  much  difficulty.  Rich  grass  land  in  the  valley 
of  Yukon,  but  extreme  dampness  and  want  of  summer  heat 
prevent  the  ripening  of  grain.  Timber  abundant  on  mam- 


GUIDE   AND 


193 


land :  yellow  cedar  the  best,  being  of  great  value  for  boat-build- 
ing. Edible  berries  are  plentiful.  A  fine  quality  9!'  white 
marble  is  found  on  Lynn  Channel ;  coal,  amber  and  lignite  on 
Aleutian  Islands,  the  best  coal  being  on  Cook's  Inlet.  Gold, 
silver,  copper,  cinnabar  and  iron  are  found;  sulphur  is  abun- 
dant in  volcanic  districts.  Noted  for  its  fur-bearing  animals, 
the  chief  of  which  are  beaver,  ermine,  fox,  marten,  otter, 
squirrel  and  wolf.  The  main  source  of  revenue  is  the  fur  seal, 
the  taking  of  which  is  regulated  by  law.  The  walrus  is  of  value 
in  furnishing  ivory  and  oil.  Whales,  cod,  herring  and  halibut 
and  salmon  are  abundant.  Land  not  open  to  settlement. 

CLIMATE.-  Pacific  coast  modified  by  Pacific  gulf  stream  and 
long  summer  days.  Temperature  at  Sitka  averages  winter 
about  that  of  Washington,  D.  C.  Rainfall  copious,  and  foggy 
weathe*  common  on  coasts  and  islnnds ;  Sitka,  one  of  rainiest 
places  in  the  world  outside  the  tropics,  the  annual  precipitation 
65  to  90  inches,  rainy  -;  *:  /9C  to  285  in  year. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Sitka,  seat  of  Bishop  of  Greek  church, 
and  headquarters  of  governor.  Pop.  995 ;  white,  163 ;  Creole,  219 ; 
Thlinket,  613.  Fort  St.  Nicholas,  Cook's  Inlet,  Fort  St.  Michael 
and  Norton's  Sound  are  other  main  settlements.  Harbors  at 
Port  Clarence,  Michaelooski  and  Captain's  Harbor. 

INDUSTRIES.— Fishing,  canning,  trapping  and  mining. 


OREGON. 

Name  Spanish;  means  "Wild 
Thyme."  So  named  because  of 
abundance  of  that  herb.  Visited 
by  Capt.  Robert  Gray,  of  Bos- 
ton, with  ship  Columbia,  1792,  who 
anchored  in  the  river  named  for 
his  vessel.  Trading  post  established 
at  Astoria  by  Pacific  Fur  Co.,  1811 . 
By  treaty,  1818,  jointly  occupied  by 
United  States  and  England,  and 
included  all  Pacific  coast  region 
between  42  deg.  ana  54  deg.  40  min. 
north  latitude.  Population  chiefly 
Candaian  till  1833,  when  immigra- 
tion from  United  States  began.  49th 
parallel  fixed  as  line  f<etwetn  Brit- 
ish possessions  and  United  States. 

Oregon  territory  organized  August,  1848,  included  Washington 
territory;  the  latter  under  title  of  "  District  of  Vancouver"  cut 
off,  1852.  Indian  troubles,  1844,  '47  and  '54.  State  constitution 
adopted,  1857.  Idaho  cut  off  and  added  to  Washington  territory, 
1859.  Oregon  admitted  as  a  state,  185  .  Modoc  war,  1873.  Num- 
ber counties,  25;  miles  railroad,  1,165.  State  officers  elected 
quadrennially,  and  legislature  every  two  years;  number  of  sena- 
tors, 30;  representatives.  60;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in 
odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  Jan.;  holds  40  days; 
term  of  senators,  4  years;  representatives,  2  years.  Number 
electoral  votes,  3;  congressmen,  J;  voters,  59,629,  including 
women.  United  States  army,  idiots,  insane,  convicts  and  Chinese 
not  voting.  Number  of  colleges,  7;  school  age,  4-20;  school 
system,  good.  Legal  interest  rate,  8#;  by  contract,  IU#;  usury 
forfeits  principal  and  interest. 

POPULATIOlSr,1885,  iy-i,l51  ;male,  103,210; native,  144,265;  white, 
163,075;  Chinese,  9.510;  Indians,  1,694.  Estimated  increase,  \l%. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Average  length  E.  and  W.,  362  miles;  average  width,  260  miles, 
area,  94,560  sq.  miles;  60,518,4  (0  acres.  Surface  divided  into  E. 
and  W.  Oregon  by  Cascade  mountains,  4,00  to  11,225  feet  high. 
Principal  peaks,  Mt.  Hood,  11,225;  Jefferson,  10,200;  Three  Sisters, 


194  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 

9,450;  Diamond,  9,420;  and  McLaughlin,  11,000  feet.  Eastern  Ore- 
gon, two-thirds  entiie  state,  mountainous;  at  N.  and  N.  bJ.  (Blue 
range),  with  wide  rich  valleys;  less  so  at  S.  and  S.  E.  Western 
Oregon  includes  Coast  Range  mountains,  parallel  with  ocean, 
averaging1  25  miles  from  same.  Elevation  1,000  to  4,000  feet. 
Valleys  throughout  state  deep,  and  scenery  noble,  including 
canons  of  enormous  depth.  Columbia  river,  1,300  miles  long; 
navigable  175  miles,  full  of  cascades,  and  runs  Through  entranc- 
ing scenery.  Snake,  Rogue  and  Umpqua  are  important  streams; 
smaller  ones  numerous.  Noted  harbors,  moutns  of  Columbia 
and  Rogue  rivers,  Tillamook  bay  and  Port  Oxford.  Lakes  chiefly 
in  Lake  and  Grant  counties;  Malheur,  Harlay,  Summer,  Albert, 
Christmas,  Goo^e,  Silver,  largest.  Soil  generally  superior. 
Wheat  the  best  crop;  superior  in  yield  and  quality;  other  crops 
do  well,  as  do  also  fruits  and  vegetables,  etc.  Extremely  favor- 
able to  cattle  and  sheep.  Rich  in  minerals;  gold  in  Jackson, 
Josephine,  Baker  and  Grant  counties;  copper  in  Josephine, 
Douglas  and  Jackson;  iron  ore  throughout  the  state;  coal  along 
Coast  range.  Timber  resources  enormous,  and  but  little 
touched  Salmon  fisheries  among  best  in  world.  Improved  land 
averages  $17.50,  unimproved,  $4.  Area,  arable  two-fifths  state, 
forest  one-sixth  state. 

CLIMATE  in  western  Oregon  moist;  equable;  rainfall,  59 
inches.  In  eastern  Oregon  dry.  Both  pleasant  and  healthful, 
though  subject  to  occasional  extremes  at  east.  Crops  in  east  do 
not  suffer,  however,  from  drouth.  At  west  snow  and  ice  un- 
known, except  on  peaks,  where  it  is  perpetual.  Frosts  on  high 
lands.  Average  temperature,  summer,  65  deg.;  winter,  45  deg. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Portland,  Astoria  and  Coos  Bay,  ports  of 
entry;  Roseburgh;  Portland,  pop.  30,000;  Salem,  capital. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  grazing,  mining, 
fishing,  lumbering,  fruit  growing,  canning,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Books,  pictures 
and  musical  instruments  to  $75 ;  apparel,  $100,  or  $50  for  each 
member  of  family ;  tools,  books,  instruments,  team,  etc.,  neces- 
sary to  occupation,  $400 ;  60  days'  feed,  for  all  animals ;  to  house- 
holder, 10  sheep  and  fleeces;  2  cows;  5  swine;  furniture,  etc., 
$300;  6  months' provisions.  Assignment  cannot  prefer  and  does 
not  release.  Suits  barred  after  10  years  for  land,  on  judgment 
and  sealed  instrument,  after  6  on  contract,  statute  liability  and 
injury  to  personal  property,  after  1  year  for  slander,  assault,  etc. 
Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  contract  concerning  same. 
Ko  imprisonment  for  debt  except  in  cases  of  fraud. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Peddlers  not  less  than 
$10  nor  more  than  $200. 

LIENS  hold  first  year  on  structures  for  labor  and  materials, 
if  filed.  Judgments  hold  land  10  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  in  Oregon  aggregate  many  mill- 
ion acres,  chiefly  timbered  tracts  in  the  mountains  and  foot- 
hills, but  offering  many  desirable  locations  for  homestead,  cash 
or  pre-emption  entry.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  The  Dalles  and 
Lake  View,  Oregon  City,  Roseburg  and  Le  Grand  for  the  regions 
contiguous  to  each. 

STATE  LANDS  are  offered  to  a  considerable  extent,  as  are 
also  railrotid  grant  lands.  The  price  and  terms  for  both  are  made 
with  a  view  to  assist  settlers. 


ARKANSAS.    . 

(Concluded  from  page  176.) 
TOPOGRAPHY,   AREA,   SOIL,    PRODUCTS,   ETC.- 

Leng-th  N.  and  S.,  240  miles ;  average  breadth,  212  miles ;  area, 
53,845  sq.  miles,  34,460,800  acres.  Surface  low  and  level  in  eastern 
portion,  gradually  becomes  more  hilly  toward  west,  and  in  the 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  195 


Ozark  mountains  at  northwest  reaches  an  elevation  of  2,000  feet. 
The  extreme  western  portion  is  a  high  plain.  The  chief  streams 
are :  Mississippi  (415  miles),  Arkansas  ('00  miles  in  the  state),  Red, 
Ouachita,  St.  Francis  and  White,  all  navigable.  Into  the  large 
streams  flow  innumeraole  lesser  ones.  The  scenery  is  varied  and 
frequently  charming.  Hot  Springs  (temperature,  140  deg.),  great 
natural  wonder  and  famous  for  medicinal  properties .  The  soil 
varies,  but  the  greater  portion  is  exceptionally  rich  and  suited 
to  all  crops,  especially  fruits,  berries  and  gardening.  Arkansas 
vegetables  and  fruits  reach  St.  Louis  and  Chicago  markets  early 
and  command  best  prices.  State  especially  favorable  to  agri- 
culture and  emigration.  All  parts  magnificently  timbered.  Pine, 
oak,  cypress,  cedar,  hickory,  walnut,  linn,  locust,  chief  growths. 
Cleared  land  averages  $10  and  woodland  $3  per  acre.  Coal  exists 
on  the  Ash  river,  iron  in  the  Ozarks,  salt  near  Ouachita.  Oilstone 
(celebrated  for  quality*  near  Hot  Springs ;  kaolin  in  Pulaski 
county.  Staple  products,  corn,  wheat,  cotton,  tobacco,  oats, 
sweet  potatoes,  mules,  tar,  turpentine,  lumber,  etc. 

CLIMATE  genial ;  temperature  ranges  15  deg,  to  95  deg.,  on 
rare  occasions  going  to  100  deg.  Averages,  winter,  45  deg.;  sum- 
mer, 80  deg.  Rainfall,  44  in.,  heaviest  in  S.  E.,  lightest  in  N.W. 
Health  unsurpassed,  especially  in  N.  W. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Little  Rock  (cap.), pop. ,  25,000.  Hot  Springs. 

INDUSTRIES,  2.100  in  number.     Cniefly  agricultural. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Apparel  to  un- 
married persons,  $200  in  personal  property;  to  heads  of  families, 
$.500  in  personality  and  homestead,  160  acres  or  one  acre  in  town, 
not  to  exceed  $3.50),  tools  of  trade,  etc.  Assignment  can  pre- 
fer, but  does  not  release  debtor.  Suits  barred  after  10  years  on 
judgment  and  bond,  7  years  for  land,  5  years  on  note  and  written 
instrument,  3  years  on  verbal  contract,  and  after  1  year  for 
wrongful  taking  of  goods.  Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can 
dispose  of  same  as  if  single. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  6  months:  Peddlers,  $25  to  state, 
and  $25  to  each  county. 

LIENS  hold  on  buildings  for  labor  and  material  if  filed  with 
county  clerk  in  3  months.  Judgments  hold  land  for  3  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  to  a  very  large  area  are  yet  open 
to  homestead,  cash  and  pre-emption  entry,  and  include  all  classes 
of  land  found  in  the  state.  THE  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Little 
Rock,  controlling  1,500,000  acres  in  a  district  extending  20  mile; 
east  and  80  to  100  miles  west  of  the  city,  and  about  25  miles  wides 
at  Dardanelle,  controlling  1,500,000  acres  in  Crawford,  Franklin, 
Johnson,  Pope,  Logan,  Yell,  Scott,  Sebastian,  and  parts  of  Perry, 
Garland,  Saline  and  Montgomery  counties;  at  Camden,  con- 
trolling 1,600,000  acres  in  the  counties  of  Polk,  Pike,  Sevier, 
Montgomery,  G-arland,  Hot  Springs,  Clark,  Howard,  Hempstead, 
Little  River,  Miller,  LaFayette,  Columbia,  Nevada,  Ouachita, 
Caihoun,  Bradley,  Drew.  Ashley,  Union,  and  part  of  Dorsey;  at 
Harrison,  controlling  2,560,000  acres  in  remainder  of  state. 

STATE  LANDS  about  1,000.000  acres,  Forfeited  lands  held 
at  50  cents  per  ncre;  14,000  acres  Internal  Improvement  land; 
15,000  acres  Saline  lands,  some  small  tracts  of  Seminary.  State, 
Bank,  and  Real  Estate  Bank  lands;  70,000  acres  of  Swamp 
lands,  and  a  large  area  of  School  lands.  All  except  the  latter 
are  controlled  by  the  Commissioner  of  State  Lands  at  Little 
Rock.  Forfeited  lands  are  free  to  settlers  who  improve  them. 


INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

(Concluded  from  page  177.) 

both  of  which  are  the  subject  of  a  move  to  open  them  to  settlors. 
Each  tribe  elects  officers,  legislatures  imd  courts,  and  criminals 
are  punished  as  in  the  states.  No  laws  for  collection  of  debt.  All 
land  held  in  common,  and  any  Indian  may  cultivate  as  much  as 


196  THE   WESTERN   WOELD 

he  wants,  but  one-quarter  mile  must  intervene  between  farms. 
Whites  can  hold  land  only  by  marrying  an  Indian.  Miles  of  rail- 
road, 353.  School  system  excellent;  pupils  educated  and  supported 
by  the  tribes,  half  entire  revenue  being  set  aside  for  the  purpose. 
Three  colleges.  200  schools. 

POPULATION,  80,000;  Cherokees,  20,000;  Choctaws,  16,500; 
Creeks,  14,500;  Uhickasaws,  7,000;  Seminoles,  2,500;  Osages,  2,400; 
Cheyennes,  3,298;  Arapahoes,  2,676;  Kiowas,  1,120;  Pawnees,  1,438; 
Comanches,  1,475.  Two-fifths  of  entire  population  can  read. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.-Ex- 
treme  length  east  and  west,  470  miles;  average  length,  320  miles; 
width,  210  miles;  area,  69,991  miles,  44,154,240  acres.  Surface, 
vast  rolling  plain  sloping  eastward.  Mountains,  Witchita,  at 
S.W.;  Ozark  and  Washita  at  east.  Valleys  timbered  heavily  with 
oak,  ash,  elm,  sycamore,  and  other  hard  woods.  Bluffs  skirt 
valleys ;  uplands  are  prairi^  which  at  west  lack  fertility;  N.E. 
section  also  well  wooded,  but  rocky.  Beautiful  country  to 
look  upon.  Principal  rj  -ers,  Arkansas,  Verdigris,  Neosho, 
Illinois,  Canadian,  Cimairon,  Black  Bear,  Little  Arkansas, 
Poleau,  North  Fork,  Red,  Washita.  Red  and  Arkansas  only 
navigable.  Small  streams  numerous  at  east,  but  scarce  at 
west.  South  of  Canadian  river  prairies  very  fertile:  valleys 
rich  and  productive  throughout  territory;  grass  rich  and 
heavy  almost  everywhere.  Corn,  cotton,  rice,  wheat,  rye, 
potatoes  are  staples.  Grazing  interests  large.  Coal  is  found,  but 
extent  unknown.  Furbearing  animals  numerous.  Of  the  area 
Cherokees  own  5,000,000  acres  in  N.  and  N.E.;  Seminoles,  200,000  in 
E.  central;  Creeks,  3,215,495  in  E.;  Chickasaws,  4,377,600  in  south. 

CLIMATE.— Mild  in  winter,  warm  in  summer.  Temperature 
averages  41  deg.  winter,  80  deg.  summer.  Rainfall,  at  east,  50 
inches;  center,  36;  far  west,  22.  Health  as  good  as  anywhere  in 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Tahlequah,  capital  of  Cherokees;  Tisho- 
mingo,  capital  of  Chickasaws;  Tushkahoma,of  Choctaws;  Musco- 
gee.  of  Creeks;  Pawhuska,  of  Osages;  Seminole  Agency,  of  Semi- 
noles; Pawnee  Agency,  of  Pawnees;  Kiowa  and  Comanche 
Agencv,  of  Kiowas  and  Comanches. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.- Agriculture  and  grazing. 


NEW  MEXICO.  . 

(Concluded  From  page  178.) 

and  all  New  Mexico  conquered  from  Mexico,  Aug.  18, 1846,  and 
same  ceded  to  U.  S.  by  treaty  Guadaloupe  Hidalgo,  1848.  Re- 
volt, 1849.  suppressed.  Organized  as  Territory,  1850.  Arizona 
added  to  the  territory,  1853.  Separated,  1863.  14,000  sq.  miles  cut 
off  and  added  to  Colorado,  1861.  Santa  Fe  captured  by  Confed- 
erates, 1862,  but  soon  abandoned.  Number  counties,  13.  All 
elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  number  senators, 
12 ;  representatives,  24 :  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  even- 
numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  Jan.;  hold  60  days; 
terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2  years  each.  Voters, 
34,076;  native  white,  26,423:  foreign  white,  4,558;  colored,  3,095. 
School  age,  7-18  years.  Legal  interest  rate,  6#;  by  contract,  12*. 
Mile*  railroad,  187H  to  1885, 1.191. 

POPULATION.  1885,  131.985:     male,  71,496;    native,  111,514; 
white,  1 08,721 :  Indians.  9  772     Estimated  increase.  1887 


122,UUU    Sl-J.    lulled,      <c,tuv',wuv   av;nro.        iji^ » <zi>ivs.u,    w.v>uw    ~^    *,Vw    ~.^~~. 

Mountain  peaks,  12.000  feet.  Surface  made  up  of  series  of  level 
plateaus,  traversed  by  mountains,  with  lofty  peaks  and  fertile 
valleys.  The  Rocky  mountains  divide  into  two  ranges,  the  one 
on  the  east,  the  loftier  of  the  two  endinur  ne«r  Santa  Fe,  and  the 
otner,  the  Sierra  Madre,  extending  to  the  southward,  to  the  Sierra 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  197 

Madre  of  Mexico.  Almost  two-thirds  of  the  Territory  is  east  of 
this  range.  The  region  to  the  west  consists  of  high  table  lands 
and  isolated  peaks.  East  9f  the  eastern  range  the  land  slopes 
gradually  to  the  Mississippi.  The  Staked  Plain,  an  elevated  re- 
gion, unwatered  and  without  w9Od,  extends  into  the  southeast- 
ern part  of'  the  territory.  Principal  rivers,  Rio  Grande  Del- 
Norte,  Pecos,  Canadian,  Gila,  Mimbres  and  San  Fraricisq.  Small 
streams  are  few.  None  of  the  streams  are  navigable  within  the 
territory.  Timber  is  scarce,  except  in  a  few  sections.  The  moun- 
tains are  clothed  with  pine,  spruce  and  fir ;  cedar  grows  in  foot 
hills,  and  cottonwood  and  sycamore  in  valleys.  Soil  rich  where 
water  can  be  had  for  irrigation  or  on  streams.  Corn,  wheat,  oats, 
alfalfa,  grapes,  vegetables,  especially  onions  and  root  crops  and 
semi-tropical  fruits  are  prolific.  Sheep  raising  very  profitable. 
Grazing  interests  extensive.  Gold  found  in  Grant,  Lincoln,  Col- 
fax  and  Bernalillo  counties;  rich  copper  mines  in  Bernalillo 
county,  and  in  the  Pinos  Altos  region.  Zinc,  quicksilver,  lead, 
manganese,  and  large  deposits  of  coal  have  been  found.  Irri- 
gable surface,  7,000  sq.  miles.  Improved  land  only  i^  of  terri 
tory.  Woodland,  ^  of  surface,  unoccupied  £|  of  surface.  Room 
in  all  callings  for  enterprise. 

CLIMATE  varies  with  different  elevations.  Temperature 
averages,  summer,  70  deg.;  winter,  33  deg.  Range  of  temperature, 
4  dear,  below  zero  to  90  degs.  above.  "  is  much  warmer  than  the 
average  in  the  lower  altitudes,  and  c<  ider  in  the  higher.  Air  dry, 
rarefied  and  pure.  Rainfall,  9  to  11  inches.  Pneumonia  ome- 
times  prevails.  Health  average  good. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Santa  Fe,  capital,  pop.  12,000.  Las  Vegas, 
Silver  City  and  Albuquerque. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Mining,  stock  raising  and 
agriculture. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  To  heads  of  fam- 
ilies, apparel,  beds  and  bedding,  30  days'  fuel,  school  books,  pict- 
ures, $25  in  provisions,  $10  in  furniture,  tools  to  325,  and  home- 
stead $1,COO.  No  statute  on  assignment.  Suits  barred  after  20 
years  on  judgment,  after  10  years  for  real  estate,  after  6  on  notes, 
bonds  and  written  contracts,  after  4  on  accounts,  verbal  con- 
tracts, etc.  Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  do  business. 
Arrest  for  debt  permitted. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Drummers,  $250  per  year. 

LIENS  hold  on  buildings  for  labor  and  material  if  filed  in 
60  days  and  sued  on  in  1  year;  on  property  for  rent  and  freight. 
Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  include  the  greater  part  of  the 
territory.  LAND  OFFICES  at  Santa  Fe  and  Las  Cruces  for  their 
respective  sections.  All  forms  of  entry  apply.  Railroad  lands 
are  offered  in  large  quantities. 


ARIZONA. 

(Concluded  from  page  179.) 

lature  biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in 
Jan.,  holds  60  days;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2 
year*  each;  voters,  20,398;  native  white,  9,790;  foreign  white, 
8,256;  colored,  2,352.  School  age,  6-21  years.  Legal  interest  rate, 
10$;  by  contract^  any  rate;  no  penalty  for  usury.  School  endow- 
ment in  lands  reserved  very  large. 

POPULATION,  1880,  40,440;  male,  28,202;  female,  12,238;  na- 
tive, 24,391;  foreign,  16,049;  white,  35,160;  colored,  155;  Chinese, 
1,630;  Indians,  3,493.  Estimated  increase,  25£. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  north  and  south,  378  miles;  width  339  miles;  area, 
113,929  sq.  miles,  72,914,560  acres;  five-sixths  unsurveyed.  Surface 
at  northeast  and  center  elevated  plateau  %000  to  8,000  feet  high, 


198  THE   WESTERN  WORLD 

with  volcanic  peaks  reaching1  an  altitude  of  10,500  feet.  Southern 
portion  a  plain,  dipping  occasionally  below  sea  level,  and  rising 
only  to  a  very  moderate  elevation  (200  to  600  feet  usually);  moun- 
tains numerous;  highest  point  San  Francisco,  11,056  feet.  Col- 
erado  only  navigable  river  (navigable  620  miles).  Flows  between 
perpendicular  walls  cut  in  solid  rock  in  places  7,dOO  feet  high. 
Other  important  rivers  the  Gila,  Little  Colorado,  Colorado 
Chiquito  and  Bill  William's  Fork.  Smaller  streams  are  only 
moderately  supplied.  Agriculture  possible  only  in  the  valleys  or 
where  irrigation  is  practicable.  One-twelfth  of  the  territory 
may  be  successfully  irrigated .  Soil  in  valleys  and  bottoms  very 
rich  and  prolific.  Wheat,  barley,  potatoes,  hay,  corn,  onions  are 
staple  Held  crops;  corn  follows  wheat  or  barley,  giving  two  crops 
yearly.  Bottoms  of  Gila  river  and  its  tributaries  possess  largest 
area  of  farming  land.  Oranges  and  all  semi-tropical  fruits,  grapes 
and  berries  do  very  well  where  water  is  obtainable .  A  large  por- 
tion of  f  ne  territory  is  covered  with  rich  and  abundant  grasses, 
which  afford  nutritious  grazing  the  year  round,  and  cattle-raising 
3-3  extremely  profitable.  Desert  tracts  of  considerable  area  are 
found  formed  of  shifting  sands.  Timber  grows  on  the  moun- 
tains, foot-hills,  and  along  the  streams.  The  varieties  include 
pine  and  cedar  on  mountains;  cottonwpod,  walnut  and  cherry 
011  streams.  Size  of  trees  fair,  and  quantity  large.  On  plains  S.  of 
he  Gila  only  artemisia,  cactus  and  mesquite  are  found.  Abund- 
ant mineral  wealth  exists,  which  can  now  be  developed  with  profit, 
owing  to  completion  of  railways;  nearly  all  mountain  ranges 
contain  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead.  Superior  quality  of  lime 
found  near  Prescott  and  Tucson;  beds  of  gypsum  in  San  Pedro 
valley;  remarkable  deposits  of  pure,  transparent  salt  near  Call- 
ville-  Ter.Titory  ranks  second  in  production  of  silver.  Oppor- 
tunities in  agriculture,  fruit-raising  and  mining  good. 

CLIMATE  exceptionally  healthful,  and  generally  mild,  ex- 
ceTU  in  mountains;  temperature  averages  38  deg.  winter,  73  deg. 
summer;  much  warmer  at  south,  the  thermometer  reaching  oc- 
casionally 115,  and  rarely  falling  below  35  deg.  in  winter.  In 
central  portion  heat  seldom  exceeds  88  deg.  to  90  deg;  snow  in 
mountains,  but  melts  soon.  Rainfall  on  Gila  6  inches;  in  foot- 
hills 28  inches;  heaviest  in  July  and  August. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Tucson,  pop.  10,000.  Prescott,  the  capital, 
pop.  6,000. 

LEADING  INDTJSTRIES.-Mining,  grazing  agriculture, 
lumbering,  smelting,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Spinning  wheels 
and  looms,  stoves,  arms,  etc.,  apparel,  library  to  $150;  to  house- 
holder, 10  goats  or  sheep  and  fleeces  thereof,  2  cows,  5 
swine,  6  months1  provisions,  $600  in  furniture,  $600  in  tools,  stock, 
team,  etc.,  of  trade,  3  months'  feed  for  animals,  sewing  machine, 
musical  instrument,  homestead  to  $5,000.  No  assignment  laws. 
Suits  barred  after  5  years  on  judgment,  after  4  on  written  con- 
tract, after  3  on  statute  liability  and  for  f  rand,  after  2  on  account 
or  verbal  contract,  and  after  1  year  for  libel,  slander  and  assault. 
Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  dispose  of  same  as  if  single  if 
2  it  years  old.  Arrest  for  debt  permitted  when  fraud  is  declared. 

'LICENSE  CHARGES  per  month:  Peddlers  (unless  goods 
made  in  Territory),  $10  ;  on  foot,  $5,  to  county  treasurer.  Drum- 
mers tax  $200  per  year.  Tucson,  $50  per  quarter;  Tombstone, 
$10  per  day. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  and  personalty  for  labor,  material 
and  repairs.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  ffcr  2  years. 

PUBLIC  LANDS.— The  greater  portion  of  Arizona  is  gov- 
ernment land  open  to  all  forms  of  entry.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are 
at  Prescott  for  the  northern  and  at  Tucson  for  the  southern  por- 
tions of  the  territory.  Much  railroad  land  is  for  sale. 


GUIDE   AND    HAND-BOOK.  199 

N 

COLORADO. 

(Concluded  from  page  180.) 

Kansas,  Nebraska,  Utah  and  New  Mexico.  Indian  troubles 
1863-4.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  4,903.  Admitted  as  a  stat  e,  Aug. 
1,1876.  Youngest  state.  Number  counties,  39.  No  raihoad  in 
1870.  Mileage,  1885,  2  884.  All  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  Nov.;  number  senators,  26;  representatives,  49;  sessions  biennial, 
in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting1  first.  Monday  in  Jan.;  limit  of 
session,  4 »  days;  term  of  senators,  4  years;  of  representatives,  2 
years.  Number  electoral  votes,  3 ;  congressmen,  1 ;  voters,  93,608; 
native  white,  65,215;  foreign  white,  26,873;  colored,  1,520.  Convicts 
excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  3 ;  school  system,  fair 
endowment;  school  age,  6  21  years.  Legal  interest,  10$;  by  con- 
tract, any  rato. 

POPtTLATION,  1885,  243.910;  male,  149,131:  female,  94.779; 
native,  174,642;  Chinese,  612;  Indians,  154.  Estimated  increase  since 
census  of  1885,  10$. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Tength  E.  and  VV.,380  miles;  width.  2:0  miles;  area,  103,845  sq. 
miles,  66,460,800  acres,  three-fifths  unsurveyed.  Rocky  mountains 
traverse  state  N.  and  S.  with  3  ranges  having  many  peaks  more 
than  13,000  feet  high.  Within  the  mountains  and  surrounded  by 
them  are  the  "  Parks  "  extensive  level  plains,  8,000  to  10,000  feet 
above  the  sea  and  valuable  for  agriculture.  The  mountains  have 
extensive  foot-hills.  The  plains  form  the  eastern  third  of  the 
state.  They  are  somewhat  alkaline,  but  make  fine  grazing 
grounds.  Colorado  scenery  is  famous.  It  is  bold,  striking  and 
grand  beyond  words.  Much  ricn  soil  along  streams  and  wher- 
ever irrigation  is  possible.  Public  enterprises  on  a  large  scale 
'  looking  to  extensive  irrigation  under  way.  Cereals  do  very  well. 
Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  staple  crops.  Cattle,  sheep  and  hog 
raiding  safe  and  profitable.  Dairying  pays,  as  does  gardening. 
Timber  resources  moderate.  Mountains  fairly  clothed  with  pine 
and  other  trees.  Mineral  wealth  inexhaustible.  State  ranks  first 
in  silver,  fourth  in  gold.  Iron,  soda,  coal,  copper,  lead,  stone, 
mica,  etc.,  exist  in  large  deposits.  Principal  rivers,  Arkansas, 
South  Flatte,  Snake,  White,  Green,  Rio  Grande  Del  Norte  and 
Colorado. 

^CLIMATE  dry  and  range  of  temperature  comparatively 
small.  Winters  mild,  summers  cool.  Average  temperature, 
winter.  31  deg.;  summer,  73  deg.  Rainfall,  mainly  in  May,  June 
and  July,  averages  18  inches.  On  mountains  winters  severe,  ac- 
companied by  heavy  snowfall ;  violent  winds  common ;  fogs 
unknown.  Health  unsurpassed. 

CHIEF  CITIES.  —Denver,  capital  and  metropolis,  and  con- 
tains assay  office  ;  pop.  35,650;  Leadville,  14,820;  Silver  Cliffs,  5,040; 
Colorado  Springs,  4,226.  State  University  at  Boulder;  Agricultural 
Col!o<re  at  Fort  Col'ins  :  School  of  Mines  at  Golden  City. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Mining,  smelting  ores,  agri- 
culture, grazinar,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Furniture,  $100; 
6  months'  provisions,  tools  and  stock  in  trade,  $200 ;  library  and 
instruments  of  profession,  $300 ;  work  animals,  $200 ;  cow  and 
calf.  10  sheep,  6  months'  feed  for  same,  wagon  and  $50  in  harness 
etc.,  homestead,  $2,000,  the  word  homestead  being  entered  in 
margin  of  recorded  title.  Assignments  cannot  prefer,  wages  first 
paid  to  $50.  Suits  barred  after  1  year  for  assault,  slander  and 
libel ;  after  6  years  for  judgments,  and  after  3  years  on  all  other 
actions.  Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  do  business  as  if 
single.  No  imprisonment  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Peddlers,  $5  to  $100  as 
fixed  by  county  commissioners. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  for  labor  and  material  if  filed  in  re- 
corder's office  and  sued  on  in  6  months ^  Judgments,  if  so  filed, 
hold  real  estate  in  the  county  in  which  they  are  filed. 


200  THE   WESTERN  WORLD 

GOVERNMENT  LAND  constitutes  a  very  large  portion  of 
the  state  and  are  subject  to  all  forms  of  entry.  The  LAND  OFFICES 
are  at  Central  City  for  Gilpin,  Olear  Creek,  Summit  and  a  part  of 
Boulder,  Jefferson,  Eagle  and  Grand  counties,  including  over 
2,500,000  acres;  at  Denver,  Leadville,  Pueblo,  Del  Norte,  Lake 
City,  Durango  and  Gunnison  for  the  territory  surrounding  each. 
The  lands  are  cniefly  grazing  or  mineral,  but  a  small  area  being 
suited  to  agriculture. 

STATE  LANDS  to  a  large  area  are  held  for  sale  by  the  State 
Board  of  Land  Commissioners  at  Denver  at  $1.25@$15  per  acre. 


UTAH. 

(Concluded  from  page  181.) 

1857,  and  2,500  troops,  under  Albert  Sidney  Johnston  sent  to  Salt 
Lake  to  support  him.  Mormons  yielded.  Young  died,  1877.  Suc- 
ceeded in  presidency  of  church  by  John  Taylor,  one  of  his  12 
apostles.  Number  counties,  24.  Miles  railroad,  1,134.  Territo- 
rial elections  annual,  first  Monday  in  Aug.;  number  Senators,  12; 
Representatives,  24;  sessions  of  legislature,  biennial,  in  odd- 
numbered  years,  meeting  seco'nd  Monday  in  Jan.;  holds  60  days; 
terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2  years  each.  Voting 
pop.,  32,773;  native  white,  13,795;  foreign  white,  18,283;  colored, 
695.  School  system,  fair,  school  age,  6-18  years;  number  colleges, 
1.  Legal  interest,  10$;  by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  143,963;  male,  74,509;  female,  69,454; 
native,  99,969;  foreign,  43,994;  white,  142,42^;  colored,  232;  Chinese, 
501;  Indians,  807.  Estimated  increase.  15$. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Average  length,  350  miles;  width,  260  miles.  Area,  82,190  miles, 
52,601,600  acres.  Surface  rugged  and  broken,  With  some  rich  val- 
leys. Traversed  by  Wahsatch,  Uintah,  Roan,  Little,  Sierra  Lasal, 
Sierra  Abajo,  San  Juan,  Sierra  Panoches  and  Tushar  mountains, 
toutheast  portion  elevated  plateaus,  western  portion  discon- 
nected ridges.  Chief  streams,  Colorado,  Green,  Grand,  White, 
Uintah,  San  Rafael,  Rio  Virgin,  Sevier  and  San  Pete  rivers. 
Many  of  lesser  note.  Great  Salt  Lake  is  130  sq.  miles  in  area. 
Other  lakes,  Utah,  Bear,  Sevier.  In  N.  W.  is  a  large  area  of  des- 
ert land.  Soil  in  valleys  and  on  plateaus  where  irrigation  pos- 
sible very  productive.  Valleys  of  Cache,  Salt  Lake,  Jordan, 
Sevier,  Rio  Virgin,  etc.,  yield  fine  crops  of  cereals  and  vege- 
tables. Wheat  best  crop.  Fruits  may  be  made  successful.  Graz- 
ing important  interest.  Dairying  profitable  and  interest  :'s  grow- 
ing rapidly.  Forests  sufficient  for  home  purposes.  Gold,  copper 
and  silver  in  Wahsatch  mountains.  Silver  predominates.  Coal 
in  vaiey  of  Weber  river.  Salt  found  in  large  deposits  and  the 
lake  supply  inexhaustible.  Territory  ranks  third  in  silver. 

CLIMATE  mild  and  healthy.  Warmer  W.  of  Wahsatch 
mountains.  Summers  dry  and  hot  in  S.  W.  Rainfall  average  16 
inches  at  S.  and  17  at  N.,  chiefly  in  Oct.  and  April.  Spring  opens 
in  April.  Cold  weather  begins  late  in  Nov.  In  mountains  win- 
ters severe  and  snows  heavy.  Temperature  at  Salt  Lake  averages, 
winter,  a5  deg.;  summer,  75  deg. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Salt  Lake  City,  capital;  pop.  29,000. 
Ogden,  pop.  8,069. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Mining,  stock  raising  and 
agriculture . 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Books  and  office 
fixtures,  $100;  necessary  furniture,  etc.,  60  days'  fuel  and  pro- 
visions, farm  implements,  2  oxen,  2  mules  or  2  horses  and  harness, 
cow  and  calf  for  every  5  persons  in  family,  wagon,  60  days'  feed 
for  stock,  seed  to  $100,  tools,  instruments  and  library  of  calling, 
$400  in  outfit  of  miner  and  30  days1  supplies,  sewing  machine.  To 
heads  of  families,  in  addition,  5  sheep  for  eacr  member  of  family, 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  201 


2  hogs,  3  pigs,  60  days'  earnings,  homestead,  $1,000  and  $200  cash  for 
each  member  of  family.  No  exemption  from  debts  for  purchase 
money.  Assignments  may  prefer,  but  do  not  release  debtor. 
Suits  are  barred  after  7  years  for  real  estate;  after  6  on  judg- 
ment; after  4  on  written  contract;  after  3  for  statute  liability; 
after  2  on  account,  verbal  contracts,  etc.;  after  1  for  assault, 
slander,  etc.,  after  4  in  all  other  cases.  Wife's  property  exempt. 
She  can  act  as  if  single.  Arrest  for  debt  maybe  made  in  cases 
involving  fraud. 

LIENS  hold,  for  labor  and  material,  on  structures  and  mines, 
if  filed  in  3  and  sued  on  in  12  months.  Judgments  hold  real 
estate  for  5  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  are  open  to  the  various  forms  of 
entry  and  include  a  large  part  of  the  territory.  Desirable  farm- 
ing tracts  scarce.  The  LAND  OFFICE  is  at  Salt  Lake  City  for  the 
entire  territory. 

WYOMING. 

(Concluded  from  page  187.) 
TOPOORARHY,    AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 

Length,  350  miles;  width,  275  miles;  area,  97,575  sq.  miles;  62,438,000 
acres.  Surface  traversed  by  Rocky  mountains,  forming  the  con- 
tinental divide,  and  is  high  and  mountainous,  varying  in  eleva- 
tion from  4,800  to  12,000  feet.  The  chief  mountains  are  Mud 
River,  Big  Horn,  Laramie,  Bishop,  Medicine  Bow  and  the  Black 
Hills  (partly  in  Dakota).  The  chief  streams  are  the  Big  Horn, 
Tongue,  Powder,  Green,  Little  Missouri,  North  Platte,  Sweet- 
water,  Snake  and  Big  Cheyenne.  At  the  N.  W.  is  the  Yellow- 
stone National  Park,  3,600  sq.  miles  in  area,  and  one  of  the  great- 
est natural  wonders  of  the  continent.  It  varies  from  6,000  to 
over  12,000  feet  in  elevation,  and  its  scenery  is  one  vast  panorama 
of  Titanic  mountains,  gorges,  spray-like  streams,  cataracts,  cas- 
cades, geysers,  etc.  The  greatest  of  the  latter  are  the  Beehive, 
Giantess,  Giant,  Grand,  Old  Faithful  and  Turban.  Along  the 
streams  and.  in  the  valleys  are  tracts  of  arable  lands,  which  may 
be  made  to  produce  prolifically  with  irrigation.  The  mountains 
are  covered  with  pine  and  other  forests  of  considerable  extentv 
and  in  their  bosoms  are  buried  both  precious  and  base  minerals  in 
great  deposits.  The  soil  where  water  can  be  had  is  good,  but  the 
surface  is  chiefly  suited  to  grazing.  Half  the  territory  is  grazing 
land.  The  resources  are  yet  open  to  development.  About  one- 
seventh  of  the  territory  is  surveyed,  while  less  than  one-fifteen- 
hundredth  is  improved.  The  opportunities  are  thus  seen  to  be 
prime  for  settlers,  miners,  capitalists  and  farmers.  Cattle  ranges 
are  occupied  pretty  well,  but  title  to  land  ousts  the  possessors. 
Wheat,  rye,  oats  and  barley  flourish,  but  frost  too  frequent  for 
corn.  Big  Horn  country,  in  N.  W.,  area,  15,000  sq.  miles;  fine 
agricultural  country;  water  plentiful;  game  and  fur-bearing 
animals  numerous;  iron  ore  abundant,  mainly  red  hematite; 
copper,  lead,  plumbago  and  petroleum  found;  gold,  in  the  Sweet- 
water  country  and  near  Laramie  City;  valuable  deposits  of  soda 
in  valley  of  the  Sweetwater.  Coal  abundant  and  of  good  quality 
at  Evanston,  Carbon,  Rock  Springs  and  other  points. 

CLIMATE  cold;  severe  in  mountains,  milder  in  valleys. 
Healthful;  air  pure,  dry  and  bracing.  Rainfall,  15  inches.  Tem- 
perature averages,  summer,  66  deg.,  winter,  18  deg.;  ranges  from 
31  deg.  below  to  89  deg.  above.  July  warmest  month;  January 
coldest:  latter  averages  10  deg. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Cheyenne  (capital),  pop.  6,500;  Laramie 
City,pop .  4,800. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Grazing,  mining  and  agriculture; 
but  little  is  done  in  manufacturing. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Apparel  $150;  to 
head  of  family,  $500  in  household  furniture,  etc.,  tools,  stock  in 


202  THE   WESTERN   WOULD 

trade,  etc.  ,used  in  calling,  $3f  0;  homestead,  $  1 ,500.  Creditors  com- 
ing in  under  assignment  must  release  assignor.  Suits  barred  after 
21  years  for  land,  5  on  bond  and  written  contract,  4  on  verbal  con- 
tract, and  after  1  year  for  assault.  Wife's  property  exempt,  and 
she  can  act  as  if  single.  Arrest  for  debt  allowed  in  cases  of  fraud, 
removal,  concealment,  etc. 

.LICENSE  CHARGKES  per  month:  Peddlers,  $25. 

ijIENS  hold  on  structures  for  labor  and  materials  if  filed  in 
60  days  and  sued  on  in  one  year,  and  on  property  for  transporta- 
tion. Judgments  hold  real  estate  3  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  comprise  almost  the  entire  area 
of  the  territory,  and  are  subject  to  all  forms  of  entry.  The 
LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Cheyenne  and  Evanston  for  their  respective 
halves  of  the  territory.  Sections  16  and  36  are  reserved  for  school 
purposes,  but  are  not  yet  for  taie. 


MONTANA. 

(Concluded  from  page  1S8.) 

numbered  years,  meeting  second  Monday  in  Jan.,  holds  60  days; 
terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2  years  each.  Voters, 
21,544;  native  white,  12,162;  foreign  white,  7,474;  colored,  1.908. 
School  age,  4r-21  years ;  graded  schools  in  Deer  Lodge  City,  Vir- 
ginia City  and  Helena.  School  lands  reserved  for  sale  when  ter- 
ritory becomes  state  valuable  and  extensive.  Legal  interest  10$; 
by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  39,139;  male,  28,177;  female,  10,982; 
native.  27,b38;  foreign,  11,521;  white,  35,385;  colored,  346;  Chinese; 
I,7fc5;  Indians,  1,663;  Indians  on  reservations,  19,791.  Estimated 
increase,  60£. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  540  mites;  average  width,  274  niiies: 
area,  145,310  sq.  miles,  92,998,400  acres,  six-sevenths  yet  unsurve.x  ed. 
Indian  reservations,  24,150,000  acres,  two-fifths  good  farm  land, 
of  which  about  4,000  acres  is  cultivated.  Eastern  half,  or  three- 
fifths  of  territory*  rolling  plains,  rest  mountainous.  Traversed 
by  Kocky,  Bitter  Root,  Snow  and  other  ranges.  Valleys  average 
about  4,000  feet  above  sea.  Peaks  reach  elevation  of  12,000  feet, 
Plains  descend  from  elevation  of  4,000  feet  at  loot  of  mountains 
eastward  to  2,000  feet  at  Dakota  line.  Jefferson,  Madison  and 
Gallatin  rivers  unite  to  form  Missouri.  Other  great  streams, 
Yellowstone,  Missoula,  Flathead,  Big  Blackfoot,  Bitter  Root,  and 
Milk  rivers.  Flathead  Lake  10  by  80  miles  in  area;  many  small 
lakes  in  northwest.  Surface  fairly  supplied  with  small  streams. 
Pine,  cedar,  fir  and  hemlock  grow  abundantly  and  to  good  size  in 
mountains ;  cottonwood,  elder  and  willow  fringe  streams.  Tim- 
ber supply  ample.  Soil  good  generally.  Immense  area  of  arable 
land.  Wheat  best  crop  (spring  variety);  oats,  potatoes,  hay,  also 
staples.  Too  C9ld  as  a  rule  for  corn.  Area  grazing  land,  over 
two-thirds  territory.  Grazing-  interests  great.  Splendid  grazing 
grounds  yet  untaken.  Mineral  wealth  great.  Ranks  fifth  in 
silver  and  in  gold.  Price  of  land  nominal.  Chances  for  enterpris- 
ing settlers  superb. 

CLIMATE  dry.  Rainfall  about  12  inches.  Warmer  than 
same  latitude  farther  east.  Snows  heavy  in  mountains;  light  in 
valleys  and  on  plains.  Temperature  averages,  summer,  62  deg.; 
winter,  1*  (leg.  Colder  in  mountains.  Health  excellent. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Three  United  States  districts;  court  held 
twice  a  year  at  Helena,  twice  at  Virginia  City,  pop.  3  500.  and 
three  times  «t  Deer  Lodge,  pop.  2500  Helena,  pop.  7.000,  capital 
anu  most  important  town. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— "Mining,  lumbering,  grazing, 
agricultui  e.  srneltintr.  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Homestead,  160 
acres,  team,  wagon,  farm  implements,  tools  of  trade,  books,  etc., 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  203 

of  profession,  apparel,  furniture  necessary  for  family,  etc.  Suits 
barred  after  6  years  on  judgments  and  written  contracts,  after  2 
years  on  account.  Wife's  property  exempt,  except  for  neces- 
saries of  life  for  herself  and  children  under  8  years  old.  By 
recording  proper  intention  she  can  do  business.  Husband  then 
not  liable  for  her  debts  made  in  course  of  trade.  Arrest  for  debt 
allowed  in  cases  of  fraud,  willful  injury,  etc. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Drummers,  $100  for  each 
county;  Helena,  $15  extra ;  Butte  City,  $10  extra ;  Missoula,  $5 
extra. 

LIENS  hold  on  property  for  labor  and  materials  if  filed  in 
recorder's  office  in  90,  or  by  sub-contractor  in  30  days,  and  sued 
on  by  contractor  in  12  and  by  sub-contractor  in  2  months. 
Judgments  hold  real  estate  6  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS.— Almost  the  entire  territory  is 
government  land  open  to  all  forms  of  entry.  The  LAND  OFFICES 
are  located  at  Miles  City,  Helena  and  Bozeman  for  the  districts 
surrounding  each.  Sections  16  and  36  are  reserved  for  the  school 
fund,  but  are  not  yet  on  the  market. 


IDAHO. 

(Concluded  from  page  189.) 

Dec.;  holds  60  days;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2 
years  each.  Voters,  14,795;  native  white,  7,332;  foreign  white, 
4,338 ;  colored,  3,126.  School  age,  5-21  years.  Legal  interest  rate, 
10% ;  by  contract,  18g ;  usury  forfeits  three  times  excess  of  inter- 
est. School  endowments  of  land  first-class.  Miles  railroad^  811. 

POPULATION,  1880,  32,610;  males,  21,818;  female,  10,792;  na- 
tive, 22,636 ;  foreign,  9,974 ;  white,  29,013 ;  Indians,  165.  Estima- 
ted inrease.  20#. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Length,  140  to  490  miles  :  width,  45  to  286  miles.  Area,  84,290  cq. 
miles,  53,944,600  acres.  Five-sixths  of  area  unsurveyed.  Surface 
table  land  and  mountains.  The  former,  2,000  to  5,100  feet  above  the 
sea,  is  traversed  by  high  mountains  and  deep  valleys.  Chief 
mountains,  Kootenai,  Cceur  d'  Alene,  Salmon,  Clearwater,  Bear 
River  and  Three  Buttes.  Chief  rivers,  Snake  (navigable),  Bru- 
neau,  Boise,  Weiser,  Payette,  Shoshone  (has  a  falls  of  200  feet), 
Salmon  and  Clearwater.  About  one-twelfth  is  arable  and  one- 
tenth  more  grazing  land.  One-third  is  barren,  but  may  in  part  be 
reclaimed  by  irrigation.  Many  lakes  are  found  as  well  as 
numerous  water  powers  The  mountains  afford  much  pine  and 
cedar,  the  forests  being  estimated  at  9,000,000  acres.  The  soil, 
where  water  can  be  had,  is  fertile ;  there  is  also  much  fertile  land 
at  the  extreme  north.  S.  E.  occupied  by  Mormons.  Wheat,  oats,' 
rye,  barley,  potatoes  and  hay  are  good  crops,  and  dairying  and 
stock  raising  profitable.  Markets  afforded  by  mining  camps. 
Corn  not  successful,  season  too  short.  Most  of  the  gold  is  found 
in  quartz  veins  in  Idaho,  Boise  and  Alturas  counties ;  silver,  in 
Owyhee  county ;  some  of  the  mines  being  very  rich.  Wood 
river  district  on  southern  slope  of  Salmon  River  mountains,  at 
headwaters  of  Wood  or  Malad  river,  gives  promise  of  valuable 
mining  operations,  chiefly  placers.  Coal  in  vicinity  of  Boise 
City.  Territory  ranks  sixth  in  gold  and  silver.  Land  cheap,  and 
may  be  had  under  various  forms  of  entry.  Scenery  grand. 

CLIMATE  severe,  with  heavy  snows  in  mountains ;  on 
plains  less  severe,  but  cold  and  bracing.  In  the  valleys  it  is 
milder,  with  moderate  snow  fall.  Summers  cool  and  pleasant. 
Temperature  averages  20  deg.  in  winter,  70  deg.  in  summer. 
Rainfall  small  in  the  Rocky  and  Bitter  Root  mountains,  and  very 
light  at  the  N.  and  W.  Irrigation  essential.  Health  superior. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Boise  City  (capital),  Florence,  Silver  City. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.-Mimng,  grazing,  agriculture, 
smelting  and  lumbering. 


204  THE   WESTERN  WORl^D 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  same  as  in  Califor- 
nia, except  that  only  half  as  much  life  insurance  is  allowed. 
Assignments  cannot  prefer,  but  acceptance  of  dividend  dis- 
charges debt.  Suits  barred  after  5  years  for  lands  and  on  writ- 
ten contract;  4  years  on  verbal  contract;  3  years  for  recovery' 
of  goods  and  fraud.  Wife's  property  separate  and  exempt ;  she 
can  make  good  note  and  do  business  as  if  single.  Arrest  per- 
mitted for  fraud,  willful  injury,  concealment,  etc. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  — Drummers  $5  per  trip  at  Lewiston. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  for  labor  and  material,  but  sub- 
contractors hold  only  to  extent  of  amount  due  contractor.  Claim 
must  be  fiHod  in  30  and  suit  brought  in  90  days. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  comprise  by  far  the  larger  part 
of  the  territory  and  are  subject  to  the  various  forms  of  entry. 
They  are  largely  mountainous,  but  include  some  good  farming 
area.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Boise  City,  Lewiston,  Hailey 
and  Oxford  for  the  territory  adjacent  to  each.  Sections  16  and 
36  reserved  for  school  funds. 


WASHINGTON. 

(Concluded  from  page  190.) 

Puget  Sound  Co's  purchased.  Islands  in  Washington  Sound  ceded 
to  United  States  by  decision  of  Emperor  of  Germany,  arbitrator, 
1872.  Number  counties,  33.  Miles  railroad,  675.  All  elections 
Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.  Number  senators,  12;  repre- 
sentatives, 24;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered 
years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  October.  Terms  of  senators  and 
representatives,  2  years  each.  Voting  population,  27,6,0;  native 
white,  15,858;  foreign  white,  8,393;  colored,  3,419.  Number 
colleges,  2;  school  age,  4-21  years;  school  endowment  reserved 
large.  Legal  interest,  10$;  by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  75,116;  male,  45,973;  female,  29,143; 
native,  59,313;  foreign,  15,803;  white,  67,199;  Chinese,  3,186;  Indians, 
4,405.  Estimated  increase,  25£. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  341  miles;  width,  242  miles;  area, 
66,880  square  miles,  42,803,000  acres.  Coast  line  nearly  200  miles. 
Divided  into  Eastern  (50,030  square  miles)  and  Western  (20,000 
square  miles)  Washington  by  Cascade  mountains.  Many  high 
peaks,  including  famous  Ranier,  14,500  feet  high.  Eastern 
Washington  forms  a  fairly  watered  plateau,  irregular  and  gener- 
ally broken.  The  Blue  mountains  traverse  the  southeast  corner. 
Western  Washington  includes  Columbia  river  and  Puget  sound 
basins  and  Chehalis  valley  and  the  Coast  Range  of  mountains. 
Columbia  river  (navigable  175  miles),  Snake  (navigable),  Walla 
Walla,  Spokane,  Colville  and  Clarke's  Fork  chief  streams.  Excel- 
lent harbors  in  Puget  sound,  Admiralty  Inlet  and  Hood's  canal. 
Scenery,  especially  on  Columbia,  grand.  Columbia  river  current 
overcomes  tide  at  the  mouth,  and  water  in  the  bar  drinkable. 
Soil  of  30  per  cent  of  total  area  favorable  to  agriculture.  All 
cereals  flourish,  but  corn  not  successful  because  too  cold. 
Wheat,  oats,  hops,  fruit  of  temperate  climates,except  peaches,  are 
staples.  Grazing  region,  entire  section  east  of  Cascades,  covered 
with  inexhaustible  supply  of  bunch  grass.  Stock  raising  and 
dairying  growing  industries.  Lumber  resources  unsurpassed. 
Enormous  forests  of  majestic  trees.  Lumbering  interests  already 
large.  Coal  on  Bellingham  bay  and  at  Seattle;  area  of  coal- 
bearing  strata,  20,000  square  miles.  Gold-bearing  quartz  and 
silver  lodes  in  Cascade  and  Coast  ranges.  Copper,  cinnabar,  lead 
and  other  minerals  are  found.  Homes  may  be  had  for  the 
taking. 

CLIMATE.— On  coast,  dry  season,  April  to  November;  rest  of 
year  rainy.  Rainfall  averages  at  north  96  inches ;  for  entire 
section,  54  inches.  Winters  mild;  little  snow  or  ice.  Summers 


GUIDE   AKD   HAJS'D-BOOK. 


205 


cool,  with  sea  breezes.  Temperature  averages,  winter,  39  deg.; 
summer,  61  cleg.;  ranges  30  deg.  to  90  deg.  Eastern  section  dry; 
rainfall  sinks  as  low  as  10  inches.  Health  fine;  no  malaria. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Olympia,  capital;  Walla  Walla,  pop.  8  COO. 
Seattle,  pop.  8,000; 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  lumbering,  graz- 
ing, mining,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Apparel,  books, 
pictures,  keep-sakes,  bed  for  every  2  in  family,  $150  in  furniture, 
etc.,  2  cows  and  calves,  5  swine,  2  stands  bees,  25  fowls,  6  months' 
provision  and  fuel;  to  farmers  team  and  utensils, $200;  to  mechanic 
or  professional  men,  $500  in  tools,etc.,of  calling;  arms  and  tools  $50; 
to  draymen  a  team,  to  loggers  3  yoke  oxen  and  $300  in  implements; 
homestead  $1,000.  Assignments  discharge  debtor.  Suits  barred 
after  20  years  for  land;  after  6  on  written  contract  for  rent  and 
on  judgment;  after  3  for  personalty  or  injury  thereto,  on  verbal 
contract,  for  fraud;  after  2  for  libel,  assault,  etc.  Wife's  separate 
property  exempt.  She  can  act  concerning  same  as  if  single. 
Arrest  permitted  in  actions  for  damage,  willful  injury,  in  cases 
of  fraud  or  concealment,  etc.,  on  order  of  court. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures,  vessel,  and  lumber,  for  labor,  and 
for  material,  if  notice  is  filedin  1  and  suit  brought  on  in  12  months. 
Judgments  hold  land  5  years, 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  are  to  be  found,  subject  to  the 
various  forms  of  entry  in  force,  all  over  the  territory.  The 
LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Olympia,  Spokane  Falls,  Vancouver,  Walla 
Walla  and  Yakima  for  the  sections  adjacent  to  each.  Sections 
16  and  36  in  each  township  are  reserved  for  school  purposes,  but 
are  not  yet  for  sale. 


GIANT  TRilES. 


206  THE  WESTERN   WOULD 


ENCYCLOPEDIA 

OF  USEFUL  INFORMATION. 


THE  ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.— According 
to  the  report  of  the  Lieut  enant-General,  Oct.,  1884,  the  army  of 
the  United  States  on  the  30th  of  June,  1884,  consisted  of  the  fol- 
lowing forces,  in  officers  and  men: 

Officers.      Enlisted 
Men. 

Ten  cavalry  regiments 430  7,115 

Five  artillery  regiments 279  2,596 

Twenty-five  infantry  regiments 856  11,055 

Engineer  battalion,  recruiting  parties,  ord- 
nance department,  hospital  service,  Indian 
scouts.  West  Point,  signal  detachment  and 
general  service 582  3,470 


Total 2,147  24,236 

For  convenience,  and  to  fix  responsibility,  the  country  is 
divided  into  three  military  divisions,  each  with  several  depart- 
ments, as  follows: 

1.  Military  division  of  the  Missouri,  commanded  by  Major- 
General  John  M.  Schofield,  headquarters  Chicago,  comprehends 
the   departments   of   the   Missouri   (Brig.-Gen.  Christopher  C. 
Augur);  Texas  (Brig.-Gen.  David  S.  Stanley);  Dakota  (Brig.-Gen. 
A.  H.  Terry);  and  the  Platte  (Brig.-Gen.  O.  O.  Howard).    There 
are  8  regiments  of  cavalry  and  20  of  infantry  in  this  division. 

2.  Military  division  of  the  Atlantic,  commanded  by  Major- 
General  Winfield  S.  Hancock,  headquarters  New  York.    Jncludes 
department  of  the  East  (Maj.-Gen.  Hancock).   This  division  com- 
prises 4  regiments  of  artillery  and  2  c.f  infantry. 

3.  Military  division  of  the  Pacific, commanded  by  Ma  jor-General 
John  Pope,  headquarters  San  Francisco.    Induces  departments 
of  California  (Maj.-Gen.  John  Pope);  the  Columbia  (Brig.-Gen. 
Nelson  A.  Miles);  Arizona  (Brig.-Gen.  Georg'e  Crook);  comprises 
1  regiment  of  artillery,  3  of  cavalry  and  4  of  infantry. 

The  maximum  military  force  allowed  under  existing  laws  is 
8,155  commissioned  officers  and  25,000  enlisted  men.  The  report  of 
the  lieutenant-general  of  the  army  exhibits  the  actual  number  in 
service  as  2,147  officers  and  24,236  enlisted  men.  The  iollowing 
table  exhibits  the  number  in  each  rank  of  the  army: 

1.  Commissioned  officers:  Colonels,  65;  lieutenant-colonels,  85; 
majors,  240;  captains,  606;  adjutants,  40;  regimental  quarter- 
masters. 39-  first  lieutenants,  573;  second  lieutenants,  431;  o^^'^ins, 
34;  storekeepers,  14:  total,  2,U7. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  207 

2.  The  enlisted  men  embrace  37  sergeant-majors.  39  quarter- 
master sergeants,  649  musicians,  296  trumpeters,  10  saddler- 
sergeants,  114  ordnance-sergeants,  143  hospital  stewards,  128  com- 
missary-sergeants, 428  first  sergeants,  2,147  sergeants,  1,727  corp- 
orals, 231  farriers,  98  artificers,  113  saddlers,  96  wagoners  and  17,244 
privates;  total,  24,236.  Besides  these  there  are  employed  in  the 
signal  corps  491  non-commissioned  officers  and  privates;  Military 
Academy,  7  professors,  298  cadets,  196  enlisted  men;  total,  508. 

The  number  of  retired  army  officers  is  424;  number  of  privates 
discharged  during  the  fiscal  year,  1884,  6,051;  number  died  during 
same  period,  249;  number  deserted,  3,672;  number  enlisted  and  re- 
enlisteci,  7,605. 


UNITED  STATES  MILITARY  ACADEMY  at  West 
Point  was  founded  by  act  of  March  16,  1802,  constituting  the 
corps  of  engineers  of  the  army  a  military  academy  with  fifty 
students  or  cadets,  who  were  to  receive  instruction  under  the 
senior  engineer  officer*  as  superintendent,  Iiater  acts  established 
professorships  of  mathematics,  engineering,  philosophy,  etc.,  and 
made  the  academy  a  military  body,  subject  to  the  rules  and 
articles  of  war.  In  1815,  a  permanent  superintendent  was  ap- 
pointed, and  a  year  later  an  annual  board  of  visitors  was  provided 
for,  to  be  named  by  the  president,  the  speaker  of  the  house,  and 
the  president  of  the  senate.  In  ]843  the  present  system  of  the 
appointment  of  cadets  was  instituted,  which  assigns  one  cadet  to 
each  congressional  district  and  territory  in  the  union,  to  be 
named  by  the  representative  in  congress  for  the  time  being,  and 
ten  appointments  at  large,  specially  conferred  by  the  president 
of  the  United  States.  The  number  of  students  is  thus  limited  to 
312.  A  large  proportion  of  those  appointed  fail  to  pass  the 
examination,  and  many  others  to  complete  the  course,  the  pro- 
portion being  stated  at  fully  one-half  hitherto.  The  course  of 
instruction  requires  four  years,  and  is  largely  mathematical  and 
professional.  The  discipline  is  very  strict,  even  more  so  than  in 
the  army,  and  the  enforcement  of  penalties  for  offences  is 
inflexible  rather  than  severe.  The  whole  number  of  graduates 
from  1802  to  1877  was  about  2,700,  of  whom  1,200  are  deceased  and 
about  1,500  living.  Of  those  surviving,  800  are  still  in  the  army, 
and  about  700  out  of  service.  Appointees  to  the  military  academy 
must  be  between  17  and  22  years  of  age,  at  least  five  feetln  height, 
and  free  from  infirmity,  and  able  to  pass  a  careful  examination 
in  various  branches  of  knowledge.  Each  cadet  admitted  must 
bind  himself  to  serve  the  United  States  eight  years  from  the  time 
of  admission  to  the  academy.  The  pay  of  cadets,  formerly  $  0 
per  month  and  rations,  was  fixed  at  $540  per  year,  with  no  allow- 
ance for  rations,  by  the  act  of  1876.  The  aggregate  amount  of 
money  appropriated  by  the  United  States  for  the  military 
academy  from  1802  to  1877,  inclusive,  was  $11,396,128,  being  an 
average  of  about  $149,949  annually.  The  number  of  actual  mem- 
bers of  the  academy  by  the  official  register  of  June,  1884,  was  266. 


THE  NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  comprises  44 
naval  steam  vessels— all  sc'ew-propHiers  except  4,  besides  13 
wooden  sailing-- vessels,  19  iron-clad  vessels,  2  torpedo-rams  and 
15  tugs ;  total,  93,  of  which  comparatively  few  are  in  efficient  ser- 
vice. The  number  of  guns  is  550. 

The  active  list  of  the  navy  is  composed  of  1  admiral,  1  vice- 
admiral,  7  rear-admirals,  18  commodores,  43  captains,  85  com- 
manders, 74  lieutenant-commanders,  260  lieutenants,  88  lieuten- 
ants junior  grade,  191  ensigns,  97  naval  cadets  (who  have  passed 
the  four  years'  academic  course,  and  are  performing  two  years' 
service  at  sea  before  final  graduation),  and  199  naval  cadets  oa 


208  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 

probation  at  the  Naval  Academy,  all  of  whom  are  officers  of  the 
line. 

Of  the  staff  there  are  1  surgeon-general,  15  medical  directors, 
15  medical  inspectors,  47  surgeons,  74  passed  assistant  surgeons,  8 
assistant  surgeons,  1  paymaster  general,  13  pay  directors,  13  pay 
inspectors,  48  paymasters,  28  passed  assistant  paymasters,  19  as- 
sistant paymasters,  1  engineer-in-cbief,  70  chief  engineers,  88 
passed  assistant  engineers,  81  assistant  engineers,  24  chaplains,  12 
professors  of  mathematics,  1  secretary  for  the  admiral  and  1  for 
the  vice-admiral,  1  chief  constructor,  10  naval  constructors,  10 
assistant  constructors  and  10  civil  engineers. 

The  warrant  9fficers  consist  of  45  boatswains,  39  gunners,  51 
carpenters,  32  sail  makers  and  37  mates. 

The  retired  list  is  composed  of  officers  of  the  line,  as  follows: 
47  rear-admirals,  15  commodores,  12  captains,  10  commanders,  20 
lieutenant-commanders,  21  lieutenants,  15  lieutenants  junior 
grade,  8  ensigns.  Staff  officers,  viz:  21  medical  directors,  3  med- 
ical inspectors,  7  surgeons,  6  passed  assistant  surgeons,  6  assistant 
surgeons,  10  pay  directors,  2  pay  inspectors,  4  paymasters,  2  passed 
assistant  paymasters,  1  assistant  paymaster,  14  chief  engineers,  24 
passed  assistant  engineers,  *5  assistant  engineers,  3  civil  engineers, 
]  naval  constructor,  8  chaplains  and  6  professors  of  mathematics. 
Warrant  officers,  viz:  17  boatswains',  16  gunners,  10  carpenters 
and  11  sailmakers. 

The  active  list  is  therefore  composed  of  1,064  officers  of  the 
line,  591  officers  of  the  staff  and  204  warrant  officers;  total,  1,859 
officers  of  all  grades. 

The  retired  list  is  composed  of  148  officers  of  the  line,  137  officers 
of  the  staff,  54  warrant  officers,  and  6  professors  of  mathematics: 
total,  345. 

There  were  (July,  1884)  in  the  service,  provided  for  by  the 
naval  appropriation  act  for  the  fiscal  year,  1885,  7,500  enlisted  men 
750  boys. 

The  marine  corps  consists  of  85  commissioned  officers,  384  non- 
commissioned officers,  30  musicians,  96  drummers  and  fifers  and 
1,500  enlisted  men;  total,  2,095. 


THE   UNITED    STATES    NAVAL    ACADEMY   was 

opened  October  10,  1845,  and  the  credit  of  its  foundation  is 
attributed  to  Hon.  George  Bancroft,  then  secretary  of  the  navy 
under  President  Polk.  The  course  of  instruction,  designed  to 
train  midshipmen  for  the  navy,  at  first  occupied  five  years,  of 
which  three  were  passed  at  sea.  Various  changes  have  been  made 
in  the  course  of  instruction,  which  was  made  seven  years  in  3850, 
four  years  in  1851,  and  six  years  (the  last  two  of  which  are  spent 
at  sea)  March  3,  1873,  where  it  now  remains.  The  Naval  Academy, 
first  located  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  was  removed  to  Newport, 
B.  I.,  in  May,  1861,  but  re-established  at  Annapolis  in  September, 
1865,  where  it  now  is,  occupying  lands  formerly  known  as  Fort 
Severn.  The  academy  is  under  the  direct  care  and  supervision  of . 
the  navy  department.  There  are  to  be  allowed  in  the  academy 
one  naval  cadet  for  every  member  or  delegate  to  the  House  of 
Representatives,  appointed  at  his  nomination,  one  for  the  District 
of  Columbia,  and  ten  appointed  at  large  by  the  president.  The 
number  of  appointments  which  can  be  made  is  limited  by  law  to 
twenty-five  each  year,  named  by  the  secretary  of  the  navy  after 
competitive  examinations,  the  cadets  being  from  14  to  18  years  of 
age.  The  successful  candidates  become  students  of  the  acadamy, 
and  receive  the  pay  of  naval  cadets— $500  per  annum.  Cadets 
who  graduate  are  appointed  in  the  order  of  merit  to  the  lower 
grades  of  the  line  and  engineer  corps  of  the  navy  and  of  the 
marine  corps  as  fast  as  vacancies  occur.  But  such  appointments 
cannot  be  made  in  exces«  of  vacancies,  and  graduates  who 
receive  no  appointments  get  an  honorable  discharge  with  one 
year's  sea  pay.  The  course  of  instruction  is  thorough,  involving 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  209 


a  close  pursuit   of  mathematics,   steam   engineering,  physics, 
mechanics,  seamanship,  ordnance,  history,  law,  etc. 


NEW  STANDARD  TIME.— In  1884,  by  general  agreement 
and  partial  legislation,  four  standard  meridians  were  adopted 
within  the  United  States,  by  which  railway  trains  are  run  and 
local  time  regulated.  These  meridians  are  35  degrees,  or  900 
miles  apart,  there  being  a  difference  of  just  one  hour  in  time 
from  one  meridian  to  another,  as  there  are  360  deg.  in  the  earth's 
circumference,  which  divided  by  24  hours  gives  15  degrees  to  an 
hour.  The  Eastern  meridian,  75  deg.  W.  from  Greenwich,  passes 
4  minutes  west  of  New  York  City.  The  Central  meridian,  90  dear. 
W.  longitude,  passes  through  New  Orleans  and  St.  Louis.  The 
Mountain  standard  meridian.  105  deg.  W.  longitude,  passes  near 
Pike's  Peak,  Rocky  Mountains  The  Pacific  meridian,  120  deg. 
W.  longitude,  is  near  the  coast,  San  Francisco  being  9^  minutes 
west  of  it.  For  places  east  of  any  meridian,  one  minute  of  time 
for  each  quarter  of  a  degree  of  longitude  (=  15  miles  nearly),  or  4 
minutes  for  each  degree,  must  be  subtracted  from  the  standard 
time  to  give  the  exact  local  time.  For  a  place  west  of  any  meri- 
dian, add  one  minute  for  each  quarter  of  a  degree  to  the  standard 
time.  Any  United  States  map  gives  the  distances  in  longitude 
of  most  places  from  the  several  standard  meridians,  sufficiently 
near  to  make  practical  application  of  the  rule.  The  standard 
time  is  used  usually  independent  of  local  time. 


DEPTH  AND  ABEA  SEAS  AND  OCEANS. 

Depth  in  ft.    Area, in  sq.  miles. 

Salt  .Lake 1,400  1,875 

Lake  Ladoga 1,200  12,000 

Lake  Superior 1,000  32,000 

Lake  Michigan 1,000  22,400 

Lake  Huron 1,000  20,000 

Lake  Baikal 750  12,000 

Lake  Tchad.... 350  14,000 

Lake  Ontario 336  6,800 

Lake  Nicaragua 300  6,000 

Caspian  Sea   250  176,000 

Dead  Sea 200  303 

Sea  of  Aral 100  30,000 

Mediterranean  Sea —  1,000,000 

Pacific —  78,000,000 

Atlantic  —  35,000,000 

Indian —  28,000,000 

Antarctic —  8,500,000 

Arctic —  4,500,000 

The  greatest  knoAvn  depth  of  the  ocean  is  midway  between 
the  islands  of  Tristan  d'Acunha  and  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  La 
Plata.  The  bottom  was  here  reached  at  a  depth  of  46,236  feet,  or 
eight  and  three-fourths  miles,  exceeding  by  more  than  17,000  feet 
the  height  of  Mt.  Everest,  the  loftiest  mountain  in  the  world.  In 
the  North  Atlantic  ocean,  south  of  Newfoundland,  soundings 
have  been  made  to  a  depth  of  4,580  fathoms,  or  27,480  feet;  while 
depths  equaling  34,000  feet,  or  six  and  one-half  miles,  are  reported 
south  of  the  Bermuda  Islands.  The  average  depth  of  the  Pacific 
ocean,  between  Japan  and  California,  is  a  little  over  2,000  fathoms; 
between  Chili  and  the  Sandwich  Islands,  2,500  fathoms;  and  be- 
tween Chili  and  New  Zealand,  1,500  fathoms.  The  average  depth 
of  all  the  oceans  is  from  2,000  to  3,000  fathoms. 


210  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

NOTABLE  EVENTS  AND   DIS- 
COVERIES. 

Al j?erine  war  declared  by  United  States,  1815,  March  3. 

Alien  and  Sedition  Acts  passed  by  Congress,  1798;  expired  by 

limitation  1801,  Jan.  2(5. 

Almanacs  first  printed  by  Purback,  in  Vienna,  1457. 
Amendments   to    the    constitution,  12    proposed  by  Congress, 

1789,  Sept.  25, 10  declared  adopted  1791,  Dec,  18. 
America  discovered  by  the  Northmen  A.  D.  985 ;  by  Columbus, 

1492,  Oct.  12. 
Anti-Slaver}-   Society    (American)    organized   at   Philadelphia, 

183],  Dec.  6. 

Anaesthesia  discovered,  18*4. 
Bacon's  rebellion  in  Virginia,  1676. 
Balloon  ascension  first  made  near  Lyons,  France,  1783. 
Bank  of  Venice,  first  in  Europe,  1171. 
Bank  of  England  established,  1694. 
Bank  of  North  America  established,  1781. 
Bank  of   United  States,  Philadelphia,  1st  charter  1791,  Feb.  25; 

2d  charter,  1816,  expired  1886,  March  3. 
Berlin  Decree  by  Napoleon,  1806,  Nov.  21. 
Berlin  Congress  opened  1878,  June  13. 
Black  Hawk  war  with  the  Winnebagoes,  1832. 
Boston  fire,  1872,  Nov.  9.    Loss,  $73,600,000. 
Braddock's  defeat  at  Monongaheln,  1755,  July  9. 
Brown,  John,  executed  at  Charlestown,  Va.,  1859,  Dec.  2. 
Copyright   law   first  passed  by  Congress  (term  14  years),  1790, 

May  31. 

Cotton  gin  invented  by  Eli  Whitney,  1793. 
Crimean   war,   Russia  against   Turkey,  France   and    England, 

1853-55. 

Deposits  removed  from  U.  S.  Bank  by  Jackson,  1833,  Oct.  1. 
Dorr  rebellion  in  Rhode  Island,  1842. 
Dred  Scott  decision  of  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  published,  1857, 

March  1. 

Education,  Bureau  of,  established  1867,  March  2. 
Electoral  Commission  Act,  approved,  1877,  Jan.  29. 
Electric  light,  invented  by  Lodyguin    and   Kossloff,   Russians, 

London,  1874. 

Emancipation  proclamation,  1863,  Jan,  1. 
Embargo  .\ct  passed  by  Congress,  1807,  Dec.  22. 
Engraving.  Wood,  1423  begun;  Line  or  Steel,  1450. 
Envelopes  first  used  for  letters,  1839. 

En'e,  battle  of  Lake,  Com.  Perry's  victory,  1813,  Sept.  10. 
Ether  first  used  in  surgical  operations,  1844. 
Express,    first    American,  by    W.    F.  Harnden,  New    York  to 

Boston,  1821. 

Fenian  raids  into  Canada,  18P6,  May  31;  resumed  1870,  Feb.  3. 
Ferries,  operated  by  steam,  first  used  between  New  York  and 

Brooklyn,  1824. 

Fi  Hi  buster  ing  raids  of  Wm.  Walker,  1853-60. 
Fire  Company,  Union,  Philadelphia,   first  volunteer  company 

in  America,  1736. 
Fiasr,  American,  first  used  by  Washington  at  Cambridge,  1776, 

Jan.  ].     Legally  established  by  Congress,  1777,  June  14. 
France,  first  revolution,  1789.    Reign  of  Terror,  1793. 
Franco-German  war,  1870-71. 

Free-Soil  Party,  first  national  convention,  Buffalo,  1848,  Aug.  9. 
French  <ind  Indian  War  in  America,  1754-H3. 
Fugitive  Slave  law  passed  Congress,  1850,  Sept.  12. 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  211 

Gas,  illuminating1,  first    used,    Cornwall,    Eng.,  1792;    in  U.  S., 

Boston,  1822. 

Geneva  tribunal  on  Alabama  claims,  convened  1871,  Dec.  15. 
German  Empire  re-established,  1871,  Jan.  18. 
Ghent,  treaty  of,  U.  S.  and  Great  Britain,  1815,  Feb.  18. 
Glass  first  used  for  windows  in  England,  674;  made  in  Virginia, 

1615;  Massachusetts,  1639. 
Gold  first  discovered  in  California,  1848. 
Greenback  Party,  national  platform,  1876,  May  17. 
Grey  town,     Nicaragua,    bombarded     by    Com.    Hollins,   1854, 

July  13. 

Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  treaty  of,  US.  and  Mexico,  1848,  Feb.  2. 
Gunpowder   used   by  Chinese,  A.D.,  80.     Greek   fire    used  by 

Byzantines,  A.D.,668,  known  4lO  B.C. 

Harpers  Ferry,  Va  ,  insurrection  (John  Brown),  1859,  Oct.  16. 
Hartford  convention  (anti-war),  1814,  Dec.  15. 
Homoeopathy  introduced  into  the  U.  S  ,1825. 
Hospital,    Pennsylvania,    first    in    America,   established    1751, 

Feb.  7. 

Hungary,  rebellion  in,  1848-43 
Independence,  Declaration  of,  1776,  July  4. 
Insurance.  Fire,  first  office  in  America,  Boston,  1724. 

Life,  first,  London,  1772;  first  in  America,  Philadelphia,  1812. 

Marine,    A.D.   533;  first  in  England  about   159?;    first    in 

America,  Philadelphia,  J721. 

Interior,  Department  of,  established,  1849,  March  3. 
Iron  steamships,  first,  Great  Britain,  1843. 
Italy,  war  with  Austria,  <7  weeks'  war)),  1866. 
Jamestown,  Va.,  first  permanent  English  settlement  in  America, 

founded  1607. 

Jesuits,  Order  of,  founded  bv  Ignatius  Loyola,  1541. 
Judiciary  Act  passed  cy  Congress,  1801,  Feb.  13. 
Kerosene  first  used  for  illuminating  purposes,  1826 
Knives,  first  in  England,  about  1550^. 
Know-Nothing  Party  (American),  in  New  York,  1853;  National 

platform  and  candidate  for  presidency,  (M.  Fillmore),  1856 
Ko^zta,    Martin,  taken   from  Austrian  vessel  by  Capt.   Ingra- 

ham,  1853,  July  2. 
Lee's   surrender   to    Gen.   Grant  at  Appomattox   C.  H.,  Va., 

1865,  April  13. 
Liberty     Party,    national     convention,    Buffalo,     N.    Y.,   1843, 

Aug.  30. 
Library,  first  American,  Harvard  College,  Cambridge,  1638. 

—  tirst  subscription,  Philadelphia,  r«3-l. 
Lightning  rods,  first  used  by  Benj.  Franklin  about  1752. 
Lincoln,  assassination  of,  1865,  April  14 
London,  Great  fire  of,  1666,  Sept.  26. 

Plague  in,  1665. 

Lopez  captured  and  parroted  at  Havana,  1851,  Aug.  16. 

Louis  XVI  beheaded  1793.  Jan.  *]. 

Magna  Chart  a  signed   1215. 

MH tones,  friction,  first  used,  18g9 

M 


pur- 
chase to  the  U.  S.,  1853,  Dec.  30.  War  with,  by  France,  Spain 
and  Great  Britain,  1861-63.  Proclamation  of  Empire,  under 
Maximilian,  1863,  July  10.  Republic  restored,  Maximilian  shot, 
1807,  June  19. 

Milan  decree  by  Napoleon,  1807,  Dec.  17. 

Missouri  Compromise  (restricting  slavery  to  south  of  36  deg. 
30  min.),  passed  1820,  March  3,  repealed  1854,  May  24. 

Modoc  war  in  California  begun,  1872,  Nov.  29. 

Monroe  doctrine  declared  in  Pres.  Monroe's  message,  1823, 
Dec.  2. 

Mormons  arrive  at  Salt  Lake  Valley,  Utah,  1847,  July  24. 

Musical  notes  first  used,  1338 ;  printed,  1502. 


212  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

Nantes,  Edict  of,  tolerating-  Protestants,  1598,  April  13;  Revoca- 
tion  of,  1685,  Oct.  22. 

.Napoleon  I  declared  first  Consul,  1799,  Nov.  10;  proclaimed 
Emperor,  1804,  May  18;  abdicated  after  Waterloo,  1815,  June  22. 

Napoleon  III  elected  President  French  Republic,  1848,  Dec.  10. 
Coup  d'etat  dissolving  Assembly,  1851,  Dec.  2;  proclaimed 
Emperor  1852,  Dec.  2  ;  deposed  and  Republic  proclaimed,  1870, 
Sept.  4. 

Naval  Academy,  U.  S  ,  at  Annapolis,  opened,  1845,  Oct.  10. 

Navigation  Act,  first  by  British  Parliament,  1660. 

Needles,  modern,  first  came  into  use,  1545. 

Netherlands,  revolt  of,  1565-80 

Newspaper,  first  authentic,  1494;  first  daily,  Frankfort  Ga- 
zette, 1615;  first  in  England,  Weekly  Newes,  1622 ;  first  French, 
Gazette  de  France,  Paris,  16-U;  first  attempt  at  parliamentary  re- 
porting, 164 1 ;  first  advertisement  appeared  in  1648 ;  first  Amer- 
ican, "  Publick  Occurrences,  Foreign  and  Domestick,"  Boston, 
1690,  Sept.  25 ;  first  English  daily,  London,  Daily  Courant,  1702; 
first  continuously  printed  in  America.  Boston  News  Letter,  1702 ; 
first  daily  in  United  States,  The  Pennsylvania  Packet,  1784. 

Omnibuses  first  used  in  New  York,  1830. 

Orders  in  Council,  British,  issued  1801,  Jan    7. 

Ordinance  of  1787,  passed  by  Continental  Congress,  1787. 
Sept  15. 

Organs,  first  authentic  use  of,  755;  in  England,  951. 

Ostend  Manifesto,  as  to  Cuba,  by  Pierre  Soule,  James  Bu- 
chanan and  J.  Y.  Mason,  1854,  Oct.  21 

Paper  made  by  Chinese,  from  silk,  120,  B.C.;  from  vegetable 
fiber,  A.D.,  651 ;  from  cotton,  A.D.,  711 ;  from  rags,  1085. 

Paris,  treaty  of,  ceding  French  American  possessions  to  Great 
Britain,  1763,  Feb.  10;  second  treaty  of,  closing  Crimean  war, 
1856,  March  30. 

Patent  right  law,  first  enacted  in  U.  S.,  1790,  April  15. 

Peace  conference  convened  at  Wa>hington,  1861,  Feb.  4. 

Pencils,  leaden  styles  used,  A.D.,  50;  modern,  used  in  Eng- 
>  land,  1565. 

Pens,  steel,  first  made,  1803 ;  gold,  first  used  about  1825. 

Phonograph  invented  by  T.  A.  Edison,  1877. 

Photographs  first  produced  in  England,  1802,  perfected,  1841. 

Piano- forte  invented  in  Italy,  about  1710. 

Pilgrims,  landing  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  1620,  Dec.  21  (com- 
monly called  Dec.  22). 

Pins  used  in  England  about  1450;  in  America,  machine-made,  1832. 

Pontiac's  conspiracy  to  unite  Indians  against  the  English, 1762. 

Postoffice  first  established,  between  Vienna  and  Brussels,  1516. 

Postage  stamps  first  used  in  England  1840;  in  the  United 
States,  1847 . 

Printing ;  clay  tablets  used  by  Assyrians  and  Babylonians,. 
B.C  ;  Wooden  blocks  used  by  Chinese,  A.D.,  952.  Block  books ; 
Biblia  Pauperum,  1420 ;  movable  types,  L.  Coster,  of  Haarlem, 
1423;  J.  Gutenberg,  of  Mentz,  1438;  First  Bible,  Faust  & 
Scbceffer,  1456;  first  book  printed  with  date,  Latin  Psalter,  Faust 
&  Schceff  er,  1457 ;  first  book  in  English,  ik  History  of  Troy," 
printed  at  Cologne,  by  William  Caxton,  1471;  first  book  printed 
in  England  with  date,  Caxton's  "Game  and  Playe  of  the  Chesse.' 
1474;  first  in  America,  Escala,  Espiritualof  Chimaco,  printed  by 
Juan  Hablas.  Mexico,  1535;  first  press  in  the  United  States,  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Stephen  Daye,  1639. 

Pyramids  first  erected,  2240  B.  C. 

Railroad,  Passenger,  first  opened  in  England,  1825,  Sept.  27; 
freight,  first  in  the  United  States,Crum  Creek  quarries  to  Ridley 
Creek  in  Pennsylvania.  Passenger,  first  in  America,  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  1828.  Steam,  first  in  New  York  state,  Albany  to  Schen- 
ectady,  16  miles,  1830. 

Reformation  in  Germany,  1517 ;  in  England,  1532. 

Republican  Party,  first  convention,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  1856, 
Feb.  22. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  213 

Resumption  of  specie  payments  in  U.  S.,  act  approved,  1875, 
Jan.  14 ;  took  effect  1879,  Jan.  1. 

Revolutionary  war,  beginning1,  battle  of  Lexington,  1775, 
April  19 ;  end  of  last  battle,  Combahee,  1782,  Aug.  27 ;  prelimi- 
nary treaty  of  peace,  1782,  Nov.  30. 

Richmond,  Va.,  evacuated  by  Confederates,  1865,  April  3. 

Russia,  Serf  Emancipation  in,  1861. 

Saint  Bartholomew,  massacre  of,  1572,  Aug.  24. 

San  Juan  boundary  decided  in  favor  of  the  U.  S.,  1872,  Oct.  21. 

Savannah,  first  steamer  crossed  the  Atlantic,  25  days,  Savan- 
nah to  Liverpool,  1819,  May  24. 

Seminole  war,  first  in  Georgia  and  Florida,  1817-18 ;  in  Florida* 
1835-42. 

Sewing  Machine  first  patented,  England,  1755;  first  complete^ 
E.  Howe  (American),  1846. 

Shay's  Rebellion  in  Massachusetts,  1786-87. 

Shiloh,  Tenn.  (or  Pittsburgh  Landing),  battle  of,  1862,  April  6-7. 

Sioux  war  in  Minnesota,  1862-63. 

Sleeping  cars  first  used,  1858 ;  Pullman's  patent,  1864. 

Smith,  Joseph,  Mormon  leader,  killed  at  Carthage,  111.,  1844, 
June  27. 

Stamp  Act  enacted ;  1765,  March  22;  repealed,  1766,  March  19. 

Statutes  of  the  United  States,  first  revised  and  codified,  1873. 

Steam  Engine,  boiler,  discovered  by  Marquis  of  Worcester, 
1663.  Newcomen's  engine  patented,  1705 ;  perfected  by  James 
Watt,  1773 ;  high  pressure  engine  invented  by  Oliver  Evans 
(American),  1779. 

Steam  vessels,  Papin,  France,  1707;  Jonathan  Hulls,  England, 
1736 ;  William  Henry,  Conestoga  River,  Pa.,  1763;  James  Rum- 
sey,  Md.,  1786;  John  Fitch,  Delaware  River,  1786;  Robert 
Fulton,  New  York  to  Albany,  1807. 

Sumter,  Fort,  captured  by  Confederates,  1861,  April  14. 

Sunday  Schools,  first  established  by  Robert  Raikes,  Gloucester, 
England,  J781. 

Telegraph,  first  electric,  Paddington  to  Drayton,  England,  1835; 
Morse's,  invented,  1835;  first  in  operation  in  America,  Wash- 

'  ington  to  Baltimore,  1844,  May  27;  submarine  cable,  first  laid  be- 
tween Dover  and  Calais,  1851;  first  Atlantic  cable  operated,  1858. 

Telephone  (speaking),  A.  Graham  Bell,  first  presented  Philadel- 
phia Centennial  Exhibition,  1876 :  practically  successful  as  a 
telegraph,  1877,  May  14. 

Telescope,  invented,  1608. 

Theatre,  first  in  America,  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  1752. 

Thirty  Years'  War  in  Germany,  1618-1648. 

Tobacco  introduced  into  England  from  Virginia,  1583. 

Tripoli  war  with  the  United  States,  1803-'5. 

Turner,  Nat.  slave  insurection  in  Virginia,  1831,  Aug. 

Union  of  England  and  Scotland,  1707;  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, 1800. 

Utrecht,  treaty  of,  1713,  April  11. 

Vaccination,  discovered  by  Dr.  Jenner,  England,  1796. 

War  of  1812  with  Great  Britain  declared  by  proclamation,  1812, 
June  19;  ended  by  Treaty  of  Ghent,  1815,  Feb.  18. 

Washington  inaugurated  first  president,  1789,  April  30. 

Washington,  Treaty  of,  with  Great  Britain,  war  claims,  1871, 
June  17. 

Watches  first  made  in  Nuremburg,  1477. 

Waterloo,  battle  of,  1815,  June  18. 

Whisky  insurrection  in  Pennsylvania,  1791-94. 

Wilmot  Proviso,  restricting  slavery,  offered  in  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, by  David  Wilmot,  of  Pennsylvania,  1846,  Aug.  8. 

Yellowstone  National  Park,  act  of  congress,  1871,  Feb.  28. 

Yorktown,  surrender  of  Cornwallis  to  Washington,  1781,  Oct.  19. 

THE  THREE  WISE  MEN,  or  Magi,  who  brought  gifts  to 
the  infant  Christ,  were  Melchior,  offering  gold;  Jasper,  bringing 
frankincense,  and  Balthazar,  who  brought  myrrh.  , 


214 


THE  WESTERN   WOKLD 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  PEOPLE  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES.— The  following  list  bhows  the  number  engaged  in  each 
general  calling  in  the  United  States:  Agriculture  and  kindred 
pursuits,  8,310,000;  professions  and  personal  service,  4,500,000; 
manufacturing  and  mining,  4,100,000;  trade  and  transportation, 
2,000,000. 

WEDDING  ANNIVERSARIES. 

First  anniversary Cotton  wedding. 

Second  anniversary Paper  wedding. 

Third  anniversary Leather  wedding. 

Fifth  anniversary . .   Wooden  wedding. 

Seventh  anniversary Woolen  wedding. 

Tenth  anniversary  .. Tin  wedding. 

Twelfth  anniversary Silk  and  fine  linen  wedding. 

Fifteenth  anniversary Crystal  wedding. 

Twentieth  anniversary   China  wedding. 

Twenty-fifth  anniversary Silver  wedding. 

Thirtieth  anniversary Pearl  wedding. 

Fortieth  anniversary Ituby  wedding. 

Fiftieth  anniversary fiplden  wedding. 

Seventy-fifth  anniversary Diamond  wedding. 


TUNNELS  OF  THE  WORLD.-Mount  St.  Gothard,  48,840 
feet  long  (the  longest  in  the  world*;  Mount  Cen  s,  39,840 feet  long; 
Hoosac, 25,080  feet  long;  Nochistongo.  21.659  feet  long;  Sutro, 
21,120  feet  long ;  Riquivel,  18,623  feet  long ;  Nerthe,  15,153  feet 
long;  Blaizy,  13,455  feet  long;  Thames  and  Medway,  11,880  feet 
long. 


GARDEN  OF  THE 


,  CO-LOKAJX). 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  215 

THE  BIGGEST  THINGS  ON 
EARTH. 

THE  HIGHEST  RANGE  OF  MOUNTAINS  is  the 
Himalaya,  the  mean  elevation  being-  estimated  at  from  16,000  to 
18,000  feet.  The  loftiest  mountain  is  Mountain  Everest  or  Guari- 
sanker,  of  the  Himalayas  range,  having  an  elevation  of  29,002  feet 
above  the  sea  level. 

THE  LARGEST  CITY  in  the  world  is  London.  Its  popu- 
lation numbers  3.0*0,871  souls.  New  York,  with  a  population  of 
1,250J'00,  comes  fifth  in  the  list  of  great  cities. 

THE  LARGEST  THEATER  is  the  new  Opera  House  in 
Paris.  It  covers  nearly  three  acres  of  ground.  Its  cubic  mass  is 
4,287,000  feet.  It  cost  about  I  0,0X1,000  francs. 

THE  LARGEST  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE  is  the  one 
between  New  York  city  and  Brooklyn.  The  length  of  the  main 
span  is  1,595  feet,  6  inches ;  the  entire  length  of  the  bridge  is 
is  5.980  feet. 

THE  LOFTIEST  ACTIVE  VOLCANO  is  Popocatepetl— 
"smoking  mountain" — thirty-five  miles  southwest  of  Pueblo, 
Mexico.  It  is  17,784  feet  above  the  sea-level,  and  has  a  crater 
three  miles  in  circumference  and  a  thousand  feet  deep. 

THE  LARGEST  ISLAND  in  the  world,  which  is  also  re- 
garded as  a  continent,  is  Australia.  It  is  2,500  miles  in  length 
from  east  to  west,  and  1,850  miles  from  north  to  south.  Its  area 
is  2,984,287  square  miles. 

THE  LONGEST  SPAN  OF  WIRE  in  the  world  is  use<* 
for  a  telegraph  in  India,  over  the  river  Kistnah,  between  Bazorah 
and  Sectynagruin.  It  is  more  than  6,000  feet  in  length,  and  is 
1,200  feet  high. 

THE  LARGEST  SHIP  in  the  world  is  the  Great  Eastern. 
She  is  680  feet  long,  83  feet  broad  and  60  feet  deep,  being  28,627 
tons  burden,  18.915  gross,  and  13,344  net  register.  She  was  built  at 
Mill  wall  on  the  Thames,  and  was  launched  January  31,  1857. 

THE  LARGEST  UNIVERSITY  is  Oxford,  in  England,  in 
the  city  of  the  same  name,  55  miles  from  London.  It  consists  of 
21  colleges  and  five  halls.  Oxford  was  a  seat  of  learning  as  early 
as  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor.  University  College  claims 
to  have  been  founded  by  Alfred. 

THE  LARGEST  BODY  OF  FRESH  WATER  on  the 
globe  is  Lake  Superior,  400  miles  long,  160  wide  at  its  greatest 
breadth,  and  having  an  area  of  32,000  square  miles.  Its  mean 
depth  is  900  feet  and  its  greatest  depth  is  said  to  be  about  200 
fathoms.  Its  surface  is  about  6*5  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

THE  BIGGEST  CAVERN  is  the  Mammoth  Cave  in  Ed- 
monson  County,  Ky.  It  is  near  Green  River,  about  6  miles 
from  Cave  City  and  28  from  Bowling  Green.  The  cave  consists 
of  a  succession  of  irregular  chambers,  some  of  which  are  large, 
situated  on  different  levels.  Some  of  thes^  are  traversed  by 
navigable  branches  of  the  subterranean  Echo  river.  Blind  fish 
are  found  in  its  waters. 

THE  LONGEST  TUNNEL  in  the  world  is  that  of  the  St. 
Gothard,  on  the  line  of  railroad  between  Lucerne  and  Milan. 
The  summit  of  the  tunnel  is  900  feet  below  the  surface  at  Ander- 
mafct,  and  6,HOO  feet  beneath  the  peak  of  Kastelhorn  of  the  St. 
Gothard  group.  The  tunnel  is  26^  feet  wide  and  is  18  feet  and<  10 
inches  from  the  floor  to  the  crown  of  the  arched  roof.  It  is  9^ 
miles  lonsr.  1H  miles  lonsrer  thjm  the  Mt.  Cenis  tunnel. 

THE  BIGGEST  TREES  in  the  world  are  the  mammoth  trees 
of  California.  One  of  a  grove  in  Tulare  county,  according  to 
measurements  made  by  members  of  the  state  geological  survey, 
was  shown  to  be  276  feet  in  height,  108  feet  in  circumfererence  at 


216  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

the  base,  and  76  feet  at  a  point  13  feet  above  ground.  Some  of 
the  trees  are  376  feet  high  and  34  feet  in  diameter.  Some  of  the 
largest  that  have  been  felled  indicate  an  age  of  from  2,000  to  2,500 
years. 

THE  LARGEST  LIBRARY  is  the  Bibliotheque  National 
In  Paris,  founded  by  Louis  XIV.  It  contains  1,400,000  vol- 
umes, 300,000  pamplets,  175,000  manuscripts,  300,000  maps  and 
charts,  150,000  coins  and  medals.  The  collection  of  engravings 
exceeds  1,300,000,  contained  in  some  10,000  volumes.  The  portraits 
number  about  100,000.  The  building  which  contains  these  treasures 
is  situated  on  the  Rue  Richelieu.  Its  length  is  540  feet,  its 
breadth  130  feet.  The  largest  library  in  New  York  is,  in  respect 
of  separate  works,  the  Astor.  About  190,000  volumes  are  on  its 
shelves. 

THE  LARGEST  DESERT  is  that  of  Sahara,  a  vast  region 
of  northern  Africa,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the 
west  to  the  valley  of  the  Nile  on  the  east.  The  length  from  east 
to  west  is  about  3,000  miles,  its  average  breadth  about  900  miles, 
its  area  2,000,000  square  miles.  Rain  falls  in  torrents  in  the  Sahara 
at  intervals  of  five,  ten  and  twenty  years.  In  summer  the  heat 
during  the  day  is  excessive,  but  the  nights  are  often  cold.  In 
winter  the  temperature  is  sometimes  below  freezing  point. 

THE  GREATEST  PYRAMID  is  that  of  Cheops,  one  of  the 
three  pyramids  forming  the  Memphis  group,  situated  on  a  plateau 
about  137  feet  above  the  level  of  the  highest  rise  in  the  Nile.  Its 
dimensions  have  been  reduced  by  the  removal  of  the  outer  por- 
tions to  furnish  stone  for  the  city  of  Cairo.  Its  masonry  consisted 
originally  of  89,028,000  cubic  feet,  and  still  amounts  to  82,111,000 
feet.  The  present  vertical  height  is  450  feet,  against  479  originally. 
The  total  weight  of  the  stone  is  estimated  at  6,316,000  tons. 

THE  GREATEST  FORTRESS  from  a  strategical  point  of 
view  is  the  famous  stronghold  of  Gibraltar,  belonging  to  Great 
Britain,  situated  upon  the  most  southern  point  of  land  upon  the 
coast  of  southwestern  Spain.  It  occupies  a  rocky  peninsula, 
jutting  out  into  the  sea,  about  three  miles  long  and  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  wide.  One  central  rock  rises  to  a  height  of  1,435  feet 
above  the  sea  level.  Its  northern  face  is  almost  perpendicular, 
while  its  east  side  is  full  of  tremendous  precipices.  On  the  south 
it  terminates  in  what  is  called  Europa  point.  The  west  side  is  less 
steep  than  the  east,  and  between  its  base  and  the  sea  is  the  nar- 
row, almost  level  span  on  which  the  town  of  Gibraltar  is  built. 
The  fortress  is  considered  impregnable  to  military  assault.  The 
regular  garrison  in  time  of  peace  numbers  about  7,000. 

THE  LARGEST  INLAND  SEA  is  the  Caspian,  lying 
between  Europe  and  Asia.  Its  greatest  length  is  760  miles  and  its 
area  180,000  square  miles.  Great  Salt  Lake,  in  Utah,  which  may 
properly  be  termed  an  inland  sea,  is  about  90  miles  long  and  has  a 
varying  breadth  of  from  20  to  25  miles.  Its  surface  is  4,200 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  whereas  the  surf  ace  of  the  Caspian 
is  84  feet  below  the  ocean  level. 

THE  LARGEST  EMPIRE  in  the  world  is  that  of  Great 
Britain,  comprising  8,557,558  square  miles,  more  than  a  sixth  part 
of  the  land  of  the  globe,  and  embracing  under  its  rule  nearly  a 
sixth  part  of  the  population  of  the  world.  In  territorial  extent 
the  United  States  ranks  third,  containing  3,580,242  square  miles, 
including  Alaska;  in  population  it  ranks  fourth  with  its  50,000,000 
of  people.  Russia  ranks  second,  having  8,351,940  square  miles. 

THE  HIGHEST  MONOLITH  is  the  obelisk  at  Karnak,  in 
Egypt.  Karnak  is  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  near  Luxor,  and 
occupies  a  part  of  the  site  of  ancient  Thebes.  The  obelisE  is 
ascribed  to  Hatasu,  sister  of  Pharaoh  Thothmes  III.  who  reigned 
about  1600  B.C.  The  whole  length  is  122  feet,  its  weight  400  tons. 
Its  height,  without  pedestal,  is  108  feet  10  inches.  The  height  of 
the  obelisk  in  Central  Park,  without  pedestal,  is  68  feet  11  inches, 
its  weisrht  about  168  tons. 

THE  LARGEST  BELL  in  the  world  is  the  great  bell  of 
Moscow,  at  i  he  foot  of  the  Kremlin.  Its  circumference  at  the 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  217 

bottom  is  nearly  68  feet,  and  its  height  more  than  21  feet.  In  its 
stoutest  part  it  is  33  inches  thick,  and  its  weight  has  been  computed 
to  be  443,722  pounds.  It  has  never  been  hung-,  and  was  probably 
cast  on  the  spot  where  it  now  stands.  A  piece  of  the  bell  is 
broken  off.  The  fracture  is  supposed  to  have  been  occasioned  by 
water  having  been  thrown  upon  it  when  heated  by  the  building- 
erected  over  it  being  on  fire. 

FAMOUS  BBIDG-ES.— The  largest  bridge  ever  built  (with- 
out mentioning  trestleworks)  was  the  Tay  bridge,  10,320  feet  in 
length  ;  the  largest  bridge  now  in  use  is  the  Montreal  bridge  over 
the  St.  Lawrence,  8,791  feet ;  probably  the  longest  bridge  that 
will  be  built  in  a  century  from  now  is  the  Forth  bridge,  to  be 
9,200  feet  long ;  the  highest  bridge  in  the  world  is  at  Gerabit, 
France,  crossing  the  river  at  the  height  of  413  feet ;  the  most 
wonderful  bridge  in  the  world  is  the  Brooklyn  bridge,  the  per- 
manent weight  being  14,680  tons ;  the  bridge  of  saddest  reflec- 
tions is  the  Bridge  of  Sighs  at  Venice,  Italy ;  probably  the  bridge 
most  celebrated  in  song  and  story,  is  the  London  bridge. 


NAMES  OF  DAYS. 

Sunday  (Saxon  Sunnandaeg,  day  of  the  sun) . 

Monday  (German,  Montag,  day  of  the  moon). 

Tuesday  (Anglo-Saxon  Tiwesdaeg,  from  Tiw,  the  god  of  war). 

Wednesday  (Anglo-Saxon,  Wodensdaeg,  from  Odin  or 
Woden,  the  god  of  storms  and  boundaries). 

Thursday  (Danish,  Thor,  the  god  of  thunder). 

Friday  (Saxon,  Frigedeeg,  day  of  Freya,  goddess  of  marriage, 
fecundity  and  fidelity). 

Saturday  (day  of  Saturn,  the  god  of  time.) 

The  names  of  the  seven  days  of  the  week  originated  with  the 
Egyptian  astronomers.  They  gave  them  the  names  of  the  sun, 
moon  and  five  planets;  viz.,  Mars,  Mercury,  Jupiter,  Venus  and 
Saturn. 

The  Chinese  and  Thibetans  have  a  week  of  five  days,  named 
after  iron,  wood,  water,  feathers  and  earth. 


ORIGIN  OF  NAMES  OF  MONTHS. 

January.— The  Roman  Janus  presided  over  the  beginning  of 
everything ;  hence  the  first  month  of  the  year  was  called  after 
him. 

February.— The  Roman  festival  Februs  was  held  on  the  15th 
day  of  this  month,  in  honor  of  Lupercus,  the  god  of  fertility. 

March.— Named  from  the  Roman  god  of  war,  Mars. 

April.— Lat.  Aprilis,  probably  derived  from  aperire,  to  open; 
because  spring  generally  begins  and  the  buds  open  in  this  month. 

May.— Lat.  Maius,  probably  derived  from  Maia,  a  feminine 
divinity  worshiped  at  Rome  9n  the  first  day  of  this  month. 

June.— Juno,  a  Roman  divinity  worshiped  as  the  Queen  of 
Heaven . 

July  (Julius).—  Caesar  was  born  in  this  month. 

August.—  Named  by  the  Emperor  Augustus  Caesar, B.C.  30, 
for  himself,  in  memory  of  several  victories  gained  during  this 
month. 

September  (septem,  or  7) .  —September  was  the  seventh  month 
in  the  old  Roman  calendar. 

October  (octo,  meaning  8).— Eighth  month  of  the  old  Roman 
year. 

November  (no vein,  or  9)— November  was  the  ninth  month  in 
the  old  Roman  year. 

December  (decem,  or  10).— December  was  the  tenth  month 
of  the  early  Roman  year. 


218  THE     WESTERN    WOULD 

LEXICON 

OF 

MYTHOLOGIES  AND  CLASSICS. 

Acheron,  a  river  of  Hades. 

Achilles,  bravest  of  the  Greeks  in  the  war  against  Troy,  invul- 
nerable except  in  his  right  heel. 
Actseon,  a  famous  hunter,  changed  by  Diana  into  a  stag,  and 

killed  by  his  own  dogs. 

Adonis,  a  beautiful  youth  beloved  by  Venus. 
JEgeus,    a  king   of    Athens  who   threw  himself  into  the  sea, 

called  in  consequence  the  ^Egean  Sea.         » 
yEneas,   son    of   Anchises   and    Venus,   the    hero    of   Virgil's 

^Eneiti . 

JEolus,  god  of  wind  and  storm. 
yEsculapius,  son  of  Apollo,  god  of  medicine. 
Agamemnon,  commander  of  Grecian  forces  in  siege  of  Troy. 
A  jax,  a  Grecian  hero  in  Trojan  war. 
Ammon,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 
Amphion,  a  king  of  Thebes,  who  built  the  city  by  playing  on 

a  lyre. 

Amphitrite,  the  wife  of  Neptune,  and  goddess  of  the  sea. 
Andromache,  wife  of  Hector  of  Troy. 
Andromeda,  daughter  of  Cepheus,  rescued  from  a  sea-monster 

and  married  by  Perseus. 
Antaeus,  a  giant  overcome  by  Hercules. 
Aphrodite,  goddess  of  love  and  beauty. 
Apis,  the  sacred  bull  of  the  Egyptians  worshiped  as  a  god. 
Apollo,  god  of  poetry,  song,  music  and  the  arts. 
Argonauts,  companions  of  Jaton,  on  the  Argo,  in  search  of  the 

golden  fleece. 
Argus,  the  keeper  with  a  hundred  eyes,  who  was  to  guard  To. 

After  his  death,  Juno  turned  him  into  a  peacock,  putting 

his  eyes  on  the  bird's  tail. 

Ariadne,  daughter  of  Minos,  king  of  Crete,  wife  of  Bacchus. 
Arion,  a  Greek  bard,  who,  when  cast  into  the  sea  by  robbers, 

was  saved  by  a  dolphin,  who  was  charmed  with  his  music. 
Astraea,  goddess  of  justice. 
Atlanta,  Boeotian  maiden  very  swift  of  foot. 
Ate,  goddess  of  mischief. 
Atlas,  leader  of  the  Titans,  carried  the  world  on  his  head  and 

hands. 

Atropos,  one  of  the  Fates. 
Aurora,  the  goddess  of  morning. 
Avernus,  lake  of  the  lower  world. 
Bacchus,  god  of  wine. 

Bellerophon,  rider  of  the  winged  horse  Pegasus. 
Bellona,  goddess  of  war. 
Bucephalus,  Alexander  the  Great's  horse. 
Cadrnos,  a  Phoenician,  inventor  of  the  alphabet. 
Calliope,  the  muse  of  epic  poetry. 
Cassandra,  daughter  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy. 
Castor  and  Pollux,  twin  brothers,  who,  from  their  love  for  each 

other,  were  placed  as  a  constellation  in  heaven   under  the 

name  of  Gemini,  "  the  twins." 
Centaur,  half  man,  half  horse. 
Cerberus,   the   three-headed   dog   of   Pluto   that   guarded   the 

entrance  to  hell. 

Ceres,  the  goddess  of  agriculture,  grain,  fruits  and  corn. 
Charon,  ferryman  over  the  Styx. 
Chary bdis,  a  whirlpool  between  Italy  and  Sicily. 
Chlmsera,  a  monster  who  vomited  fire. 


GUIDE  AND   HANDBOOK.  219 


Chloris,  goddess  of  flowers. 

Circe,  a  famous  sorceress. 

Clio,  muse  of  history. 

Clotho,  youngest  of  the  Fates. 

Comus,  god  of  mirth  and  joy. 

Cupid,  god  of  love. 

Cynthia,  Diana. 

Cytherea,  Venus." 

Daedalus,  a  sculptor  and  architect. 

Damon  and  Pythias,  models  of  friendship  in  the  face  of  death. 

Daphne,  a  nymph  beloyed  by  Apollo . 

Delphi,  a  town  in  Phocis,  celebrated  for  its  oracle  of  Apollo. 

Deucalion,  a  king  of  Thessaly. 

Diana,  sister  of  Apollo,  goddess  of  the  moon  and  of  hunting. 

Dido,  foundress  of  Carthage.    Fell  in  love  with  JEneas,  but  not 

finding  her  love  returned,  killed  herself. 
Dryads,  wood  nymphs. 
Echo,  a  nymph  who  pined  for  Narcissus,  until  nothing  was  left 

but  her  voice. 
Elysium,  heaven. 

Endymion,  a  youth  celebrated  for  his  beauty,  and  for  the  per- 
petual sleep  in  which  he  lay. 
Erebus,  god  of  darkness. 
Eurydice,  wife  of  Orpheus. 
Euterpe,  muse  of  lyric  poetry  and  music. 
Fates,  Clotho,  Lachesis,  and  Atropos,  who  determined  the  birth, 

life  and  death  of  mortals. 
Faunis,  god  of  agriculture. 
Flora,  goddess  of  flowers. 
Furies,  Alecto,  Megasra  and  Tisiphone. 
Ganymede,  cupbearer  of  the  gods. 
Gordius,  the  king  of  Phrygia,  who  tied  the  inextricable  knot, 

which  Alexander  the  Great  cut  with  his  sword. 
Gorgons,  Medusa,  Euryale  and  Sthenio,  three  female  monsters, 

who  turned  all  they  looked  upon  into  stone. 
Graces,  Aglaia,  Thalia  and  Euphrosyne,  attendants   of  Venus. 
Harpies,  women  with  wings  and  claws. 
Hebe,  the  goddess  of   youth,  daughter  of  Juno,  and  wife  of 

Hercules. 

Hecate,  goddess  of  enchantments. 
Hector,  son  of  Priam,  slain  by  Achilles. 
Hecuba,  mother  of  Hector. 

Helena,  the  beautiful  wife  of  Menelaus,  king  of  Sparta. 
Helle,  a  maiden  drowned  in  the  strait,  which  alter  her  is  called 

Hellespont. 

Hercules,  srod  of  strength,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmena. 
Hermes,  Mercury. 
Hero,   priestess  of  Venus,  beloved  by  Leander,  who    used  to 

swim  the  Hellespont  to  meet  her. 
Hesperus,  son  of  Atlas,  turned  into  a  star. 
Horse,  the  hours,  daughters  of  Jupiter. 
Hyacinthus,  a  beautiful  lad,  accidentaly  killed  by  Apollo,  and 

from  his  blood  sprang  the  flower  that  bears  his  name. 
Hydra,  a  water  serpent  with  fifty  heads,  killed  by  Hercules. 
Hygeia,  goddess  of  health,  daughter  of  ^Esculapius. 
Hymen,  god  of  marriage. 

Hyperion,  father  of  the  sun,  son  of  Titan  and  the  earth, 
lachus,  Bacchus,  god  of  mirth  and  drinking. 
Icarus,  son  of  Daedalus.    Fleeing  from  Crete,  his  father  attached 

wings  made  of  wax  to  his  body.  The  wax  melted  on  his  soaring 

too  near  the  sun,  and  he  fell  into  the  sea. 
To,  daughter  of  Inachus,  king  of  Argos,  beloved  by  Jove. 
Iris,  the  swift-footed  messenger  of  the  gods. 
Isis,  Egyptian  goddess,  confounded  with  the  sun. 
Janus,  god  of  the  sun,  having  two  faces. 
Jason,  leader  of  the  Argonauts,  who  brought  the  golden  fleece 

from  Colchis. 


220  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 

Juno,  daughter  of  Saturn,  sister  and  wife  of  Jupiter. 

Jupiter,  chief  among  the  gods,  called  also  Jove. 

Laocoon,  a  Trojan  priest  of  Apollo,  who  with  his  two  sons  was 
crushed  by  serpents. 

Lares,  deities  who  preside  over  the  home. 

Latona,  mother  of  Apollo  and  Diana. 

Laverna,  goddess  of  thieves. 

Leander,  a  Greek  youth,  who  swam  the  Hellespont  every  night 
to  visit  Hero,  until  he  was  drowned  in  a  storm. 

Lethe,  a  river  of  Hades,  whose  waters,  when  drunk,  caused  f  or- 
getfulness. 

Mars,  god  of  war,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno. 

Medea,  Grecian  princess,  who  assisted  Jason  to  obtain  the  golden 
fleece,  and  then  became  his  wife. 

Medusa,  one  o'f  the  Gorgons,  killed  by  Perseus. 

Melpomene,  the  muse  of  tragic  and  lyric  poetry. 

Mentor,  the  wise  friend  of  Ulysses. 

Mercury,  god  of  commerce  and  grain. 

Midas,  a  Phrygian  king  who  desired  of  Bacchus  that  everything 
he  touched  might  turn  into  gold;  his  request  being  granted, 
even  his  food  turned  to  gold,  but  he  was  saved  by  washing 
in  the  river  Pactolus. 

Minerva,  goddess  of  wisdom. 

Momus,  god  of  mockery  and  censure. 

Morpheus,  god  of  dreams  and  sleep. 

Muses,  daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Mnemosyne.  They  were  Cal- 
liope, muse  of  epic  poetry;  Clio,  of  history;  Erato,  of  amatory 
poetry;  Thalia,  of  comedy;  Melpomene,  of  tragedy;  Terpsich- 
ore, of  dancing;  Euterpe,  of  lyric  poetry;  Polyhymnia,  of 
poetry  and  eloquence;  and  Urania,  of  astronomy. 

Naiads,  nymphs  of  waters. 

Narcissus,  a  beautiful  youth,  who  fell  in  love  with  his  own 
image  reflected  in  a  well,  and  pined  away  until  he  was  changed 
into  a  flower  called  by  his  name. 

Nemesis,  goddess  of  justice  and  punishment. 

Neptune,  god  of  the  sea,  and  brother  of  Jupiter. 

Nereids,  sea  nymphs. 

Nestor,  a  king  of  Pylos,  famous  for  his  eloquence  and  wisdom. 

Niobe,  daughter  of  Amphion,  king  of  Thebes.  Her  children 
having  been  killed,  she  wept  for  them  until  she  turned  into 
stone. 

Nox,  goddess  of  darkness. 

GEdipus,  king  of  Thebes,  who  solved  the  riddle  of  the  Sphinx. 

Olympus,  a  lofty  mountain  on  the  borders  of  Thessaly,  the  seat 
of  the  gods. 

Ops,  goddess  of  plenty  and  patroness  of  husbandry. 

Oreads,  mountaid  nymphs. 

Orestes,  son  of  Agamemnon,  who  avenged  his  father's  murder 
by  slaying  his  guilty  mother. 

Orion,  a  celebrated  giant  and  hunter. 

Orpheus,  a  poet  who  moved  inanimate  objects  by  the  music  of 
his  lyre  and  charmed  wild  beasts. 

Osiris,  the  chief  Egyptian  deity. 

Pactolus,  a  river  in  Lydia,  said  to  bring  down  golden  sands, 
from  Midas  having  washed  in  it. 

Paean,  Apollo  as  the  healing  deity. 

Pallas,  Minerva. 

Pan,  son  of  Mercury,  chief  god  of  woods,  shepherds,  fishing,  etc. 

Pandora,  a  woman  made  by  Vulcan.  She  was  presented  with 
gifts  by  all  the  gods.  She  opened  a  box  she  had  received 
from  Jupiter,  and  out  of  it  flew  all  manner  of  diseases. 

Parcts,  the  Fates. 

Paris,  son  of  Priam,  who  carried  off  Helen,  and  so  occasioned 
the  Trojan  war,  in  which  he  was  slain. 

Parnassus,  a  mountain  in  Greece  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the 
muses. 

Pegasus,  a  winged  horse  of  the  muses. 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  221 

Penates,  household  gods. 

Penelope,  the  wife  of  Ulysses. 

Perseus,  a  son  of  Jupiter,  who  cut  off  the  head  of  Medusa,  and 

thus  saved  Andromeda,  whom  he  married. 
Phaeton,  a  son  of  Sol,  who  obtained  leave  to  drive  a  chariot  of 

the  sun  for  ODC  day,  and  upset  it. 
Phlegethon,  a  river  of  fire  in  the  lower  world. 
Phoebe,  goddess  of  the  moon,  sister  of  Phoebus. 
Phoabus,  Apollo,  god  of  the  sun. 
Phoenix,  a  fabulous  bird,  which  at  death  burned  itself  to  ashes, 

from  which  a  new  phoenix  arose. 
Phosphorus,  Lucifer,  the  morning  star  Venus. 
Pluto,  king  of  the  lower  world. 
Plutus,  god  of  riches. 

Polyhymnia,  muse  of  lyric  poetry  and  eloquence. 
Pomona,  goddess  of  fruit. 

Poseidon,  Greek  god  of  the  sea,  the  Roman  Neptune. 
Priam,  last  King  of  Troy,  slain  by  Pyrrhus,  the  son  of  Achilles. 
Priapus,  god  of  fruitf ulness  and  vineyards. 
Prometheus,  said  to  have  made  a  man  of  clay,  and  put  life  into 

him  by  fire  stolen  from  heaven.    Jupiter  chained  him  to  Mt. 

Caucasus,  where  a  vulture  fed  continually  on  his  liver. 
Proserpine,  wife  of  Pluto  and  queen  of  the  lower  regions. 
Proteus,  a  sea-god  and  prophet;  he  could  assume  any  form. 
Pthah,  great  Egyptian  god. 
Psyche,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Cupid. 
Pygmies,  a  nation  of  dwarfs  in  Africa,  only  a  span  high. 
Pygmalion,  a  king  of  Cyprus,  who  fell  in  love  with  the  image  of 

a  maiden  which  he  made.    Venus  changed  it  into  a  woman, 

whom  he  married. 
Pyramus,  lover  of  Thisbe. 

Python,  a  serpent  killed  by  Apollo  near  Delphi. 
Rhadamantlms,  one  of  the  judges  in  the  lower  world. 
Romulus,  founder  of  Rome. 

Saturn,  father  of  Jupiter,  by  whom  he  was  dethroned. 
Satyrs,  lascivious  sylvan  deities. 
Scylla,  a  rock  between  Italy  and  Sicily,  opposite  Charybdis.    On 

this  rock  lived  Scylla,  a  fearful  monster,  which  barked  like  a 

dog,  and  had  six  mouths  and  twelve  feet. 
Serapis,  an  Egyptian  divinity. 
Sinon,  the  Greek  who  persuaded  the  Trojans  to  admit  the  wooden 

horse  filled  with  Greek  warriors. 

Sirens,  sea  nymphs,  wh<j>,  on  the  coast  of  Italy,  enticed  mari- 
ners ashore  by  sweet  voices,  and  killed  them. 
Sisyphus,  a  wicked  king  of  Corinth,  who  was  compelled  by  Pluto 

to  roll  to  the  top  of  a  hili   a   stone  which  continually  fell 

back  again. 
Styx,  a  river  of  Hell,  across  which  the  spirits  were  ferried  by 

Charon. 
Tantalus,  son  of  Jupiter,  who,  offending  his  father,  was  made  to 

stand  up  to  his  chin  in  water,  with  fruit  hung  over  his  head; 

the  water  receded  when  he  wished  to  drink,  and  the  fruit 

eluded  him  when  he  was  hungry. 
Tartarus,  the  lower  world. 
Telemachus,  son  of  Ulysses  and  Penelope. 
Terpsichore,  muse  of  dancing. 
Thalia,  muse  of  comedy. 
Themis,  goddess  of  justice. 
Theseus,  a  king  of  Athens. 
Thespis,  founder  of  Greek  tragedy. 
Thetis,  mother  of  Achilles. 
Timon,  celebrated  misanthrope  of  Athens. 
Timotheus,  a  celebrated  musician  of  Miletus. 
Titans,  giant  sons  of  Titan,  who  helped  their  father  contend 

against  Jupiter;  they  were  overthrown  by  his  bolts. 
Troy,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor,  destroyed  by  the  Greeks  after  ten 

years'  siege. 


222 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


Ulysses,  a  king  of  Ithaca,  famed    among  the  Greek  warriors 

before  Troy  for  his  craft  and  eloquence. 
Urania,  muse  of  astronomy. 
Venus,  goddess  of  love,  beauty  and  pleasure. 
Vertumnus,  god  of  the  seasons. 
Vesper,  the  star  Hesperus. 
Vesta,  daughter  of  Saturn,  goddess  of  the  household  fires  and 

domestic  life 

Vulcan,  god  of  fire,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno. 
Zephyrus,  the  west  wind. 
Zeus,  Jupiter.  

HEIGHT  OF  CHIEF  MONUMENTS  AND  SPIRES  of 

the  world  are  as  follows :  Washington  Monument,  United  States, 
550  feet;  Cathedral  of  Cologne,  Germany,  511  feet;  Cathedral  of 
St.  Stephen,  Vienna,  Austria,  476  feet;  Cathedral  of  Strasburg, 
Germany,  468  feet;  Cathedral  of  St.  Peter's,  Rome,  Italy,  448  feet ; 
Great  Pyramid,  Egypt,  450  feet;  King  Shafra's  Pyramid,  Egypt, 
447  feet;  Church  of  Notre  Dame,  Antwerp,  Belgium,  430  feet; 
Cathedral  of  Amiens,  France,  422  feet;  Torazzo's  Tower,  Italy,  396 
feet;  Cathedral  of  Florence,  Italy.  387  feet;  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
London,  England,  362  feet;  Hotel  de  Ville,  Brussels,  Belgium,  358 
feet;  Cathedral  of  Milan,  Italy,  355  feet;  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral, 
New  York,  United  States,  344  feet;  Giralda's  Tower,  Italy,  350  feet; 
Bartholdi's  Statue,  United  States,  324  feet;  Cathedral  of  Bremen, 
Germany,  324  feet;  St.  Mark's,  Venice,  328  feet;  Asimelli  Tower, 
Italy,  321  feet;  Cathedral  of  Norwich,  England,  315  feet;  Board  of 
Trade,  Chicago,  303  feet;  Lincoln  Cathedral,  England,  300  feet; 
Bunker  Hill  Monument,  United  States,  221  feet;  Leaning  Tower, 
Italy,  174  feet. 

THE  LARGKEST  TELESCOPE  in  the  world  is  the  Lord 
Rosse,  which  has  an  aperture  of  72  inches.  The  largest  in  this 
country  is  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  having  an  aperture  of  28  inches. 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  223 

LARGEST  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  in  the  world  was  in  1883 
at  trie  Sydney  lighthouse,  Australia,  which  has  a  power  of 
180,000  candles,  and  the  fourth  largest  is  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  24,- 
000  candle  power  (the  light  at  Paris,  in  Palais  d'  Industrie,  equal 
to  150,000  candle  power,  and  the  Marseilles  light  of  40,000  candles, 
beintr  greater) .  The  Sydney  light  is  visible  50  miles  ;  that  of  San 
Jose  sheds  light  two  miles  around.  Since  1883  numerous  lights 
equaling  these  have  been  put  in  operation.  Paris,  France,  is  to 
have  one  of  enormous  power. 


NOMS  DE  PLUME. 

Agate Whitelaw  Reid. 

A.  L.  O.  E.  (A  lady  of  England) .  .Charlotte  Tucker. 

Artemas  Ward Charles  F.  Browne. 

Boz  Charles  Dickens. 

Bret  Harte F.  B.  Harte. 

Buffalo  Bill W.  F.  Cody. 

Carleton C.  C.  Coffin . 

Danbury  News  Man J.  M.  Bailey . 

Diedrich  Knickerbocker Washington  Irving. 

Elia Charles  Lamb. 

Eli  Perkins M.  G.  Langdon. 

Fanny  Fern Mrs.  Sarah  P.  W.  Parton. 

Fat  Contributor A.  M.  Griswold. 

Gail  Hamilton Mary  Abigail  Dodge. 

Gath George  Alfred  Townsend. 

Geoffrey  Crayon W  ashlngton  Irving. 

George  Eliot Mrs.  M.  C .  E .  Lewes-Cross. 

Grace  Greenwood Mrs.  Lippincott. 

Harry  Castlemon Charles  Fosdick. 

H.  H.  (Helen  Hunt) Mrs.  Helen  Jackson. 

Hugh  Conway F.  J.  Fargus. 

Ik.  Marvel .Donald  G.  Mitchell. 

Jean  Paul Jean  Paul  Frederick  Richter. 

Joaquin  Miller C.  H.  Miller. 

Josh  Billings Henry  W.  Shaw. 

Joshua  Coffin H.  W.  Longfellow. 

Lemuel  Gulliver .Jonathan  Swift. 

Mark  Twain Samuel  L.  Clemens. 

Marion  Harlarid Mrs.  M.  V.  Terhune. 

M.  Quad C.  B.  Lewis. 

Max  Adeler Charles  H.  Clarke. 

Mrs.  Partington B.  P.  Shillaber. 

Oliver  Optic W.  T.  Adams. 

One  of  the  Fools A.  W  Tourgee. 

Ouida Louisa  de  la  Rame. 

Owen  Meredith Lord  Lytton. 

Peter  Parley S.  C.  Goodrich. 

Peter  Parley Wm.  Martin. 

Petroleum  V.  Nasby D.  R.  Locke. 

Poor  Richard Benjamin  Franklin. 

Porte  Crayon .D.  H.  Strother. 

Robinson  Crusoe Daniel  Defoe. 

Rob  Roy John  Macgregor. 

Sam  Slick J.  C.  Haliburton. 

Sophia  May Miss  R  S.  Clarke. 

Saxe  Holm  Ruth  Ellis. 

Timothy  Titcomb J.  G.  Holland. 

Tom  Brown Thomas  Hughes. 


DERIVATION    OF   THE  ENGLISH   LANGTJAGE.- 

Over  %  of  the  words  in  the  English  language  are  derived  from 
the  Latin,  over  y±  from  the  French,  about  one-tenth  from 
the  Saxon,  and  a  little  less  from  the  Greek. 


224 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


SEVEN  WONDERS  OF  THE  WORLD.-The  pyramids 
of  Egypt.  Pharos  of  Alexandria.  Walls  and  hanging-  gardens 
of  Babylon.  Temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus.  The  statue  of  the 
Olympian  Jupiter.  Mausoleum  of  Artemisia.  Colossus  of 
Rhodes.  

THE  SEVEN  WISE  MEN  OF  GREECE.— Flourished  in 
Greece  in  the  sixth  century,  B.C.  There  names  were:  Solon, 
Chilo,  Pittacus,  Bias,  Periander,  Cleobulus  and  Thales. 


THE  SEVEN  SLEEPERS.— Were,  according-  to  an  early 
leg-end,  seven  noble  youths  of  Ephesus,  who  fled  from  persecu- 
tion to  a.  cavern,  where  they  were  discovered  and  walled  in  to 
starve  to  death.  They  were  made  to  sleep,  and  in  that  state  lived 
two  centuries.  There  names  are  said  to  have  been:  Maximian, 
Malchus,  Martinian,  Denis,  John,  Serapion  and  constantine. 


THE  SEVEN  HILLS  OF  ROME.— Rome  was  built  upon 
the  Ayentine,  Capitoline,  Coelian,  Esquiline,  Palatine,  Quirmal 
and  Viminal  hills.  Their  altitude  above  the  Tiber  is  only  about 
150  feet.  

FOOD.— The  time  required  to  digest  the  various  kinds  of  food 
will  be  found  below: 

Min. 


15 
15 
15 

20 
20 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 
35 
45 

30 
45 
30 


VALUE  OF  A  TON  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVER.-A  ton 

of  pure  gold  is  worth  $602,798.90,  and  $1,000.000  in  gold  coin  weighs 
3,686  B>s.  A  ton  of  pure  silver  is  worth  $37,705,  and  $1,000,000  in 
silver  coin  weighs  5S,921  ft-s. 


Rice,  boiled.  .  .. 

Hrs. 
1 

Min 

Hrs. 
Egsrs  soft  boiled  ...  3 

Eggs,  whipped  
Trout,  fresh,  fried.  . 
Soup,  barley,  boiled.  . 
Apples,  sweet,  raw.  .  . 
Venison  steak,  broiled 
Sago,  boiled  
Tapioca,  boiled  
Barley,  boiled  

.    1 

1 
.    1 
.    1 
.    1 
.    1 
.    ?, 
.'   "/• 

SO 
30 
30 
30 
45 
45 

20 

Beefsteak,  broiled  3 
Mutton,  broiled  3 
Mutton,  boiled  3 
Soup,  bean,  boiled  —  3 
Chicken  soup,  boiled  .  .  3 
Pork,  salt,  broiled  3 
Mutton,  roasted  3 
Bread,  corn  baked  3 

Milk,  boiled  

.    2 

Carrot,  boiled  3 

Liver  beef  broiled  .  . 

2 

Sausage  broiled  .  .  3 

Egg*s,  fresh,  raw  

.    2 

Oysters,  stewed  ....  3 

Apples,  sour,  raw  .  . 

$ 

Butter  3 

Cabbage,  raw  

.    2 

15 

Cheese,  old  3 

Milk  

2 

15 

Bread  fresh  baked  3 

Eggs  roasted 

2 

15 

Turnips  flat  boiled  3 

Goose,  roasted  
Turkey,  roasted  
Cake,  sponge,  baked.  . 
Hash  warmed 

.     2 

.    2 
.     2 

2 

15 

30 
30 

rO 

Potatoes,  Irish,  boiled.  3 
Eggs,  hard  boiled  3 
Green  corn,  boiled  ,  .  .  3 
Beans  and  beets  boiled  3 

Beans,  pod,  boiled  — 
Parsnips,  boiled  
Potatoes,  Irish,  baked 

.'    2 

30 
30 
30 

Salmon,  salted,  boiled.  4 
Veal,  fresh,  fried  4 
Cabbage,  boiled  ....  4 

Custard  baked  . 

2 

50 

Suet  boiled  5 

Oysters,  raw  

2 

45 

ROOSTER  IN  POLITICS  was  first  used  by  the  press  to 
head  the  announcement  of  political  victories  at  the  election  of 
1844,  when  the  Democrats  tf  crowed"  over  the  defeat  of  Henry 
Clay  by  James  K.  Polk. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOR.  S25 

SALT  RIVER.— A  political  term  applied  to  an  imaginary 
stream  up  which  defeated  candidates  are  said  to  journey. 
Although  many  go  up  no  one  ever  comes  down  this  stream. 


MAINE  LAW.— A  political  term,  synonymous  with  pro- 
hibitory legislation,  owes  its  origin  to  the  fact  that  Maine  was 
the  first  state  to  pass  a  stringent  law  prohibiting  the  sale  of 
liquor.  The  law  was  adopted  by  Maine  in  1851,  and  has  since 
been  adopted  by  several  other  states. 


RELIGIOUS  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Roman  Catholics 201,000,000 

Protestants 106,000.000 

Eastern  Churches „ 81,000,000 

Followers  of  Confucius 80,000,000 

Sinto  Religion  J4,000,000 

Judaism 7,000,000 

Buddhists 340,000,000 

Mohammedans 201,000,000 

Brahmins 175,000,000 

The  number  of   the  various  churches  are  distributed  as 
follows : 

R.CatU.     ProtesVts.    East  Ch. 

America 47,300,000     30,000,000 

Europe 147,300,000  71,500,000     69,300,000 

Asia       4,900,000  1,800,000       8,500,000 

Africa 1,100,000  1,200,000       3,200,000 

Australia  and  Polynesia 400,000      1,500,000 

Total 201,000,000  106,000,000     81,000,000 


NOTES  ON  BELTING.— Don't  overwork  belts  by  over- 
loading them  or  by  running  them  tighter  than  necessary. 

The  whole  arrangement  of  shafting  and  pulleys  should  be  un- 
der the  direction  of  a  mechanical  engineer,  or  competent  ma- 
chinist. Destruction  of  machinery  and  belts,  together  with  un- 
satisfactory results  in  the  business,  is  a  common  experience 
which  may,  in  most  cases,  be  traced  to  want  of  knowledge  and 
care  in  the  arrangements  of  the  machinery,  and  in  the  width  and 
style  of  the  belts  bought,  and  in  the  manner  of  their  use,  while  the 
manufacturers  of  the  "  outfit "  are  often  blamed  for  bad  results 
which  are  caused  by  the  faulty  management  of  the  mill-owner 
himself. 

Having  properly  arranged  the  machinery  for  the  reception  of 
the  belts,  the  next  thing  to  be  determined  is  the  length  and  width 
of  the  belts. 

When  it  is  not  convenient  to  measure  with  the  tape-line  the 
length  required  the  following  rule  will  be  found  of  service  :— 
Add  the  diameter  of  the  two  pulleys  together,  divide  the  result 
by  2,  and  multiply  the  quotient  by  3J4,  then  add  this  product  to 
twice  the  distance  between  the  centers  of  the  shafts,  and  you 
have  the  length  required. 

The  width  of  belt  needed  depends  upon  three  conditions :— 1. 
The  tension  of  the  belt.  2.  The  size  of  the  smaller  pulley,  and 
the  proportion  of  the  surface  touched  by  the  belt.  3.  The  speed 
of  the  belt. 


226  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


ence  of  the  pulley  touched  by  the  belt.  This  adhesion  forms  the 
basis  of  ail  right  calculation  in  ascertaining  the  width  of  belt 
necessary  to  transmit  a  given  horse-power. 

In  the  location  of  shafts  that  are  to  be  connected  with  each 
other  by  belts,  care  should  be  taken  to  secure  a  proper  dis- 
tance one  from  the  other.  It,  is  not  easy  to  give  a  definite  rule  as 
to  what  this  distance  should  be.  Circumstances  generally  have 
much  to  do  with  the  arrangement,  and  the  engineer  or  machin- 
ist must  Ube  his  judgment,  making  all  things  conform,  as  far  as 
may  be,  to  general  principles.  This  distance  should  be  such  as  to 
allow  of  a  gentle  sag  to  the  belt  when  in  motion. 

A  general  rule  may  be  stated  thus :— Where  narrow  belts  are 
to  be  run  over  small  pulleys,— 15  feet  is  a  good  average,— the  belt 
having-  a  sag  of  1^  to  2  inches. 

For  larger  belts,  working  on  larger  pulleys,  a  distance  of  20  to 
25  feet  does  well,  with  a  sag  of  2>6  to  4  inches. 

For  main  belts  working  on  very  large  pulleys,  the  distance 
should  be  25  to  30  feet,  the  belts  working  well  with  a  sag  of  4  to  5 
inches. 

If  too  great  a  distance  is  attempted,  the  weight  of  the  belt 
will  produce  a  very  heavy  sag,  drawing  so  hard  on  the  shaft  as  to 
produce  great  friction  in  the  bearings,  while  at  the  same  time 
the  belt  will  have  an  unsteady  flapping  motion,  which  will  de- 
stroy both  the  belt  and  machinery. 

If  possible  to  avoid  it,  connected  shafts  should  never  be  placed 
one  directly  over  the  other,  as  in  such  case  the  belt  must  be  kept 
very  tight  to  do  t  he  work.  *  or  this  purpose,  belts  should  be  care- 
fully selected  of  well  stretched  leather. 

It  is  desirable  that  the  angle  of  the  belt  with  the  floor  should 
not  exceed  45  deg.  It  is  also  desirable  to  locate  the  shafting  and 
machinery  so  that  belts  should  run  off  from  each  shaft  in  oppo- 
site directions,  as  this  arrangement  will  relieve  the  bearings  from 
the  friction  that  would  result  when  the  belts  all  pull  one  way  on 
the  shaft. 

The  diameter  of  the  pulleys  should  be  as  large  as  can  be  ad- 
mitted, provided  they  will  not  produce  a  speed  of  more  than 
3,750  feet  of  belt  motion  per  minute.  Some  authorities  limit  this 
speed  to  3,000  feet. 

The  pulley  should  be  a  little  wider  than  the  belt  required  for 
the  work. 

The  motion  of  driving  should  run  with,  and  not  against,  the 
laps  of  the  belts. 

Tightening  or  guide  pulleys  should  be  applied  to  the  slack 
side  of  belts  and  near  the  smaller  pul;ey. 

Quick-motion  belts  should  be  made  as  straight  and  as  uniform 
in  section  and  density  as  possible,  and  endless  if  practicable,  that 
is,  with  permanent  joints. 

Belts  which  run  loose,  will,  of  course,  last  much  longer  than 
those  which  must  be  drawn  tightly  to  drive— tightness  being 
evidence  of  overwork  and  disproportion. 

Never  add  to  the  work  of  a  belt  so  much  as  to  overload  it. 

The  transmitting  power  of  a  double  belt  is  to  that  of  a  single 
belt  as  10  is  to  7.  In  ordering  pulley  s,  the  kind  of  belt  to  be  used 
Should  always  be  specified. 

Thestri  ngrest  part  of  belt  leather  is  near  the  flesh  side,  about 
^  the  way  through  from  that  side.  It  is  therefore  desirable  to 
run  the  grain  (hair)  side  on  the  pulley;  in  order  that  the  strongest 
part  of  the  l.elt  may  be  bubject  to  the  least  wear. 

The  fl<  sh  side  is  not  liable  to  crack,  as  the  grain  side  will  do 
when  the  belt  is  old,  heiice  it  is  better  to  crimp  the  grain  than  to 
stretch  it. 

Leather  belts  run  with  grain  side  to  the  pulley  will  drive  30 
per  cent  more  than  if  run  with  flesh  side.  The  belt,  as  well  as 
the  pu i ley,  adheres  best  when  smooth,  and  the  grain  side  adheres 
best  becau-  e  it  is  smoothest. 

A  l-clt  adheres  much  better  and  is  less  liable  to  slip  when  at  a 
quick  speed  thau  at  a  slow  speed.  Therefore  it  is  better  to  gear 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  237 

a  mill  with  small  pulleys  and  run  them  at  a  high  velocity  than 
with  large  pulleys  and  to  run  them  slower.  A  mill  thus  geared 
costs  less  and  has  a  much  neater  appearance  'than  with  large 
heavy  pulleys. 

Belts  should  be  kept  clean  and  free  from  accumulations  of 
dust  and  grease,  and  particularly  from  contact  with  lubricating 
oils,  some  of  which  permanently  in  jure  leather. 

Leather  belts  must  be  well  protected  against  water,  and  even 
moisture. 

India-rubber  is  the  proper  substance  for  belts  exposed  to  the 
weather,  as  it  does  not  absorb  moisture  and  stretch  and  decay. 

Belts  should  be  kept  soft  and  pliable. 

TIGHT  BELTS.— Olamps  with  powerful  screws  are  often 
used  to  put  on  belts  with  extreme  tightness,  and  with  most  inju- 
rious strain  upon  the  leather.  They  should  be  very  judiciously 
used  for  horizontal  belts,  which  should  be  allowed  sufficient 
slackness  to  move  with  a  loose  undulating  vibration  on  the  re- 
turning side,  as  a  test  that  they  have  no  more  strain  imposed  than 
is  necessary  simply  to  transmit  the  power. 

RULES  FOB,  CALCULATING  THE  HOUSE  POWER 
WHICH  CAN  BE  TRANSMITTED  BY  BELTING. -No 
rules  can  be  given  which  will  apply  to  all  cases.  Circumstances 
and  conditions  must  and  will  modify  them,  Belts,  for  instance, 
for  machines  which  are  frequently  stopped  and  started,  and 
shifting  belts  must  be  wider,  to  stand  the  wear  and  tear  and  to 
overcome  the  starting  friction,  than  belts  which  run  steadily  and 
uninterruptedly.  For  belts,  however  running  under  ordinarily 
favorable  conditions  the  rules  given  below  may  be  regarded  as 
safe  and  reliable. 

The  average  thickness  of  single  belts  is  3-16  of  an  inch,  and 
when  made  of  good  ox-hide,\vell  tanned,  their  breaking  strength, 
per  inch  of  width,  has  been  determined  as  follows: 

In  the  solid  leather 675  fl>s. 

At  the  rivet  holes  of  splices. 362   " 

At  the  lacing  holes 210   " 

The  safe  working  tension  is  assumed  to  be  45  ft>s.  per  inch  of 
width,  which  is  equal  to, a  velocity  of  about  60  square  feet  per 
minute  per  horse-power,  which  is  safe  practice  for  single  belts  in 
good  condition 

To  find  the  horse-power  of  a  belt :  Multiply  the  circumference 
(in  inches)  of  the  pulley  by  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute, 
and  the  product  by  the  width  of  the  belt,  and  divide  by  8,640. 


FUSING  POINT.— The    following    articles    melt  at    the 
degree  of  heat  Fahrenheit  above  zero  opposite  each : 


Antimony 797 

Brass .1,90^ 

Bismuth 500 

Copper 1,742 

Cast  Iron ...2,912 

Gold 2,282 

Glass 400 


Gutta  Percha. .  150 

Lead 617 

Lard , 96 

Silver....  ... 1,832 

Tin  428 

Zinc 707 

Ice 35 


FREEZING  POINT.— The  following  table  indicates  the 
degree  of  cold  above  zero  Fahrenheit,  at  which  the  liquids  named 
solidify : 

Strong  Wine 20  I  Milk 29 

Turpentine  (Spirits)  15  |  Water 32 

BOILING  POINT.— The  degrees  above  zero  Fahrenheit  at 
which  liquids  boil  is  indicated  below  : 


Quicksilver 630 

Linseed  Oil ...600 

Alcohol  — 175 


Petroleum 305 

Water. 210 

Blood  Heat.  98 


228 


THE   WESTERN  WOULD 


VELOCITY  OF  FALLING  BODIES.-The  velocities  of 
falling  bodies  are  as  the  times  of  their  descent  and  the  spaces 
fallen  through  are  as  the  square  of  the  times.  The  force  of 
gravity  varies  slightly  at  different  latitudes.  At  45  deg.  the  ve- 
locity for  the  first  second  of  the  fall  is  16.083  feet.  For  practical 
purposes  it  is  sufficiently  accurate  to  call  it  16  feet.  The  follow- 
ing table  exhibits  the  relation  of  time,  space  and  velocity: 


Time 
in  Sec. 

Space  fallen 
through  in  feet. 

Velocity  acquired 
at  end  of  time, 
feet. 

Space  fallen  through 
in  last  second  of  fall, 
in  feet. 

1 

16 

32 

16 

2 

64 

64 

48 

3 

145 

96 

80 

4 

257 

129 

113 

5 

402 

161 

145 

6 

580 

193 

177 

7 

789 

225 

209 

8 

1,060 

257 

241 

9 

1,303 

290 

273 

10 

1,600 

322 

306 

VELOCITY   OF   SOUND.— The  velocity  through  air  in- 
creases with  the  temperature.    At 

32  deg.  Fahrenheit,  velocity  =  1,093  feet  per  second. 
62     tl  lk  "        =1,126      " 

90     "  "  "        =1,156      " 


TELEGRAPH  MILEAGE ,  ETC.-The  United  States  has 
about  three  times  as  many  miles  of  telegraph  line  as  Russia, 
which  has  about  78,000  miles,  being  the  most  of  any  foreign 
country.  The  Western  Union  Line  had  150,000  miles  of  line  in 
1884,  or  433,000  miles  of  wire.  It  transmits  over  40,000,000  messages 
in  a  year,  and  realizes  a  profit  of  about  $7,750,000  per  annum.  At 
an  average  cost  to  the  sender  of  forty-eight  cents  per  message, 
the  average  profit  to  this  company  is  about  nineteen  cents  a  mes- 
sage. Total  telegraph  mileage  in  the  world  is  719,600. 


THE  IRON  FURNACES  in  the  United  States  number 
about  690  and  have  an  annual  capacity  of  over  5,200,000  tons  of 
pig  iron.  The  full  capacity  is  not  taxed,  the  requirements  not 
reaching  so  high . 


THE  AVERAGE  WEIGHT  OF  PERSONS   in  America 

is  :    Man,  144  pounds  ;  woman,  122  pounds. 


BIG  TREES.— There  are  in  Calaveras  county,  California,  10 
trees  over  30  feet  in  diameter,  and  86  with  diameters  ranging  from 
14  to  2^  feet.  These  trees  are  believed  to  be  from  900  to  2,000  years 
old.  They  average  200  feet  high,  the  tallest  being  244  feet. 


THE  ANNUAL  EXPENDITURES  OF  THE  GOV- 
ERNMENT of  the  United  States  is  about  $190,000,000  for  all 
purposes. 


GUIDE  AA'D  HAND-BOOK 


229 


NEWSPAPERS,  NUMBER  IN  UNITED   STATES.— 

The  number  of  daily  newspapers  in  the  United  States  is  over 
1,400,  and  the  number  of  papers  printed  every  day  is  upwards  of 
5,300,000.  The  number  of  tri-weeklies,  60;  semi-weeklies,  200; 
weeklies,  10,500;  fortnightlies,  425;  monthlies.  1,600;  quarterlies, 
etc.,  120.  The  total  number  of  papers  and  periodicals  published 
is  about  14,000. 

BOOKS,  NUMBER  OF,  FUBLISHED.-The  number  of 
new  books  published  in  the  world  averages  over  100  different 
ones  per  day.  

DIVORCES.— The  number  of  divorces  per  1,000  marriages, 
is  4  in  London,  1.1  in  Berlin,  15  in  Munich,  25  in  Vienna,  25  in 
Paris,  48  in  Chicago,  73  in  Boston,  arid  218  in  Sun  Francisco. 


SIGNERS  OF  THE  MAGNA  CHARTA.-Out  of  the  26 

barons  who  signed  the  Magna  Charta,  only  three  could  write 
their  names,  the  remainder  made  their  marks. 


BIGGEST  DIAMONDS.— The  six  largest  diamonds  in  the 
world  are  the  Kohinoor,  weighing  103 carats;  Star  of  Brazil,  125 
carats ;  Regent  of  France,  136  carats  ;  Austrian  Kaiser,  139  carats ; 
Russian  Czar,  193 ;  Rajah  of  Borneo,  367  carats. 


SNOW,  when  melted,  produces  one-eighth  of  its  volume  of 
water. 

CARRYING  CAPACITY  OF   A  TEN-TON  FREIG-HT 
CAR. 


Cattle 18  to  20  head. 

Hogs 50  "  60 

Sheep 80  "  100 

Whisky «     60  ba 

Salt 70 

Lime 70 

Flour 90 

Eggs 130  to  160 

Flour 200  sacks. 

Wood 6  cords. 


Butter.. 20,000  pounds. 

Lumber 6,  00  feet. 

Barley  300  bushels. 

Wheat        340 

Flax  Seed 360 

Apples 70 

Corn   400 

Potatoes 430 

Oats 680 

Bran 1,000 


DURABILITY  OF  WOODS.— Experiments  by  driving- 
sticks,  made  of  different  woods,  each  2  feet  long  and  1J4  inches 
square  into  the  ground,  only  one-half  an  'inch  projecting 
outward,  have  been  made.  It  was  found  that  in  five  years,  all 
those  made  of  oak,  elm,  ash,  fir,  soft  mahogany,  and  nearly 
every  variety  of  pine,  were  totally  rotten.  Larch,  hard  pine 
and  teak  wood  were  decayed  on  the  outside  only;  while  acacia 
an<1  poplar,  with  the  exception  of  being  also  slightly  attacked  on 
the  exterior,  were  otherwise  sound.  Hard  mahogany,  locust  and 
cedar  of  Lebanon  were  in  tolerably  good  condition;  but  only 
Virginia  cedar  was  found  a*  good  as  when  put  in  the  ground. 
This  is  of  some  importance  to  builders,  showing  what  woods 
should  be  avoided,  and  what  others  used  by  preference  in  under- 
ground work.  The  duration  of  wood  when  kept  dry  is  very 
great,  as  beams  still  exist  which  are  known  to  be  nearly  1,400 
years  old.  Piles  driven  by  the  Romans  prior  to  the  Christian 
era  have  been  examined  of  late,  and  found  to  be  perfectly  sound 
after  ail  immersion  of  nearly  2,000  years.  Hard  wood  stumps 


230  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


decay  in  5  to  7  years;  spruce  stumps  decay  in  about  the  same  time 
hemlock  stumps  in  8  to  9  years;  cedar,  poplar,  8  to  12  years;  pine 
stumps  last  a  generation.  Cedar,  oak,  poplar,  yellow  pine  and 
chestnut  are  the  most  durable  woods  in  dry  places. 


LIMIT  OF  PERPETUAL  SNOW  AND  GROWTH  OF 

TREES.— On  the  Andes,  in  lat.  2  deg.,  the  limit  of  perpetual 
snow  is  14,760  ft.  In  Mexico,  lat.  19  deg. ,  the  limit  is  13,800  ft.;  on 
the  peak  of  Teneriffe,  11,454  ft.;  on  Mount  Etna,  9,000ft.;  on 
Caucasus,  9,900  ft.;  on  the  Pyrenees,  8,400  ft.;  in  Lapland,  3,100  ft.; 
in  Iceland,  2,890  ft.  The  walnut  ceases  to  grow  at  an  elevation 
of  3,600ft.;  the  yellow  pine  at  6,200  ft.;  the  ash  at  4,800  ft.;  and 
the  fir  at  6,700  ft.  The  loftiest  inhabited  spot  on  the  globe  is  the 
Port  House  of  Ancomarca,  on  the  Andes,  in  Peru,  16,000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  fourteenth  peak  of  the  Hima- 
layas, in  Asia,  25,695  feet  high,  is  the  loftiest  mountain  in  the 
world. 

AREA  OF  IMPORTANT  ISLANDS. 

Sq.  Miles .  Sq.Miles. 

Azores 996  Madagascar 233,315 

Bahamas 5,4*2  Malta 95 

Borneo 200,000  New  Zealand 94,000 

Ceylon 24,700  Sandwich 6,000 

Crete 6,200  San  Domingo 18,000 

Cuba   42,883  Sicily   440 

Cyprus 9,000  Staten  Island 112 

Hayti 11,000  St.  Helena 47 

Long  Island 1,682  Vancouver's 13,000 


FASTEST  ONE  MILE  TIME.-Trotting  horse  Maud  S, 
2  min.,  9J4  seconds;  pacing  horse  Johnston,  2  min.,  6J4  seconds; 
running,  Ten  Broecke,  Imin.,o9^  seconds;  running  man,  W. 
Cummings,  4  min.,  16£  seconds;  swimming  man,  C.  F.  Senk,  12 
min.  42*4  seconds. 

AGES  ATTAINED  BY  BIRDS. 

Blackbird  lives 13  years .  Parrot  lives 65  years. 

Blackcap  lives 15  years.  Partridge  lives 15  years. 

Canary  1  i ves 24  years .  Peacock  lives 24  years . 

Crane  lives 27  years.  Pelican  lives    58  years. 

Crow  lives 100  years.  Pheasant  lives 15  years. 

Eagle  lives 100  years.  Pigeon  lives  20  years. 

Fowl  (common)  Ivs.    12  years.  Raven  lives 100  years. 

Goldfinch  lives 15  years.  Robin  lives      12  years. 

Goose  lives 50  years.  Skylark  lives 30  years. 

Heron  lives 60  years .  Sparrow  Hawk  lives  40  years. 

Lark  lives 18  yesrs.  Swan  lives 1GO  years. 

Linnet  lives 23  years.  Thrush  lives —   ...  10  years. 

Nightingale  lives ...    18  years .  Wren  lives 3  years. 


AGES  ATTAINED  BY  DIFFERENT  ANIMALS.— 

An  elephant  lives  400  years;  a  whale,  400;  a  tortoise,  100;  a 
camel,  4€;  a  horse,  30;  a  bear,  25;  a  lion,  30;  an  ox,  25;  a  cat,  15;  a 
dog,  16;  a  sheep,  10;  a  squirrel,  8;  a  guinea  pig,  7. 


THE    USE    OF  CAPITALS. —1.  Every   entire  sentence 
should  beg-in  wit-h  a  capital.    2.  Proper  names,  and  adjectives 


GUIDE    ASD   HAND-BOOK.  231 

derived  from  these,  should  begin  with  a  capital.  3.  All  appella- 
tions of  the  deity  should  begin  with  a  capital.  4.  Official  and 
honorary  titles  begin  with  a  capital.  5.  Every  line  of  poetry 
should  begin  with  a  crpital.  6.  Titles  of  books  and  the  heads  of 
their  chapters  and  divisions  are  printed  in  capitals.  7.  The  pro- 
noun, I,  and  the  pv^lamation,  O,  are  always  capitals.  8.  The 
days  of  the  week,  ana  the  months  of  the  j-ear,  begin  with  capi- 
tals. 9.  Every  quotation  should  begin  with  a  capital  letter.  10. 
Names  of  religious  denominations  begin  with  capitals.  11.  In 
preparing  accounts,  each  item  should  begin  with  a  capital.  12. 
Any  word  of  special  importance  may  begin  with  a  capital. 


VITALITY  OF  SEEDS,  showing  the  limit  of  time  beyond 
which  the  seeds  named  become  useless  for  sowing. 

Beans 2  years.  Onion 1  year. 

Beets 7  years.  Parsnip 1  year. 

Cabbage 4  years.  Peas 2  years. 

Carrot 2  years.  Radish 3  years. 

Celery... 2  years.  Squash '0  years. 

Cucumber 10  years.  Sweet  Corn 2  years. 

Lettuce 3  years.  Tomato 7  years. 

Melon 10  years.  Turnip  4  years. 


THERMOMETERS.— Fahrenheit,  boiling  point,  212  deg.; 
freezing  point,  32  deg.  Centigrade,  boiling  point,  100  deg.; 
freezing  point,  0  deg.  Reaumur,  boiling  point,  80  deg.;  freezing 
point,  0  deg.  

RULES  FOR  OBTAINING  WEIGHT  OF  IRON.-For 
round  bars  multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  in  inches  by 
the  length  in  feet,  and  the  product  by  2.6.  The  product  will  be 
the  weight  in  pounds  nearly. 

For  square  and  flat  bars  multiply  the  area  of  the  end  of  the 
bar  in  inches  by  the  length  in  fret,  and  that  by  3.33.  The  product 
will  be  the  weight  in  pounds,  nearly. 

Wrought  iron,  usually  assumed  :  A  cubic  foot,  480  Ibs ;  a 
square  foot,  1  inch  thick,  40  Ibs ;  a  bur  1  inch  square,  1  foot  long, 
3^6  Ibs ;  a  bar  1  inch  square,  1  yard  long,  10  Ibs. 

To  find  the  weight  of  cast  iron  balls  when  the  diameter  is 
given,  multiply  the  cube  of  the  diameter  by  .1377. 

To  find  the  diameter  of  cast  iron  balls  when  the  weight  is 
given,  multiply  the  cube  of  the  weight  by  1.936. 

To  find  the  weight  of  a  spherical  shell :  From  the  weight  of  a 
ball  of  the  outer  diameter  subtract  the  weight  of  one  of  the  in- 
ner diameters.  

"WEIGHT  OF  GRINDSTONES.— Square  the  diameter  (ii 
inches);  multiply  by  thickness  (in  inches);  then  by  the  decima 
.06363 ;  the  product  will  be  the  weight  of  the  stone  in  pounds. 

RAILROAD  IRON  MILE  OF  TRACK.-To  find  th( 
number  of  gross  tons  of  rail  to  the  mile :  divide  the  weight  pei 
yard  by  7  and  multiply  by  11.  Example.  For  56  pound  rail : 
56  divided  by  7  equals  8  multiplied  by  ll,equals  88  tons.  The  number 
of  tons  of  2.000  Ibs.  required  per  mile  is  very  nearly  1%  times  the 
weight  per  yard. 

CROSS-TIES  PER  MILE  OF  SINGLE  TRACK. -18 
inches  from  center  to  center,  3,520  ties ;  20  inches,  3,768  ties ;  22 
inches,  2,880  1  ies ;  22.5  inches,  2,816  ties  ;  24  inches,  2,610  ties ;  25.7 
tnches,  2,404  ties;  27  inches,  2,347  ties;  27.7  inches,  2,288  ties;  30 
inches,  2,112  ties ;  33  inches,  1,920  ties ;  86  inches,  1,760  ties. 


232 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


FENCES.  —According  to  the  best  estimates  there  are  6,000,000 
miles  of  farm  fences  in  the  United  States,  costing-  over  $2,000,- 
000,000.  In  many  states  the  fences  on  a  farm  cost  more  than  the 
buildings  standing  on  it,  and  that,  too,  where  lumber  is  abundant 
and  cheap. 


WEIG-HT  OF  VARIOUS  MATERIALS.-The  following 
table  gives  the  weight  per  cubic  foot  of  the  various  materials, 
etc.,  named : 


Materials. 
Asphaltum  

Lbs. 
87 
181 
to  125 
134 
150 
110 
112 
78 
60 
145 
34 
28 
21 
18 
119 
93.5 
84 
79 
46 
137 
119 
to  125 
250 
1H2 
192 
157 
172 
158 
163 
165 
60 

Materials. 
Gypsum. 

Lbs. 
143 

57 
56 
114 
168 
53 
168 
160 
180 
106 
155 
72 
80 
140 
170 
57 
165 
117 
100 
150 
175 
180 
to  12 

to  50 
125 
58.6 
63 
170 
115 
60.5 

are 

Lbs. 
71 
.    35 
.     83 
53 
.     35 
49 

Basalt 

Gunpowder,  coarse  
fine  
Ivory 

Brick,  common,  .from  IOC 
41      pressed  

11      tire 

Limestone 

Brickwork,  in  mortar.  . 
*4                kk  cement.. 
Cement,  Portland,  loose 
4k        Rosendale    *' 
Chalk,  solid  
Charcoal,  from  birch  .  . 
"     fir  
"     oak  
44     pine.... 
Clay 

Lime,  quick.  .  . 

Marble  
Masonry,  ashlar. 

"         rubble  

Mortar,  average  
Millstone  

Pitch        
Plaster  of  Paris,  cast  .  . 
Plumbago. 

Porphyry 

Coal,  anthracite  

Pumice-stone. 

4k      bituminous 

Quartz 

44      cannel  

Sand,  river. 

Coke  

44      coarse   

Concrete,  in  cement  .  .  . 
4k          ordinary  
Earth     from  77 

Sandstone 

Slate,  American.  .  . 
Welsh      
Snow,  fresh  fallen  5 
44       wet  and  compact- 
ed by  rain              15 

Emery. 

Flint   

Glass  flint 

common  window 
44       plate 

Sulphur    

Tallow 

44       flooring  

Tar  

G  ranite,  gray  

Trap. 

44           red 

Tile 

Gutta-percha  

Wax,  bees 

WEIGHT   OF  VARIOUS 

given  below  : 

Timber.                 Lbs. 
Apple....                                   49 

WOODS  per  cubic  foot 

Timber. 
Ironwood  

Ash 

47 

Larch.. 

Beech  

..     43 

Lignum-  vitae  
Mahogany,  Spanish  
Honduras  
Maple,  rock    

Birch            

.    45 
..    60 

Box     

Cedar,  West  Indian.  .  . 

47 

"        American 

35 

"        soft 

42 
60 
52 
45 
25 
35 
45 
37 
46 
35 

44        Lebanon  

..    30 

Oak,  live  

Cherry 

42 

"     white 

Chestnut  

.  .     41 

**     red  

Cork 

15 

Pine,  white 

Ebony.  . 

74 

4k    yellow,  Northern  
44     .    4l         Southern..  .. 
Sycamore 

Elm 

.  .    35 

Hemlock 

25 

Hickory.          .             ... 

.     53 

Teak  

Hornbeam.... 

.    47 

Walnut.  .  .  . 

GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


233 


WEIGHT  OF  LIQUIDS.—  The  weight  of  fresh  water  is 
in  practice  usually  assumed  at  62^  B>s.  per  cubic  foot.  But  62^4 
would  be  nearer  the  truth  at  ordinary  temperatures,  about  70 
deg1.;  or  a  ft>.  =27.769  cubic  inches. 


Liquid.  Lbs. 

Water,  distilled,  GO  deg.  F.  8.83 

sea 8.55 

Dead  Sea 10.4 

Acid,  Acetic 8.78 

"      Nitric 10.16 

4k      Sulphuric 15.48 

"      Muriatic 9.93 

Alcohol,  pure 6.7 

proof, 7.62 

of  commerce...  6.93 

Cider 8.4 


Liquid.  Lbs. 

Honey 12. 

Milk  8.55 

Molasses 11.66 

Oil,  Linseed 7.85 

"   Olive 7.62 

11   Turpentine 7.16 

"    Whale 6.65 

Naphtha 7. 

Petroleum 7.39 

Tar 8.4 

Wines  (average) .....  8.3 


Atmospheric  air  at  60  deg.  Fahr.,  and  under  pressure  of  one 
atmosphere,  or  14.7  B>s.  per  sq.  inch  weighs  1-815  part  as  much  as 
water  at  60  deg.  Specific  gravity  =  .00123  =  .0765  tt>s.  per  cubic 
foot.  ' 

WEIGHT  OF  VARIOUS  METALS. -The  weights  of  the 
various  metals  per  cubic  foot  are  given  below  : 


Metals.  Lbs. 

Aluminum 166 

Antimony,  cast 419 

Bismuth 613 

Brass,  cast 524 

Bronze 534 

Copper,  cast 537 

Copper  wire 555 

Gold,  24  caret 1,208 

Gold,  standard 1,106 

Gun  metal 528 

Iron,  cast 450 


Metals.  Lbs. 

Iron,  wrought 485 

Lead,  cast 708 

Lead,  rolled 711 

Mercury 849 

Platinum 1,344 

Platinum,  sheet 1,436 

Silver,  pure 654 

Silver,  standard 644 

Steel 490 

Tin,  cast 455 

Zinc 437 


WEIGHT  OF  VARIOUS  PRODUCTS. 


Per  bu. 

Wheat 60  Ibs. 

Corn  (shelled) 56 

Corn  (on  the  cob) 70 

Rye    .  56 

Barley    48 

Buck  wheat  (in  Pa.)....  50 
(in  Ky.)....  52 
(in  Mats.)..  48 

Oats  (in  Ills.,  Mass.) 32 

"    (in  Ohio)  33 

*k    (in  Kentucky) 33J> 

"    (in  Maine  and  Pa.) .  30 

Clover-seed 60 

Flax-seed 56 

Timothy-seed 45 

Hemp-seed. 48 

Bluegrass-seed 14 

Red-top  seed 14 


Per  bu. 

Hungarian-grass  seed..  50  Ibs. 

Broom-corn  seed  52  k 

Sorghum  seed 40  " 

Corn-meal 50  " 

Bran  20  " 

Beans 60  " 

Onions  (in  Pa.  and  Ky.) .  57  " 

%t      (in  Mass.) 52  " 

Salt,  Turks'  Island 76  " 

Syracuse 56  " 

u     Liverpool 50  *' 

Potatoes 60  " 

Peas 64  " 

Dried  Apples  (in  Pa.) ...  22  " 

(in  111.)...  24  " 

"    Peaches  (in  Pa.). . .  33  " 

(in  111.)...  32  " 


CAPACITY  OF  BOXES.-A  box  24  inches  long  by  16 
inches^wide  and  28  inches  deep  will  contain  5  bushels.  A  b9X  24 
inches  long  by  16  inches  wide  and  14  inches  deep  will  contain  2^j 
bushels.  A  box  14  inches  wide,  23  1-25  inches  long  and  10  inches 
deep,  will  contain  \y%  bushels.  A  box  16  inches  square  and  8  2-5 


234 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


inches  deep,  will  contain  1  bushel  A  box  16  inches  long-  by  8  2-5 
inches  wide  and  8  inches  deep,  will  contain  y^  bushel.  A'box  8 
inches  square  and  8  2-5  inches  deep,  will  contain  1  peck.  A  box 
8  inches  long  by  «  2-5  inches  wide  and  4  inches  deep  will  contain 
1  gallon.  A  box  8  inches  long-  by  4  inches  wide  and  4  1-5  inches 
deep  will  contain  ^  gallon.  A  box  4  inches  square  and  4  1-5 
inches  deep  will  contain  1  quart. 


RULE  FOR  MEASURING  CAPACITY  OF  SQUARE 

CISTERNS.— Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by.  the  width  in  feet, 
and  multiply  that  by  1 .728,  then  divide  by  231.  The  quotient  will 
be  the  number  of  gallons  capacity  of  one  foot  in  depth. 

CIRCULAR  CISTERN.— Multipy  the  square  of  the  diam- 
eter by  .7854,  or  the  square  of  the  circumference  by  .07958,  in 
order  to  find  the  area  of  the  cistern,  then  multiply  the  area  by 
the  depth  in  inches,  and  divide  the  product  by  231.  "The  quotient 
will  equal  the  number  of  gallons  the  cistern  will  contain.  In 
measuring  cisterns,  etc.,  Sl>&  gallons  are  estimated  to  one  barrel ; 
63  gallons  to  one  hogshead. 


SIZES  OF  PAPER.— Size  of  flat  writing  papers,  card-b^ard, 
etc.:  Letter,  10x16  ;  flat  cap,  14x17  ;  crown,  15x19;  demy,  16x21 ; 
folio  post,  17x22;  medium,  18x23;  royal,  19x21;  card -board,  22-28 ; 
colored  medium  cover  paper,  20x25;  glazed  and  plated  cover 
paper,  20x24;  flat  foolscap,  13x16  ;  double  flat  letter,  16x20  ;  check 
folio,  17x24 ;  double  cap,  17x28 ;  super  royal,  20x28 ;  imperial, 
23x31  inches. 


SIZES  OF  BOOKS.— A  sheet  foldei  in  2  leaves  makes  a 
folio  size ;  4  leaves,  quarto,  or  4to;  8  leaves,  octavo,  or  8vo;  12 
leaves,  duodecimo,  or  12mo;  Id  leaves,  sixteenmo,  or  16mo. 
These  names  are  still  retained  to  designate  the  sizes  of  books, 
though  the  reason  for  them  has  ceased. 


SEED  TO  THE  ACRE.— The  opinions  of  farmers  differ 
materially;  and  then  the  climate  and  soil  have  much  to  do  with 
the  quantity.  The  quantity  of  seed  sown  broadcast  to  the  acre, 
is  about  as  follows : 


Wheat  
Barley  
Oats  

.     I^to   2   bi 
.     \Y2  to   -2yz  ' 
.     2     to    4      * 
1     to   2     * 

1. 

Flax  ^  to  2  bu. 

Timothy   .             12     to  24  qts 

Mustard....  8     to  20      itp 
Red-top  12     to  16      " 
Flat  Turnip.   ...     2     to   3  Ibs. 
Red  Clover  10     to  16      " 
White  Clover...    3     to   4     " 
Kentucky  Blue- 
grass       10     to  15      " 
Orchard  Grass..  20     to  30     " 

Rye 

Buckwheat  .  . 
Millet  
Indian-corn  . 
Beans  
Peas  
Hemp  

.     H  to   V£  * 
.    1    to   1^  ' 
.1     to  2     v 
.    2     to   3      ' 

.  zy2  to  3^  k 

1    to   l>s  k 

The  quantity  per  acre,  when  planted  in  rows,  ,in  drills,  is 
about  thus : 

Onions 4  to  5      Ibs. 

Carrots 2  to  2^    " 

Parsnips 4  to  5 

Beets....  i . 4  to  6 


Broom-corn...  1     to  2y>     bu. 

Beans IH  to  2 

Pens       1^2  t<>  2 

Peanuts 1     to  2 


KAY.— A  ton  is  ?12  cubic  foot  in  the  mow,  that  is,  when  it 
has  settled  down  and  become  solid. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


235 


TO  MEASURE  COBN  IN  CRIBS  when  the  Sides  are 
Straight.— Multiply  the  length,  breadth  and  height  tri  inches  to- 
gether, and  divide  by  3744  (26  inch  gauge),  or  the  number  of  cubic 
inches  in  a  bushel  of  ears.  When  the  Sides  are  Flaring-,  mul- 
tiply half  the  sum  of  the  top  and  bottom  width,  the  perpendic- 
ular height,  and  the  length  in 'inches  together,  and  divide  the 
product  as  in  the  previous  rule. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


LONG  MEASURE. 

12  inches make 

3  feet 

5>£  yards  or  16^  feet 

4  rods 

10  chains  or  40  rods 

8  furlongs,  or  5,280  feet 


1  foot. 
1  yard. 
1  rod. 
1  chain. 
1  furlong. 
1  mile. 


SQ,UARE  OR  SURFACE  MEASURE. 
144  square  inches make  1  square  foot. 


9  square  feet 
30^4  square  yards. 

16  square  rods 

10  square  chains.. 
640  acres 


1  square  yard. 
1  square  rod . 
1  square  chain. 
1  acre. 
1  square  mile. 


CUBIC  MEASURE. 


1728  cubic  inches make 

27  cubic  feet  

230  cubic  inches 

2150.42  cubic  inches 

50  cubic  feet  round  timber 

40  cubic  feet  hewn  timber 

40  cubic  feet  shipping  timber. 

16  cubic  feet 

8  cord  feet,  or  128  cubic  feet. 

16^  cubic  feet 

36  bushels,  or  57M  cubic  feet. . 


1  cubic  foot. 

1  cubic  yard . 

1  standard  gallon  (U.  S.). 

1  standard  bushel  (U.  S.). 

1  ton. 

1  ton. 

1  ton. 

1  cord  foot. 

1  cord  of  wood. 

1  perch  of  stone . 

1  chaldron  (for  coal,  etc.) 


SURVEYOR'S  MEASURE. 

7.92  inches make  1  link. 

100  links,  or  22  yards '        1  chain. 

PO  chains '        1  statute  mile. 

69.121  miles '        1  geographical  degree. 


CLOTH  MEASURE. 
i  inches —  make  1  nail. 


4  nails  . 

4  quarters . 
3  quarters  . 

5  quarters  . 

6  quarters  . 


1  quarter. 
1  yard. 
1  ell  Flemish. 
1  oli  English. 
1  ell  French. 


236 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


MISCELLANEOUS  WEIGHTS. -Barrel  of  flour  weighs 
196  Ibs.;  salt,  280  Ihs.;  beef,  200  lb-.;  pork,  20 1  bs.;  fish .2(0  Ibs.; 
keg-  powder,  25  Ibs  ;  stone  of  lead  or  iron,  14  Ibs.;  pig  ol  lead  or 
iron,21Vi>  stone.  Anthracite  coal,  broker*,  cubic  foot  averages  54 
Ibs.;  a  ton  loose,  occupies  40  to  43  cubic  feet  Bituminous  coal, 
broken,  cubic  foot  averages  49  Ibs.;  a  ton,  loose,  occupies  43  to 
48  cubic  feet. 

Cement  (Hy.)  Rosendale Bush.=  701bs. 

4%         "      Louisville *      =  62 

"         "      Portland   *     =96 

Gypsum,  ground  *     =70 

Lime,  loose    =-70 

Lime,  well  shaken  k      =80 

Sand  at  98  Ibs.  per  cubic  ft *      =122^ 

18.29  bush.=  ton 1.181  ton=cu.yd. 


A  cable's  length .  =  240  yards. 

20  articles =  1  score. 

12  dozen =  1  gross. 

12  gross =  1  great  grs. 


A  cord  of  wood..=  123  cu.  ft. 

1  hand =  4  inches. 

1  span =9  inches. 


SHOEMAKERS'  MEASURE.— No.  1  of  small  size  is  4^ 
inches  long.  No.  1  of  large  size  is  8  11-24  inches  long.  Eac"h  suc- 
ceeding number  of  either  size  is  one-third  of  an  inch  addi- 
tional length.  Sixty  pairs  of  shoes  equal  one  case. 


VALUE  OF  SCRIPTURAL  COINS : 


A  Geraa  ..................      ...........  ........ 

10  =  A  Bekah  ................................. 

20  =        2  =  A  Shekel  ...................... 

1,200  =     120  =      50  =  A  Maneh.  or  Mina  (Heb.) 
60,000  =  6,000  =  3,000  =  60  =  A  Talent        ........ 

A  Solidus  Aureus,  or  >extula,  was  worth    ..... 

A  Siclus  Aureus,  or  Gold  Shekel,  was  worth 


Dollars. 

0 

0 

0 

25 

1,505 

2 

8 


,  ,  .   . 

A  Talent  of  Gold  was  worth  ....................   24,309 


Cents. 
2.5 

25  09 

50.187 
9  35 
62.5 
64.09 
3 
0 


SCRIPTURAL  WEIGHTS  reduced  to  Troy  weight: 


The  Gerah,  one-twentieth  of  a  Shekel  — 

The  Bekah,  half  a  Shekel  

The  Shekel . .  

The  Maneh,  60  Shekels  

The  Talent,  50  Manehs,  or  3,000  Shekels . . . 


Lhs. 
0 
0 
0 
2 

125 


Oz. 
0 
0 
0 
6 
0 


Dwt. 
0 
5 
10 
0 
0 


Gr. 
12 

0 
0 
0 
0 


SCRIPTURAL   LiaUID   MEASURE   reduced   to  wine 
measure: 

Gals.     Pints. 

ACaph     0  0625 

1.3-ALog ' ....      0  0.833 

5.3=     4=  A  Cab          0  3.333 

6     =    12=      3=  A  Hio 1  2 

32     =    24=      6=    2=ASeah     2  4 

96     =    72  =    18  =    6  =    3  =  A  Bath,  Ephah  or  Fir- 
kin         7  4.50 

960     =  720  =  180  =  60  =  30  =  10  =  A  Kor,  Choros,  or 

Homer 75  5.25 


CUJIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  237 

SCRIPTURAL  DRY  MEASURE  reduced  to  corn  measure: 

Bush.  Pfcs.    Gal.      Pints. 


A  Gachal ..  ...  0 

20=  A  Cab 0 

36  =     1.8  =  An  Omer,  or  Gomer 0 

130=     6     =     3.3=ASeah 0 

360=  18  =10  =  3=  AnEphah....  0 
1,800=  90  =50  =15=  5  =  ALetech4 
3,600  =180  =100  =  30  =  10  =  2  =  A 


0.141 

2.833 
5.1 

3 
0 


Homer,  or  Kor. 


SCRIPTURAL  LONG-  MEASURE  reduced  to  feet  an<* 
inches: 

Feet.  Inches. 

A  Digit 0  .913 

4=APalm 0        3.648 

12=     3=  A  Span 0       10.944 

24=      6=      2=  A  Cubit 1         9.888 

96=    24=      8=    4=AFathom 7         3.552 

144  =    36  =    12  =    6  =    1.5  =  Ezekiel's  Reed 10       11.328 

192=    48=    16=    8=    2.    =    1.3  =  AnArabianPole    14         7.104 
1,920  =  480  =  160  =80  -  20.    =  13.3  =  10  =  A   Measur- 
ing Line 145       11.04 

Miles.  Feet. 

A  Cubit 0  1.824 

400  =  Stadium,  or  Furlong 0  729.6 

2,000  =     5  =  A  Sabbath  Day's  Journey 0  3,648 

4,000  =    10  =    2  =  An  Eastern  Mile 1  2,016 

12,000=    30=    6=    3=AParasang 4  768 

96,000  =  240  =  48  =  24  =  8  =  A  Day's  Journey 33  864 


238 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


COMPOSITION  OF  SOLDERS.— Fine  solder,  two-thirds 
tin  and  one-third  lead ;  glazing  solder,  half  tin  and  half  lead ; 
plumbing  solder,  one-third  tin  and  two-thirds  lead. 


NUMBER  POUNDS  IN  A  BUSHEL  IN  DIFFERENT 
STATES. 


•  TROa       O     •     •  O  O       O  O  CO 
I  K{JU       CO      •      •  CO  CO      •  U3  CO  L- 

^AO|}  !  §  j  ;3S8888      -:888 
'paag    j  ^   .   ;^i_^^^i^^ 

ifoniij;    ^  :  :^^%^      :^  : ^       ^    ^      :  :^^i$i$  ^ 

"SaqouadL        co    •    -co  coco  coco  ^.         ooccro     co         co 
naurr     c  5ro.ce         CMWCO     co         co 

C$     ;     •  (Si  N  5J  N  ffi  0*  CMSvtW       tt<i 

§o    •    •    •    -oo 
o    •    •    •    -coco 

88888 

•sdmjnj,      :  :^lgig  :  :ig8S 
•SUOIUQ  \  g  :S5S^'SSS§SS  '-S  :5  :  :S 

8  :8588:i8888888888  -8^88^888 

'MOj  aq^     |o    ;    -ococooo    •    -o    •'    •    :    •    •    -p        --w    -oo 

UOUJOQ  I  ^  :  -^^^^j--^  :  :^  :  :  :  :  :  :^  :  •}^1"  .^L^ 
I  uaoo^ 

| 

8888888888S88888i88i  •% 

2    '•    •  c3 

•j:   :   :.fi 

§ 

H 

iS'S  S  o>22'2-S  *  ®*3  56'2.5.2»  o?  O  fl>  OX3  O»SS  r  0?  ^"-^ 

^5855iS2^wsss5SSS5fcfefcop.SSS»F 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  239 

COMMON  NAMES  OF  DRUGS. 

Common  Names.  Chemical  Names. 

Aqua  f  ortis Nitric  acid. 

Aqua  regia Nitro-muriatic  acid. 

Blue  vitriol Sulphate  of  copper. 

Cream  of  tartar  .  Bitartrate  potassium. 

Calomel Chloride  of  mercury. 

Chalk Carbonate  calcium. 

Caustic  potash Hydrate  potassium. 

Chloroform Chloride  of  formyl. 

Common  salt Chloride  of  sodium.' 

Copperas,  or  green  vitriol Sulphate  of  iron. 

Corrosive  sublimate  Bi-chloride  of  mercury. 

Diamond Pure  carbon. 

Dry  Alum Sulphate  aluminum  and  potas- 
sium. 

Epsom  salts Sulphate  of  magnesia. 

Ethiops  mineral . .  Black  sulphide  of  mercury. 

Fire  damp Light  carburetted  hydrogen. 

Galena Sulphide  of  lead . 

Glauber's  salt Sulphate  o  f  sodium. 

Glucose Grape  sugar. 

Iron  pyrites Bi-sulphide  iron. 

Jeweler's  putty Oxide  of  tin 

King's  yellow Sulphide  of  arsenic . 

Laughing  gas Protoxide  of  nitrogen. 

Lime Oxide  of  calcium . 

Lunar  caustic Nitrate  of  silver. 

Mosaic  gold Bi-sulphide  of  tin. 

Muriate  of  lime Chloride  of  calcium. 

Saltpetre Nitrate  of  potash. 

Oil  of  vitriol Sulphuric  acid. 

Potash Oxide  of  potassium. 

Realgar Sulphide  of  arsenic. 

lied  lead Oxide  of  lead. 

Rust  of  iron Oxide  of  iron. 

Salmoniac Muriate  of  ammonia. 

Salt  of  tartar Carbonate  of  potassa. 

Slacked  lime Hydrate  calcium. 

Soda Oxide  of  sodium. 

Spirits  of  hartshorn Ammonia. 

Spirit  of  salt Hydro-chloric  or  muriatic  acid. 

Stucco,  or  plaster  of  Paris Sulphate  of  lime. 

Sugar  of  lead Acetate  of  lead. 

Verdigris . .  Basic  acetate  of  copper. 

Vermillion Sulphide  of  mercury. 

Vinegar Acetic  acid  (diluted). 

Water Oxide  of  hydrogen. 

White  precipitate Ammoniated  mercury. 

White  vitriol Sulphate  of  zinc . 


COMPARATIVE  YIELD   OF  GRAINS,  VEGETABLES 
AND  FRUITS  PER  ACRE. 


Hops 

Lbs. 
per  acre. 
442 

Cherries.  . 

Lbs. 
per  acre. 
2,OPO 

Lbs. 
per  acre. 
Apples  8,000 

Wheat  . 
Barley 

1,260 
1  600 

Onions  .. 
Hay 

2,800 
4  C(.0 

Turnips  8,430 
Cinq'e  foil  gra's  9,604 

Oats 

1  840 

Pears 

5,000 

Vetches,  green.  9,800 

Peas.  ... 
Beans 

1,9*0 

..  2,000 

Grass  
Carrots  . 

7,000 
.    .  .  6/00 

(\iMniK-es  10,900 
Parsnips  11,200 

Plums  .  . 

..  2.000 

Potatoes 

..  7.500 

Mangel  Wurzel22,000 

240 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


AVERAGE  VELOCITY. 


Per  hour. 

3  miles. 

7 

20 
18 
10 

3 


A  man  walks. 

A  horse  trots 

A  horse  runs. 

Steamboat  runs 

Sailing  vessel  runs 

Slow  rivers  flow 

Rapid  rivers  flow 

A  moderate  wind  blows 

A  storm  moves 

A  hurricane  moves 

A  rifle  ball  moves 1,000 

Sound  moves 743 

Light  moves 192,000  miles  per  sec. 

Electricity  moves ..  28b,000      " 


80 


AVERAGE    PER    CENTAGE    OF    ALCOHOL    IN 
LiaUORS. 


Scotch  Whisky 54.53 

Irish  Whisky 53.9 

Rum 53.68 

Gin 51.6 

Brandy 53.39 

Burgundy 14.57 

Cape  Muscat 18.25 

Champagne  (still)  13.80 

Champagne  (sparkling). . .  12.61 

Cider 5.2  to  9.8 

Constantia 19.75 

Gooseberry  Wine 11.48 


Currant  Wine 20.50 

Port 22.90 

Madeira 22.27 

Teneriffe.. 19.79 

Sherry.... 19.17 

Claret 15.1 

Elder 8.79 

Ale 6.87 

Porter 4.2 

Malaga 17.26 

Rhenish 12.8 

Small  Beer ,     1.28 


PROMISSORY  NOTES,  LAWS  OF. 

Demand  Nptes  are  payable  on  presentation  without  grace, 
and  bear  legal  interest  after  a  demand  has  been  made,  if  not  so 
written .  An  indorser  on  a  demand  note  is  held  only  for  a  lim- 
ited time,  variable  in  different  states. 

A  Negotiable  Note  must  be  made  payable  either  to  bearer, 
or  be  properly  indorsed  by  the  person  to  whose  order  it  is  made. 
If  the  indorser  wishes  to  avoid  responsibility,  he  can  indorse 
"  without  recourse." 

A  Joint  Note  is  one  signed  by  two  or  more  persons,  who 
each  become  liable  for  the  whole  amount. 

Three  Days'  Grace  are  allowed  on  all  time  notes,  after  the 
time  for  payment  expires;  if  not  then  paid,  the  indorser,  if  any, 
should  be  legally  notified,  to  be  held. 

Notes  Falling-  Due  Sunday,  or  on  a  legal  holiday,  must  be 
paid  the  day  previous. 

Notes  Dated  Sunday  are  void. 

Altering-  a  Note  in  any  manner  by  the  holder  makes  it 
void. 

Notes  Given  by  Minors  are  void. 

The  Maker  of  a  note  that  is  lost  or  stolen  is  not  released 
from  payment  if  the  amo'int  and  consideration  can  be  proven. 

Notes  Obtained  by  Fraud,  or  given  by  an  intoxicated  per- 
son cannot  be  collected. 

An  Indorser  has  a  right  of  action  against  all  whose  names 
were  previously  on  a  note  indorsed  by  him. 

Deposits  of  Money  in  a  Bank  placed  to  the  credit  of  de- 
positors, are  always  subject  to  their  check  for  full  amount  due. 


BUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  241 

MEANING  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 


Names.  Origin.  Meaning. 

Aaron ,...,».» Hebrew Mountain. 

Abraham Hebrew Father  of  many. 

Adam Chaldaic Red  Earth. 

Albert Saxon.- Ail  bright. 

Alexander Greek A  helper  of  men. 

Alfred Saxon  All  peace. 

Amos Hebrew A  burden. 

Andrew Greek Courageous. 

Anthony Latin  Flourishing. 

Archibald German A  bold  observer. 

Arthur British A  strong  man. 

Alonzo Spanish Chivalry. 

Allan Scotch Pious  Minstrel. 

Benjamin Hebrew Son  of  a  right  hand. 

Cecil Saxon Harmony. 

Clarence Saxon Clear. 

Charles German High  spirited,  noble. 

Christopher Greek Christ  bearing. 

Claude Saxon Virtuous. 

Cyrus Persian Great. 

Daniel Hebrew God  is  Judge. 

David  Hebrew Well  beloved. 

Donald Spanish A  fine  gentleman. 

Edgar Saxon .Fortunate,  happy. 

Edward Saxon Happy  reaper. 

Eugene. Greek Nobly  descended. 

Francis German Free. 

Frank French ...  .Generous,  brave,  open  hearted 

Frederick German Rich,  peace. 

Gabriel Hebrew.. .The  strength  of  God. 

George Greek A  husbandman . 

Guy French The  mistleloe  shrub.    ' 

Henry German A  rich  lord . 

Herbert ..German A  bright  lord. 

Hugh  Dutch High,  lofty. 

Horace Greek Light  of  the  sun . 

Hans German Melodious  singer. 

Isaac Hebrew Laughter. 

Jacob  .Hebrew A supplanter. 

James Roman Charity,  beguiling. 

John   Hebrew The  grace  of  the  Lord. 

Joseph Hebrew Addition. 

Jesse Hebrew The  root  of  David. 

Laurence Latin. Crowned  with  laurel. 

Lewis French Defender. 

Luke , Greek A  wood  or  grove. 

Louis French For  the  people. 

Michael .Hebrew Who  is  like  God. 

Mark Latin A  hammer. 

Martin Latin Martial. 

Matthew Hebrew A  gift. 

Maurice Latin Spring  of  a  moor. 

Moses Hebrew Drawn  from  the  water. 

Nathaniel Hebrew Gift  of  God;  no  guile. 

Nicholas Greek Victory  of  the  people. 

Nathan  Hebrew Given;  a  gift. 

Noah Arabian Peace ;  rest. 

Owen British  Well  descended. 

Oliver Saxon Peaceful ;  serene. 

Oscar  Polish , ..  .Heart  breaker. 

Patrick Latin A  nobleman. 

Paul.. Latin Small;  little. 


343  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

Peter Greek A  rock  or  stone. 

Philip Greek A  lover  of  horses. 

Percy Saxoii A  Lord. 

Raymond German Quiet;  peace. 

Reuben Hebrew The  son  of  vision. 

Richard Saxon Powerful. 

Robert German Famous  in  counsel. 

Roger German  Strong-  counsel. 

Samuel Hebrew Heard  of  God. 

Stephen Greek A  crown  or  garland. 

Silas Greek Worthy  to  be  praised. 

Sidney British Bruised  ;  troubled. 

Theodore Greek The  gift  of  God. 

Thomas Hebrew A  twin. 

Timothy Greek A  fearer  of  God. 

Vincent Latin Conquering. 

Walter German A  woodmaster. 

William German. . .     Defending  many. 

Wesley English Brightly  shining. 

Zachariah Hebrew Remembering  the  Lord. 

FEMALE    NAMES. 

Abbie English A  refuge. 

Adeline.. German A  princess. 

Agnes German Chaste. 

Alice German Noble. 

Amy French Beloved. 

Amelia French Loving 

Anna Hebrew A  prophetess. 

Ada Hebrew A  mountain. 

Angeline Roman Sweet  messenger. 

Barbara Latin Foreign  or  strange. 

Beatrice .  Latin Making  happy. 

Bertha Greek Bright  or  famous. 

Blanche French Fair. 

Bessie Saxon    Little  Eliza. 

Belie Spanish The  best ;  the  gayest. 

Bridget    Celtic    Shining ;  bright. 

Catharine Greek Pure ;  good. 

Charlotte French  All  noble. 

Caroline Latin Noble  spirited . 

Clara Latin Clear  and  bright. 

Constance Latin Constant. 

Carrie Latin Pet  Caroline . 

Cornelia Roman Bright  sunbeam. 

Cora Greek Keen  wit. 

Dora Celtic Prolific. 

Delia Spanish Accommodating. 

Delia Celtic Shining;  bright. 

Edith Saxon Happiness . 

Elizabeth,  1 Hebrew The  oath  of  God. 

Emily Saxon ., A  nurse. 

Emma German A  nurse . 

Erne Scotch Heart's  devotion. 

Elsie Welsh Mirthful. 

Emmaline Saxon Vy  little  nurse. 

Ettie n  erman Sprightly;  household  pet. 

Frances German Free . 

Florence Italian Vernal  duty. 

Flora British  Lovely  bloom. 

Gertrude German All  truth . 

Grace Latin Favor. 

Helen Greek A  most  beautiful  woman. 

Hannah Hebrew.  .The  Lord  has  come  to  her  relief. 

Harriet British  A  line  lady. 

Hattie English A  handsome  lady. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


243 


Henrietta British  Of  noble  birth. 

Isabella Spanish   Fair  Eliza. 

Ida Greek A  lofty  mountain. 

Jane British God's  grace . 

Jeanette Scotch Little  Jane. 

Josephine French A  saver  of  life. 

Julia Roman Charming- ;  virtuous. 

Juliet Roman — Noble  and  sprightly. 

Jessie Scotch My  present. 

Katrina German My  beautiful  Kate. 

Lucy Latin Shining . 

Lydia Greek Descended  from  th  •»  Lord, 

Louisa   French Defender  of  the  people. 

Laura : Greek Famed ;  worthy. 

Lillie Saxon Purity. 

Mabel Latin Lovely. 

Margaret German A  pearl. 

Martha Hebrew Bitter . 

Maud Greek A  lady  of  honor. 

Minnie Hebrew Numbered ;  prepared. 

Mary Hebrew A  drop  of  salt  water ;  a  tear. 

Maria Spanish Mary. 

Matilda British  ...  . 

Nellie Saxon 

Olive Persian  .... 

Paulina Latin 

Rose Latin 

Susan Hebrew  . . . 

Sarah Hebrew 

Viola Spanish 


.  Queenly. 
.Fair  and  faithful. 
.  Peace . 
..Feminine  of  Paul. 

Perfection. 
..A  lily. 
.A  princess. 
.Joyous  visitant. 


RELATIVE  VALUE  OF  FOOD  FOB  STOCK. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  good  hay  for  stock  are  equal  to : 


Articles.  Pounds. 

Beets,  white  silesia 469 

Turnips 369 

Rye-straw 397 

Clover,  red,  green 373 

Carrots 371 

Mangolds 368}£ 

Potatoes,  kept  in  pit  ...  264 

Oat-straw 317 

Potatoes 360 

Carrot  leaves  (tops) 135 

Hay,  English 100 


Articles.  Pounds. 

Lucerne —   89 

Clover,  red,  dry 88 

Buckwheat   78^ 

Corn 62^| 

Oats 59 

Barley 58 

Rye 53^ 

Wheat 44V| 

Oil-cake,  linseed 43 

Peas,  dry :.   ...  37^ 

Beans 2* 


HOUSEWIFE'S  TABLES. 

1  pound  of  wheat  flour  is  equal  to 1  quart. 

1  pound  and  2  ounces  of  Endian  meal  make. 1      " 

1  pound  of  soft  butter  is  equal  to  1      " 

1  pound  and  2  ounces  of  best  brown  sugar  make 1      " 

1  pound  and  1  ounce  of  powdered  white  sugar  make 1 

1  pound  of  broken  loaf  sugar  is  equal  to 1 

4  large  tablespoonf  uls  make ^ 

1  common-sized  tumbler  holds J< 

1  common-sized  wine-glass  is  equal  to £j 

1  tea-cup  holds      1 

1  large  wine-glass 2 

1  tablespoonf  ul  is  equal  to y. 


1  grill- 
i  pint. 


ounc's 
s  ounce 


POPULATION  OF  THE  WORLD.— Asia,  670,000,000; 
Europe,  320.000,000 ;  Africa,  200,000,000 ;  North  America,  75,000,000; 
Oceanica,  40,000,000 ;  South  America,  30,000,000. 


144 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


UTJALIFICATIONS  OF  VOTERS   IN   THE  VARIOUS 
STATES. 


STATES. 

Requirement 
as  to 
Citizenship. 

RESIDENCE  IN 

State 

Co. 

Voting 
Prec'ct 

Alabama  — 
Arkansas  
California... 
Colorado  — 
Connecticut 
Delaware  .  .  . 

Florida  

Citizens  or  declared  intention  . 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  
Citizens  or  declared  intention  . 
Actual  citizens 

'yr.. 
yr.. 
lyr.. 
6rnos 
1  vr 

3  mos 
6  mos 

90  dys 

Imo... 
Imo.  .  . 
30  dys.. 

6  mos 
Imo. 

6  mos 

6  mos 

90dvs 
GOdys 
GOdys 

lyr.. 

6  mos 

6  mos.. 

Actual  County  taxpayers  .  .  . 
j  United  States  citizens  or  ) 

lyr.. 
lyr.. 

lyr.. 
lyr.. 

6  mos 
6  mos 
6  mos 
2yrs. 
lyr  . 
3  mos 
lyr.. 
lyr.. 

3  mos 
4  mos 
6  in  os 
lyr.. 
6  mos 
6  mos 

Georgia  
Illinois  
Indiana  
Iowa  
Kansas  
Kentucky... 
Louisiana  .  .  . 
Maine  
Maryland  .  .  . 
Mas  chusetts 
Michigan  
Minnesota.  .  . 
Mississippi  .  . 
Missouri  — 
Nebraska  .  .  . 
Nevada  
N.H'mpshire 
New  Jersey. 
New  York  .  . 
N.  Carolina. 
Ohio  
Oregon  
Penn  .  . 
Rhode  Island 
S.  Carolina.  . 
Tennessee..  . 
Texas  
Vermont  .... 
Virginia  
W.  Virginia. 
Wisconsin... 

Actual  citizens  
Actual  citizens  
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens 

30  dys'.*. 
30  dys.. 

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Free  white  male  citizens  

30  dys.. 
GOdys.. 
30  dys.. 

Citizens  or  declared  intention  . 
Actual  citizens  
Actual  citizens  
Citizens  
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
\ctual  citizens..  

timos 

i  mo. 
GOdys 

6  mos.. 
10  dys.. 
10  dys.. 

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  

30  dys 

T'n.6m 
SOdys.'. 

Actual  citizens  
Actual  citizens  

lyr.. 
lyr  . 
12  mo 
lyr.. 
6  mos 
lyr.. 
lyr.. 
1  yr 

5  mos 
4  mos 
90  dys 

60dy' 
6  mos 
6  mos 

GOdys 

Actual  citizens.. 

Actual  citizens  
Citizens  or  declared  intention  . 
Actual  citizens  
Actual  tax-paying  citizens  
Actual  citizens 

2  mos.. 
T'n.Gm 

Actual  citizens..  

12  mo 
lyr. 
lyr. 

12  mo 

lyr.. 
lyr.. 

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  
Actual  citizens  
Actual  citizens  
Citizens  or  declared  intention  . 

6  mos.. 
T'n.3m 

OIL  IN  SEEDS. 


Kinds  of  Seed.       Per  cent  Oil. 

Rapeseed 55 

Sweet  Almond 47 

Turnip  seed 45 

White  mustard :-7 

Bitter  Almonds 37 

Hempseed 19 

Linseed 17 

Indian  corn 7 


Kinds  of  Seed.       Per  cent  Oil, 

Oats  6>£ 

Clover  hay 5 

Wheat  bran 4 

Oat-straw 4 

Meidowhay 3J^ 

V  heat-straw 3 

Wheat  flour 3 

Barley 2^ 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


245 


DIFFERENCE  IN  TIME.— The  following  table  shows  the 
time  at  different  places  when  it  it  12  o'clock  (noon)  at  New  York 
city. 


NAMES  OF  CITIES. 

Time  when 
it  is  12  noon 

at  N.Y. 

NAMES  OF  CITIES. 

Time  when, 
it  is  12  noon 
at  N.Y. 

Albany,  N.  Y  
Atlanta,  Ga  
Auburn,  N.  Y  

12.01  P.M. 

11.18A.M. 
11.50A.M. 

Nashville,  Tenn  .  . 
Newark,  N.  J  
Newburgh,  N.  Y.. 

11.09  A.M. 
11.59A.M. 
12.00  M. 

Baltimore,  M^  
JBangor,  Me  

11.50A.M. 

12.21  P.M. 

Newberryport, 
Mass.           

12.12  P.M. 

Boston  Mass 

12  12  P  M. 

New  Haven,  Conn. 

12.04  P.M. 

Bridgeport,  Conn.  . 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.... 
Buffalo,  N.  Y  
Burlington,  Iowa.. 
Burlington,  V.  T.. 
Charleston,  S.  C.... 
Chicago,  111  
Cincinnati,  O  
Cleveland,  O  
Columbus,  O  
Concord,  N.  H  ... 
Council  Bluffs,  la.. 
Davenport,  Iowa.. 
Dayton,  O  .......  . 
Denver  Col® 

12.03  P.M. 
12.00  M. 
11.40  A.M. 
10.51  A.M. 

12.03  P.M 

11.36  A.M. 
11.05A.M. 
11.18A.M. 
11.29  A.M. 
11.24  A.M. 

12.10  P.M. 
10.34A.M. 
10.53  A.M. 

11.19  A.M. 

9  57  A  M 

New  Orleans,  La. 
Newport,  R.I  
Norfolk,  Va  
N'rthampto^Mass 
Norwich,  Conn... 
Ogdensburg,  N.Y  . 
Omaha,  Neb  
Philadelphia,  Pa.. 
Pittsburg,  Pa  
Pittstield,  Mass... 
Portland,  Me  
Poughkeepsie,N.Y 
Providence,  R.I.. 
Richmond,  Va  
Rochester   N  Y 

10.56  A.M. 
32.11  P.M. 

11.51  A.M. 

12.05  P.M. 
12.07  P.M. 

11.54  A.M. 

10.32  A.M. 
11.55  A.M. 
11.36  A.M. 
12.02  P.M. 
12.15  P.M. 
12.00  M. 
12.10  P.M. 

11.46  A.M. 
11  43  A.M 

Des  Moines,  Iowa 
Detroit,  Mich  
Dubuque,  Iowa.     . 
Easton,  Pa  ... 

10.42  A.M. 
11.24A.M. 

10.54A.M. 

11  55  A  M 

Sacramento,  Cal.. 
St.  Louis,  Mo  
St.  Paul,  Minn.... 
Salt     Lake     City 

8.50  A.M. 
10.55  A.M. 
10.44  A.M. 

Elmira,  N.  Y  

11.49  A.  M 

Utah 

9.28  A.M. 

Evansville,  Ind  — 
Fort  Wayne,  Ind.. 
Galveston,  Tex  — 
Harrisburg,  Pa  
Hartford,  Conn  — 
Indianapolis,  Ind.. 
Kansas  City,  Mo.  .  . 
Keokuk,  Iowa  — 
Leaven  worth,  Kan  . 
Little  Kock,  Ark.. 

11.07AM. 
11.15  A.M. 

10.37  A.M. 
11.49A.M. 

12.05  P.M. 

11.12  P.M. 

10.37  A.M. 
10.50A.M. 

10.3  r  A.M. 

10.47  AM. 

San  Antonio,  Tex. 
San  Francisco,  (.  al. 
Savannah,  Ga.  .  .  . 
Springfield,  111 
Springtteld,  Mass. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y  
Terre  Haute,  Ind. 
Toledo,  O  
Trenton,  N.  J  
Troy,  N.Y. 

10.23  A.M. 
8.46  A.M. 

11.32  A.M. 

10.58  A.M. 
12.05  P.M. 
11.51-A.M. 
11.07  A.M. 
11.22  A.M. 
11.54A.M. 
11.58  A.M. 

Louisville,  Ky  
Lowell,  Mass  — 
Memphis,  Tenn  
Milwaukee,  Wis... 
Mobile,  Ala 

11.14  A.M. 

12.10  P.M. 
10.55  A.M. 

11.05  A.M. 
11  04  A  M 

Utica,  N.Y  
Vicksburg,  Miss  .  . 
Washington,  D.C. 
Wheeling,  W.  Va. 
Wilmington    Del 

11.56  A.M. 

10.53  A.M. 
11.48  A.M. 
11.33  A.M. 
fl  54  A  M 

Montgomery,  Ala.  . 

11.10A.M. 

Worcester,  Mass  .  . 

12.10  P.M. 

NUMBER  OF  TACKS  TO  THE  POUND. 


Name 

1      0 

,«•' 

f: 

6      * 
8      * 

Length  . 
z  ^       inch... 
3-16      **     ... 

No. 
...16,000 
10666 

Name. 
10  oz 

Length. 
.11-16  inch    . 

No. 
1,600 

13  *" 

% 

1  333 

14         "     ... 

...  8,000 

14  **  . 

:  "file  "  ' 

l!l43 

5-16      "     . 

.  .     6,400 

16 

18  " 

%        »• 

1000 

%         »» 

5333 

15-16     "    ' 

888 

.....7-16  "  : 

.  .     4,000 

20  "  .. 

...1            " 

800 

9-16      "     ... 
K         "     . 

...  2,666 
..  2,000 

22 
24  "... 

...11-16     **    . 

727 

...U6        "    . 

,     666 

246 


THE   WE8TEHN   AVOKLD 


NUMBER  OF  NAILS  TO  THE  POUND. 


Name.                Size.          No. 

Name.                 Size. 

3  penny,  fine  l£g  inch  760  nails. 

16  penny,  .  ...  3)4  inch   32 

3 

..  m 

480      ' 

20      *•         ....  4 

24 

4 

•  -  la 

3110     " 

30      "         ....  4M 

18 

5 

..  i& 

200 

40      kt          ....  5 

14 

6 

..  2 

160 

50      "          ....  5)4 

J2 

7 

2)4 

128 

6      "     fence  2 

80 

8 

2)4 

92 

8      "           "    2)4 

50 

9 

..  2^ 

72 

'0      u           "    3 

34 

10 

..  3 

60 

12      tk           4t    3)4 

29 

12      " 

..  3M 

44 

nails. 


TIME  AT  WHICH  MONEY  DOUBLES  AT  INTEREST. 

PerCent.                    Simple  Interest.  Compound!  ntt  rest. 

2 50  years.  35  years     2  clays. 

2^ 40  years.  28  years   26  days. 

3 33  years  4  months.  23  years  164  days. 

3^ 28  years  208  days.  20  years   54  daye. 

4 25  years.  17  years  246  days. 

4^£ 22  years  81  days.  15  years  2.3  days. 

5 20  years.  15  years   75  days. 

6 16  years  8  months.  11  years  328  days . 

7 14  years  105  days.  ,10  years   89  days 

8 12^  years.  9  years     2  days. 

9 11  years  40  days.  8  years   16  days. 

10 lOyears.  7  years  100  days. 


WAGES  PAID  IN  EUROPE  AND  UNITED  STATES. 

— Comparative  rates  of  weekly  wages  paid  in  Europe  ana  in  the 
United  States  in  1884.  The  wages  paid  in  the  United  States  vary, 
diminishing  in  the  East  and  South  and  increasing  at  the  West 
and  North-west. 


Belgium. 

Denmark  . 

France. 

1 

Germany. 

M 

Great 
Britain. 

d 

«|  §> 

*§ 

Bakers  
Blacksmiths  
Bookbinders  

4  40 
4  40 

4  25 
3  90 

3  72 

$ 
5  55 
5  45 

4  85 

$ 
3  50 
3  55 

3  82 

3  90 
3  94 
3  90 

$ 
6  50-  5  60 
7  04-  8  '2 
6  50-  7  83 

$ 
8-  12 
9-  12 
9-  20 

Bricklayers  
Cabinet  m  akers.  . 
Carpenters   and 
Joiners  
Farm  laborers.. 
Laborers,  etc  .  .  . 

6  00 
4  80 

540 
3  66 

425 

4  00 
6  00 

5  42 

3  15 

3  60 
3  97 

400 
2  87 
2  92 

345 

4  95 

4  18 
3  50 
2  60 

7  58-  9  03 
7  70-  8  48 

7  33-  8  25 
3  40-  4  25 
4  50-  5  00 

g-s* 

<—  10 
5J-  9 

Painters 

4  20 

4  15 

4  90 

3  92 

4  60 

7  25-  8  16 

6-  12 

Plasteres  

5  40 

3  80 

4  35 

7  68-10  13 

9-  15 

Plumbers 

6  00 

5  50 

3  60 

3  90 

7  13-  8  46 

12-  20 

Printers  
Shoemakers.  .  .  . 
Tailors  .  . 

4  62 
3  30 
4  1<> 

4  70 
4  75 
5  10 

4  80 
3  13 

3  58 

390 
4  32 
4  30 

7  52-  7  75 
-  7  35 
5  00-  7  30 

12-  IS 
9-  18 
6-  18 

Tinsmiths  

4  80 

3  90 

4  40 

3  05 

3  60 

6  00-  7  30 

9-  13 

GUIDE   AXD  HAND  BOOK. 


247 


PRICES  OF  THE  NECESSABIES  OF  LIFE  in  Europe 
and  the  United  States. 


a 

<p 

>> 

c 

JS 

6 

9 

is 

o 

c 

1 

£ 

$1 

! 

a 

1 

0 

O 

1 

O 

e  _ 

CUt.. 

Cts-. 

ct*. 

as. 

Cts. 

Cte. 

Beef—  roast  Ib 

20 

22 

22 

20 

22 

8-12^ 

Corned  .  .  .  Ib 

16 

16 

13 

32 

18-20 

4-  7 

Beans  qt 
Bread  Ib 

4-  5 

3 

10 
3-7 

T3 
6 

9 

5-  9 

4-  4*4 

Butter  Ib 

20-50 

25 

29  38  2 

16-40  ~ 

Coal  ton 

$4  25 

$11  O1 

$2  65-  $4  10 

$3-6  75 

Codfish   Ib 

q 

6-  8 

5-  9 

Coffee  Ib 

30-40   30 

35  ' 

f?O 

28-nO 

16-40 

Eggs       .          doz 

20-25    18 

20 

38 

1.-30 

10-24 

Flour..  Jb 

....      4 

10 

Lard                     Ib 

201  W 

21  9 

12-18 

~6-10  " 

Milk  .                   qt 

4 

15 

5-  9 
16-17 

3-  6 
5-lS^s 

Mutton  foreqr..lb 

16 

16 

Oatmeal  Ib 

8  * 

31^-  4.1^ 

4-5 

Pork,  fresh  Ib 

"16 

14 

17 

13 

u'-in'  " 

4-  5 

salted  Ib 

16 

14 

17 

18 

10-16 

6-12 

bacon    .  .  Ib 

20 

20 

22 

12-16 

7-12 

sausage...  Ib 

20 

1C 

19 

20 

18 

6-10 

Potatoes  bu 

56 

50 

50 

$  1  15 

68-«2  GO 

60-80 

Rice  Ib 

9 

6 

;^_  g 

5-10 

Soap  Ib 

10 

4 

5l4-  9 

3-  8 

Sugar  Ib 

15-20 

'    11 

5^-10 

7-10 

Tea  Ib 

75 

40-88 

25-81.00 

FASTEST  TRANSATLANTIC  TIME  ON  RECORD.- 
The  time  of  passage  given  in  the  table  below  represents  the 
quickest  ocean  trips  on  record,  it  will  be  seen  that  we  are  gain- 
ing in  speed. 


MLS 

STEAMER. 

DATE. 

D.  H.  M. 

New  York  to  Queenstown 

2,9-SO 

Oregon  

July,  188-' 

6    6  52 

New  York  to  Queenstown 

2,950 

Arizona  

Sep.,'  188 

7    7  48 

New-York  to  Qneenstown 

2,950 

Arizona    

Ju  ne  187S 

7    9  23 

New  York  to  Queenstown 

2.95!) 

Britannic.     .  . 

Dec.,187t 

7  12  46 

New  York  to  Queenstown 

2  9">0 

City  of  Berlin 

Oct.,  187 

7  15  48 

Queenstown  to  New  York 
New  York  to  Queenstowu 

2,9  0 

2,950 

City  of  Berlin. 
Russia...    .   .  . 

-op.,  1875 
Juiv,1869 

7  1802 
8    6  30 

Queenstown  to  New  York 

2,950 

Russia  ..  . 

June   809 

8    2  58 

New  York  to  Queenstown 
Philadelphia  to  Queenst'n 
New  York  to  Havana.  .  . 
Havana  to  New  York  .  .  . 

2.950 
3,050 

ll22) 

Kussia  
Illinois  
(  /'y  Vera  Cruz. 
Cityof  N.Y'rk. 

..    ..!So9 

Dec.,  1876 
Aug.  1876 
May,  1875 

9    8  12 
8  18  13 
4    0  43 
3  10    7 

New  York  to  Aspinwall.. 
Aspinwnll  to  New  York.. 

2.3'  iO 

Hy.  Chauncey 
II  v.  Channoey 

1875 
.....1875 

6  14  .. 
6    5  30 

S.Francisco  to  Yokohama 
Yokohama  to  S.Francisco 

4^764 

Ct'y  of  Peking. 
Oceanic  

15    9  .. 
14  13     . 

Queenstown  to  New  York 

2,050 

Etruria....  .  .  . 

Aug.'  1885 

6    5  31 

248 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


CONTENTS  OF  LOGS  IN  BOARD  MEASURE  will  be 
found  in  the  following-  table.  If  the  log-  is  long-er  than  is  0911- 
tained  in  the  table  add  together  the  contents  of  two  logs  making1 
up  the  required  length.  The  first  column  on  the  left  gives  the 
length  of  the  log-  in  feet.  The  figures  under  D  denote  the 
diameters  of  the  logs  in  inches.  Fractional  parts  of  inches  are 
not  given.  The  diameter  is  taken  at  the  top,  or  small  end.  To 
find  the  number  of  feet  of  boards  which  a  log-  will  produce  when 
sawed,  take  the  length  of  feet  in  the  first  column  on  the  left  hand 
and  the  diameter  at  the  top  of  the  page  in  inches-  Allowance 
must  be  made  for  very  crooked  logs. 


Length 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

of  Log. 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

10  feet.  . 

54 

66 

76 

93 

0' 

107 

137 

154 

179 

194 

210 

237 

256 

Jl  'k  .  . 

59 

72 

83 

102 

114 

131 

151 

169 

196 

213 

231 

261 

270 

12  tk 

64 

78  9«» 

111 

124 

143 

164 

184 

213 

232  252 

285 

300 

13  "  .  . 

69 

84 

97 

320  r<4 

154  177 

J99 

231 

251  1  273 

308 

327 

14  kk  .  . 

74 

90 

104 

129  144 

166  191 

214  249 

270  j  293 

332 

350 

15  "  .  . 

79 

96  '11 

138  154 

177 

204 

2291  266 

289)  314 

355 

3:6 

16   4  .  . 

84 

102  1)8 

146!  164 

189 

217 

244  284 

308 

335 

379 

401 

17   k  .  . 

89 

108|  126 

J55I  173 

200 

231 

259  301 

327 

356 

402  I  426 

18   k  .  . 

94 

1141  J33 

164:  183 

212 

244 

274  319 

346  377 

426 

451 

19   k  .  . 

99 

121 

140 

17*1  193 

223 

257 

287 

336 

.65  398 

447 

477 

20   k  .  . 

104 

127 

147 

182 

203 

236 

271 

804 

354 

384 

419 

473 

501 

21   k  .  . 

109 

133 

154 

191 

213 

247 

284 

HI  9 

371 

4031  440 

497 

527 

22   k  .  . 

114 

139 

161 

200 

223 

259 

297 

334 

389 

422  461 

520 

552 

23   k  .  . 

119 

145 

168 

209 

233 

270 

311 

340 

407 

441 

481 

F42 

568 

24   k  .  . 

124 

151 

17H 

218 

243 

2*2 

825 

364 

424 

460 

502 

568 

613 

25   k  .  . 

129 

157 

183 

227 

253 

293 

337 

379 

442 

479 

523 

591 

628 

26   k  .  . 

134 

163 

190 

236 

263 

305 

350 

394 

459 

498 

544 

615 

t53 

27   '  .  . 

139 

169 

197 

245 

273 

316 

363 

4L9 

477 

517 

565 

639 

678 

28-  4  .  . 

144 

175 

204 

254 

283 

32^ 

376 

424 

494 

536 

586 

703 

29   k  .  . 

149 

181 

211 

263 

293 

338 

389 

439 

512 

555 

607 

687 

728 

30  kk  .  . 

154  187 

218 

272 

303 

351 

402 

454 

529 

574 

628 

711 

753 

31  kl  .  . 

159 

193 

225 

281 

313 

362 

415 

469 

547 

593 

^649  735 

778 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

I). 

D. 

l 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

10  feet... 

283 

909 

359 

377 

407 

440 

456 

486 

496 

543 

573 

11  "  ... 

311 

340 

374 

396 

415 

447 

48  1 

5<-2 

535 

546 

598 

630 

12  4k  ... 

340 

371 

408 

432 

453 

489 

528 

548 

584 

596 

653 

688 

13  "  ... 

369 

404 

442 

469 

491 

530 

572 

594 

6,33 

646 

708 

746 

14  "  ... 

397 

435 

476 

505 

529 

571 

618 

640 

682 

t.96 

762 

803 

15  "  ... 

426 

465 

511 

541 

567 

612 

662 

6^tt 

731 

746 

817 

861 

16  "  ... 

455 

496 

545 

578 

605 

653 

706 

732 

780 

796 

872 

919 

17  "  ... 

483 

527 

579 

614 

643 

694 

751 

778  829 

846 

927 

976 

18  kt  ... 

512 

558 

613 

650 

681 

735 

795 

824 

878 

896 

P81 

1034 

19  "  ... 

541 

590 

647 

688 

719 

776 

839 

870 

927 

946 

1036 

1092 

20  4k  ... 

569 

621 

681 

724 

757 

817 

884  916  976 

996 

1091 

1148 

21  "  ... 

598 

652 

716 

760 

796 

859 

928 

962 

1025 

1046 

1146 

1206 

22  "  ... 

627 

684 

750 

796 

834 

900 

972 

1008  1074 

10% 

1200 

1264 

23  "  ... 

655 

715 

784 

833 

872 

941 

1017  1054  ;  1.1  23 

1146 

1255 

1318 

24  "  ... 

6*4 

746 

818 

889 

910 

982 

1061  1100  1172 

!  1  '.  H  i 

1310 

1376 

25  "  ... 

713 

777 

853 

948 

1023 

1105 

1146  1221 

124H 

1365 

1434 

26  "  ... 

742 

808 

887 

942 

986 

1064 

1149 

1192  1270 

1296 

1420 

H92 

27  "  ... 

771 

839 

921 

979 

UI24 

1105 

119:;  1238ii:i19 

13*6 

147") 

1550 

28  "  ... 

800 

870 

955 

1015  1062 

1146 

1237  12*4 

'IWS 

1  •;<)<> 

1*30 

1608 

29  "  ... 

829 

901 

105211100 

1187 

1281 

1330 

14  7 

144H 

1585 

1666 

30  "  ... 

93211023108811138 

1228  j  132* 

1:576  1  •»>»; 

1496   1640 

1724 

31  4k  ... 

887 

9631057 

1125jll76 

1269 

188914$:  -5:5  1.48   1695J 

1782 

GUIDE    AND   HAND-BOOK. 


249 


TO  FIND  THE  CONTENTS  OF  ANY  LOG.-Add  to- 
gether the  two  extreme  diameters,  and  divide  by  2  for  the  mean 
diameter.  Subtract  one-third  for  the  side  of  the  square  the  log" 
will  make  when  hewn.  Square  the  side  thus  obtained,  and 
multiply  the  product  by  the  length  of  the  log1  in  feet,  and  divide 
the  last  product  by  144  (or  by  12  twice),  the  quotient  will  be  the 
cubical  contents  in  feet,  and  twelfths  of  a  foot. 


SHRINKAGE  OF  GRAIN. -Wheat  from  the  time  it  is 
threshed  will  shrink  7  per  cent  in  six  months,  under  the  most  fa- 
vorable circumstances.  Corn  shrinks  much  more  from  the  time 
it  is  husked,  averaging;  about  20  per  cent  during-  the  first  six 
months.  In  the  case  of  potatoes — taking1  those  that  rot  and  are 
otherwise  lost— together  with  the  shrinkage,  there  is  but  little 
doubt  that  between  October  and  June  the  loss  to  the  owner  who 
holds  them  is  not  less  than  30  per  cent. 


BOARD  AND  PLANK  MEASTJREMENT-AT  SIGHT. 

— This.table  gives  the  sq.  ft,  and  in.  in  board  from  6  to  25  in.  wide, 
and  from  8  to  36  ft.  long.  If  a  board  be  longer  than  36  ft,,  unite 
two  numbers.  Thus,  if  a  board  is  40  ft.  long-  and  16  in.  wide,  add 
30  and  10,  and  you  have  53  ft.  4  in.  For  2-in.  plank  double  the 
product. 

To  find  the  contents  of  any  piece  thicker  than  one  inch, 
multiply  the  contents  of  a  similar  piece  one  inch  thick  as  given 
in  the  table,  by  the  thickness  in  inches.  All  stuff  less  than  one 
inch  thick  is  counted  as  an  inch  thick. 


•£  £ 

o  S 

"  1-3 

6  in. 
W. 

7  in. 
W. 

8  in. 
W. 

9  in. 
W. 

10  in. 
W. 

11  in. 
W. 

12  in. 
W. 

13  in. 
W. 

14  in. 
W. 

15  in. 
W. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

f  *.  in. 

ft.  in. 

8... 

4  0 

4  8 

5  4 

6   0 

6   8 

7  4 

8  0 

8   8 

9  4 

10  0 

9... 

4  6 

5  3 

6  0 

6   9 

7   6 

8  3 

9  0 

9   9 

10  6 

11  3 

10... 

5  0 

5  10 

6   8 

7   6 

8   4 

9   2 

10  0 

10  10 

11   8 

12  6 

11... 

5  6 

6   5 

7   4 

8  3 

9   2 

10   1 

11   0 

11  11 

12  10 

12  9 

12... 

6  0 

7  0 

8   0 

9   0 

10   0 

11   0 

12  0 

13   0 

14  0 

15   0 

13... 

6   6 

7   7 

8   8 

9   9 

10  10 

11  11 

13  0 

14   1 

15  -2 

16   3 

14... 

7   0 

8  2 

9   4 

10   6 

11   8 

12  10 

14  0 

15   2 

16   4 

17   6 

15... 

7   6 

8   9 

10  0 

11   3 

12   6 

13   9 

15   0 

16   3 

17   6 

18   9 

16... 

8  0 

9   4 

10   8 

12  0 

13  4 

14   8 

Irt  0 

17   4 

18   8 

20   0 

17... 

8   6 

9  11 

11   4 

12   C 

14  ?; 

15  7 

17  0 

18   5 

19  10 

21   3 

18... 

9  0 

10   « 

12   0 

13  £|i5  CIS  6 

18  0 

19   B 

21   0 

22   6 

19... 

9   6 

11   1 

12   8 

14  a 

15  10 

£{   5 

19  0 

20   7  22   2 

*3   9 

20... 

10  0 

11   8 

13   4 

15   0 

16   8 

18   4 

20  0 

21   8123   4 

f>5   0 

21... 

10   6 

12   3 

14  0 

15   9 

17   6 

19   3 

21   0 

22  9 

24   6 

26   3 

22... 

11  0 

12  10 

14   8 

16   6 

18   4 

20  2 

22  0 

23  10 

25   8 

27   6 

23... 

11  6 

13   5 

15   4 

17   3 

19  2 

21   1 

23  0 

24  11 

26  JO 

28   9 

24... 

12  0 

14   0 

16  0 

18   0 

20  0 

22   0 

24   0 

26   0 

28   0 

30  0 

25... 

12   6 

14   7 

16   8 

18   9 

20  10 

22  11 

25   0 

27   1 

29   2 

31   3 

26... 

13  0 

15   2 

17   4 

19  6 

21   8 

?3  10 

26   0 

28   2 

30   4 

32   6 

27... 

13  t> 

15   9 

18   0 

20   3 

22   6 

24   9 

27   0 

29   3 

31   6 

33   9 

28... 

14  0 

16   4 

18   8 

21   0 

23   4 

25   8 

28   0 

30   4 

32   8 

&5   0 

29... 

14   6 

16  11 

19   4 

tl   9 

24   2 

26   7 

29   <> 

31   5 

33  10 

36   3 

30... 

15  0 

17   6 

30   0 

22   6 

25  0 

27   6 

30   0 

32   6 

35   0 

37   6 

31... 

15  6 

18   1 

20   8 

23  3 

25  10 

28   5 

31   0 

33   7 

36   2 

38   9 

32... 

16  0 

18   8 

21  4 

24   0 

26   8 

29   4 

32   0 

34   8 

37   4 

4)   0 

33... 

16   6 

19   3 

22   0 

24   9 

27   6 

30   3 

33  0 

35   9 

38   6 

41   3 

34... 

17   0 

19  10 

22   8 

25   6 

28   4 

31   2 

34   0 

36  10 

39   8 

42  6 

35... 

17   6 

20   5 

23   4 

26   3 

29   2 

32   1 

35   0 

37  11 

40  10 

43  9 

36... 

18   0 

21  0 

24   0 

27   0 

30   0 

33   0 

36   0 

39   0 

42  0 

45  0 

250 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


•+3   be 

I§ 

16  in. 
W. 

17  in. 
W. 

18  in. 
W. 

19  in. 
W. 

20  in 
W. 

21  in. 
W. 

22  in. 
W. 

23  in. 
W. 

24  in. 
W. 

2'«  in. 
W. 

^   Hi 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

8... 

10      8 

11      4 

12     0 

12      8 

13      4 

14      0 

14      8 

15     4 

16     0 

16     8 

9... 

12      0 

12      9 

13      6 

14      3 

15      0 

15      9 

J6      6 

17     3 

18      0 

18      9 

10... 

13      4 

14      2 

15      0 

15    10 

16      8 

17      6 

18      4 

19      2 

20      0 

20    10 

11... 

14      8 

15      7 

16      6 

17      5 

18      4 

19      3 

20      2 

21      1 

22     0 

22    11 

12... 

16      0 

17      0 

18      0 

19      0 

20      0 

21      0 

22      0 

23      0 

24'     0 

25     0 

13... 

17      4 

18      5 

19      6 

20      7 

21      8 

22      9 

23    10 

24    11 

26      0 

27      1 

14... 

18      8 

19    10 

21      0 

22     2 

23      4 

24      6 

25      8 

26    1( 

28      0 

29      2 

15... 

20      0 

21      3 

22      6 

23      925      0 

•26      3 

27      6 

28      8 

BO      0 

31      3 

16... 

21      4 

22      8 

24      025      4126      8 

28      C 

29      4 

30    e 

33      (' 

33      4 

17... 

22      8 

24      1 

25      626    11)28      429      9 

31      2 

32    ", 

34      0|35      5 

18... 

24      0 

25      6 

27      0 

28      6|30      031      633      0 

34      6 

36      0  37      6 

19.,  . 

25      4 

26    11 

28      6 

30      1!31      833     334    10 

36      5 

38      0 

89      7 

20... 

26      8 

28      4 

30      0 

31      8j32      4:35      036      8|38      4 

40      0 

41      8 

21... 

28      0 

29      9 

31      6 

33      335      Oi36      9138      6|40      3 

43      0 

43      9 

22... 

29      4 

31      2 

33      0 

34    10 

36      838      6 

40      4 

42      244      045    10 

23... 

30      8 

32      7 

34      6 

36      5 

38      4 

40     3 

43      2 

44      1 

46      0 

47    11 

24... 

33      0 

34      0 

36      0 

38      0 

40      0 

42      0 

44      0 

46      4 

48      0 

50      0 

25... 

34      4 

35      5 

37      6 

39      7 

41      8|43      9 

45    10 

47    11 

50      0 

5!      1 

26... 

35      8 

36    10 

39      0 

41      2 

43      445      6 

47      8 

49    10 

53      0 

54      2 

27... 

36      0 

38      3 

40      6 

42      9 

45      0 

47      2 

49      6 

51      9 

54      0 

56      3 

28... 

37      4 

39      8 

42      0 

44      4 

46      8J49      0 

51      4 

53      8 

56      0 

58      4 

29... 

38      8 

41      1 

43      6 

45    11 

48      4  50      9 

53      2 

••5      7 

58      0 

60      5 

30... 

40      0 

42      6 

45      0 

47      6 

50      051      6 

55      0 

57      6 

60      0 

62      6 

A  COON  HUST 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  251 

FACTS  FOB  BUILDERS.— One  thousand  shingles  laid 
four  inches  to  the  weather  will  cover  over  100  square  feet  of  sur- 
face, and  five  pounds  of  shingle  nails  will  fasten  them  on. 

One-fifth  more  siding  and  flooring  is  needed  than  the  number 
of  square  feet  of  surface  to  be  covered,  because  of  the  lap  in  the 
siding  and  matching  of  the  floor. 

One  thousand  laths  will  cover  70  yards  of  surface,  and  11  pounds 
of  lath  nails  will  nail  them  on. 

Eight  bushels  of  good  lime,  16  bushels  of  sand  and  1  bushel  of 
hair  will  make  enousrh  mortar  to  plaster  100  square  yards. 

A  cord  of  stone,  3  bushels  of  lime  and  a  cubic  yard  of  sand 
will  lay  100  cubic  feet  of  wail. 

Five  courses  of  brick  will  lay  1  foot  in  height  on  a  chimney,  9 
bricks  in  a  course  will  make  a  flue  8  inches  wide  and  20  inches 
long,  and  8  bricks  in  a  course  will  make  a  flue  8  inches  wide  and 
16  inches  long. 

A  cask  of  lime  will  make  into  rnortar  sufficient,  commonly, 
for  from  1,000  to  1,100  bricks;  1,000  may  be  considered  a  safe 
estimate. 

Sand  is  estimated  by  the  load,  a  load  containing  from  19  to  21 
bushels.  This  is  sufficient  for  about  2  casks  of  lime;  therefore  we 
may  estimate  1  cask  of  lime  to  10  bushels  of  sand. 


"WHITEWASH.— Make  the  whitewash  in  the  ordinary  man- 
ner, then  place  it  over  a  tire  and  bring  it  to  a  boil;  then  stir  into 
each  gallon  a  tablespoonful  of  powdered  alum,  a  half  pint  of 
good  flour  paste,  and  half  a  pound  of  glue  dissolved  in  water, 
while  it  is  boiling'. 

RELATIVE  HARDNESS  OF  WOODS.— Taking  shell 
bark  as  the  highest  standard  of  our  forest  trees,  and  calling  that 
100,  other  trees  will  compare  with  it  as  follows: 

Shell  Bark  Hickory 100       Yellow  Oak 60 

Pignut  Hickory 96       White  Elm 58 

White  Oak 84       Hard  Maple 56 

White  Ash 77       Red  Cedar 56 

Dogwood 75       Wild  Cherry 55 

Scrub  Oak 73       Yellow  Pine 54 

White  Hazel 72       Chestnut  52 

Apple  Tree 70       Yellow  Poplar 51 

Red  Oak 60       Butternut 43 

White  Beech  65       White  Birch 43 

Black  Walnut 65       White  Pine 30 

Black  Birch 62 


BIBLE  FACTS.— The  first  translation  of  the  Bible  was  the 
celebrated  Greek  version  of  the  Old  Testament,  called  the  Sep- 
tuagint,  made  B.C.  285.  The  meaning  of  the  title  is  seventy, 
and  was  bestowed  upon  the  word  because  of  the  approval  of  the 
version  by  the  Sanhedrim,  the  highest  Jewish  tribunal,  com- 
posed of  seventy-one  members.  The  first  English  translation 
was  J'>hn  Wycliffe's,  from  the  Latin,  about  1382.  The  first 
printed  English  version  of  the  New  Testament  was  William  Tyn- 
dal's  translation  from  the  original  in  1525.  First  Bible  (complete) 
printed  in  English,  was  Miles  Toverdale's,  1535.  The  first  English 
version  printed  in  Roman  letters  was  the  "Geneva  Bible,"  by  a 
company  of  English  exiles  in  1560,— in  general  use  about  60  years. 
The  common  translation  in  use  for  the  hist  274  y^ars,  is  "  King 
James11  version,  by  54 di vines,  issued  athis  command  in  1611,  after 
seven  years  labor  upon  it.  The  New  Revised  Edition  of  the 
Bible,  of  which  the  New  Testament  was  published  May  17,  1881, 
was  prepared,  and  laboriously  finished,  by  52  English  divines, 
appointed  in  May,  1870,  and  30  American,  appointed  in  1871.  Since 
1800,  the  English  and  American  Societies  have  printed  of  the 


252 


THE    WESTERN   WORLD 


Protestant  version  of  the  Bible  or  New  Testament,  over  125,000,- 
000  copies.  The  Bible  is  now  printed  in  236  different  languages 
and  dialects.  The  total  number  of  languages  and  dialects  spoken 
throughout  the  world  is  about  915.  The  Bible  contains  3,566,480 
letters,  774,746  words,  31,173  verses,  1J89  chapters,  and  66  books. 
The  word  and  occurs  46,277  times.  The  word  Lord  occurs  1,855 
times.  The  word  reverend  occurs  but  once,  which  is  in  the  9th 
verse  of  the  lllth  Psalm.  The  middle  verse  is  the  8th  verse  of 
the  118th  Psa'-n.  The  21st  verse  of  the  7th  chapter  of  Ezra  con- 
tains all  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  except  the  letter  J  .  The  19th 
chapter  of  of  II  Kings  and  the  37th  chapter  of  Isaiah  are  alike. 
The  longest  verse  is  the  9th  verse  of  the  8th  chapter  of  Esther. 
The  shortest  verse  is  the  35th  verse  of  the  llth  chapter  of  St. 
John.  There  are  no  words  or  names  of  more  than  six  syllables. 


SHORT  RULES  FOR  CASTING  INTEREST. 

For  finding  the  interest  on  any  principal  for  any  number  of 
days,  th«*  answer  in  each  case  being  in  cents-  Separate  the  two 
right  hr.nd  figures  to  express  it  in  dollars  and  cents. 

Four  Per  Cent.— Multiply  the  principal  by  the  number  of 
days  to  run;  separate  the  right  hand  figure  from  the  product,  and 
divide  by  <». 

Five  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days  and  divide 
by  72. 

Six  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days;  separate  right 
hand  figure,  and  divide  by  6. 

Sevon  Per  Cent.— To  find  the  interest  on  any  sum  at  7  per 
cent,  take  the  interest  given  by  the  tablesat  6  per  cent.,  add  one- 
sixth  to  th-»t  amount,  and  you  have  the  interest  at  7  per  cent. 

Eight  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days  and  divide 
by  45. 

Nine  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days;  separate  right 
hand  figure  and  divide  by  4. 

Ten  Per  Cent.  —  Multiply  by  number  of  days  and  divide 
by  36. 

Twelve  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days;  separate 
right  hand  figure  and  divide  by  3. 

Fifteen  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days  and  divide 
by  24. 

Eighteen  Per  Cent —Multiply  by  number  of  days;  separate 
right  hand  figure  and  divide  by  2. 

Twenty  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days  and  divide 
by  18. 

A  short  way  for  reckoning  interest  on  odd  days,  at  any  rate 
per  cent,  is  as  follows:  Multiply  the  principal  by  the  number  of 
days,  and  for  6  per  cent,  divide  by  60;  for  7  per  cent,  by  51;  for 
8  per  cent,  by  40;  for  10  per  cent,  I  y  36;  for  12  per  cent,  by  30. 


POWER  REQUIRED  TO  GRIND  GRAIN  WITH  PORT- 
ABLE MILLS. 


Horse 
power. 

2  to    5 
5  to    8 
8  to  11 
12  to  18 
20  to  30 

Size  of 
stones. 

Revolutions 
per  minute. 

Bush.  Corn 
per  hour. 

Bush.  Wheat 
per  hour. 

12  inch. 
20     " 
?0     " 
36      " 

48      " 

800  to  900 
650  to  700 
550  to  600 
450  to  500 
350  to  400 

1  to    4 
5  to    8 
10  to  15 
18  to  25 
25  to  35 

1  to    3 
4  to    6 
7  to  10 
12  to  15 
15  to  18 

TO  STOP  SQUEAKING  SHOES  drive  a  peg  in  the  center 
of  the  sole. 


&TTIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


£53 


OATMEAL.— It  takes  about  12  bushels  of  oats  to  make  a 
barrel  of  200  Ibs.  of  oatmeal;  another  rating  estimates  that  34  Ibs. 
of  oats  produces  8  Ibs.  of  oat  meal. 

One  Bushel  of  buckwheat,  or  50  Ibs.,  will  produce  25  Ibs.  of 
buckwheat  meal;  more  may  be  obtained,  but  the  quality  will  be 
impaired . 

One  Bushel  of  good  wheat  (60  Ibs.)  is  estimated  to  make  40 
Ibs.  of  flour;  i.  e.,  %&  bushels  of  wheat  for  100  Ibs.  of  flour. 


STJN  DIAL— HOW  MADE.— Upon  a  level,  hard  surface, 
describe  with  compasses,  a  circle  eight  or  ten  inches  in  diameter. 
Drive  a  piece  of  heavy  wire,  six  or  eight  inches  long,  perpendicu- 
larly in  the  center,  leaving  it  just  high  enough  to  allow  the 
extreme  end  of  the  shadow  to  fall  upon  the  circle  about  9:30  or 
10  o'clock.  Mark  this  point  and  the  point  where  the  end  of  the 
shadow  touches  the  circle  in  the  afternoon.  Draw  a  line  from  a 
point  exactly  half-way  between  the  two  to  the  center  of  the 
circle.  This  line  will  be  the  meridian  line  or  noon  mark.  The 
dial  should  be  made  either  April  15,  June  15,  September  1,  or 
December  24,  as  on  these  four  days,  and  no  other,  the  noon-mark 
or  sun-dial  will  coincide  with  12  o'clock. 


THE  CIRCLE.— One-half  of  the  diameter 
multipled  by  the  diameter  or  seven-elevenths  of  the  area  of  the 
circle,  will  give  the  area  of  an  inscribed  square.  To  flid  the  side 
jf  an  inscribed  square,  multiply  one-fourth  of  the  circumfer- 
ence by  nine.  When  the  circumference  is  given,  to  find  the 
diameter,  multiply  by  seven  and  divide  by  twenty-two.  Eleven- 
fourteenths  of  the  diameter  gives  exactly  one-fourth  of  the  cir- 
cumference. The  above  solution  is  mathematical ty  true. 


PROPORTIONATE  PROPERTIES  OF  FOOD : 


One  hundred  Water, 

parts  of  each.  etc. 

Apples 84.0 

Barley 14.0 

Beans 14.8 

Beef 60.0 

Buckwheat 14.2 

Butter 

Cabbage . . ..  90.0 

Cheese 10.0 

Chicken 46.0 

Corn 14.0 

Cucumbers 97.0 

Eggs,  white  of 53.0 

Eggs,  yelk  of 79.0 

Lamb   ., ...  50.5 

Milk— cow's 86.0 

Mutton 44.0 

Oats 13.6 

Peas 14.0 

Pork 38.5 

Potatoes 75.2 

Rice 13.5 

Turnips 94.4 

Veal 68.5 

Wheat 14.0 


Muscle 

making. 

5.0 

15.0 

24.0 

15.0 

8.6 

'i'.O 
65.0 
18.0 
12.0 

1.5 
17.0 
15.0 
11.0 

5.0 
12.5 
17.0 
23.4 
10.0 

1.4 

6.5 

1.1 
10.1 
14.6 


Heat 

and  Fat 

making. 

10.0 

68.8 

57.7 

30.0 

75.4 

all. 

5.0 
19.0 
32.0 
73.0 

1.0 

none. 

27.0 

•  35.0 

8.0 
40.0 
66.4 
60.0 
50.0 
22.5 
79.5 

4.0 
16.5 
69.4 


A  SUPERIOR  LINIMENT  for  man  or  beast  is  composed 
of  equal  parts  of  laudanum,  alcohol  and  oil  of  wormwood. 


354 


THE     WESTERN   WORLD 


ROPE.— Table  showing  what  weights  hemp  rope  will  bear 
with  safety. 


Circumference  . 

Pounds. 

Circumference. 

Pounds. 

1  inch. 

200 

3  inch. 

1,800 

1*4   " 

312.5 

3*4 

2,112.5 

1*6   " 
1-M   " 

450 
612.5 

3& 

2,450 
2,812.5 

0             " 

800 

4 

3,200 

2^    " 

1,012.5 

5 

5,000 

2*<2    " 

1,250 

6 

7,200 

2fc    " 

1,512.5 

A  square  inch  of  hemp  fibers  will  support  a  weight  of  9,2ro 
pounds.  The  maximum  strength  of  a  good  hemp  rope  is  6,400 
pounds  to  the  square  inch.  Its  practical  value  is  not  more  than 
one-half  this  strain.  Before  breaking,  it  stretches  from  one- 
fifth  to  one-seventh,  and  its  diameter  diminishes  one-fourth  to 
one-seventh.  The  strength  of  manilla  is  about  one-half  that  of 
hemp.  White  ropes  are  one-third  more  durable.  Wire  rope  is 
about  two  and  one-eighth  times  as  strong  as  hemp  rope. 


INTEBESTING-  FACTS. 

There  are 2. 750  'nnguages. 

America  was  discovered  in  1493. 

A  square  mile  contains  640  acres. 

Envelopes,  were  first  used  in  1839. 

Telescopes  were  invented  in  1590. 

A  barrel  of  rice  weighs  6(0  pounds. 

A  barrel  of  flour  weighs  166  pounds. 

A  barrel  of  pork  weighs  200  pounds. 

A  firkin  of  butter  weighs  56  pounds. 

The  fiist  ste.jl  pen  was  made  in  1830. 

A  span  is  ten  and  seven-eighths  inches. 

A  hand  (horse  measure)  is  lour  inches. 

Watches  were  first  constructed  in  147t>. 

A  storm  moves  thirty-six  miles  per  hour. 

A  hurricane  moves  eighty  miles  per  hour. 

The  first  iron  steamehTp  wos  built  in  1830. 

The  first  lueifer  match  was  made  in  1829. 

Gold  was  discovered  in  California  in  1848. 

The  fiist  horse  railroad  was  built  in  1826-7. 

The  average  human  life  is  thirty-three  years. 

Coaches  were  first  used  in  England  in  1569. 

Modern  needles  first  came  into  use  in  1545. 

Kerosene  was  first  used  for  lighting  purposes  in  1823. 

The  first  newspaper  was  published  in  England  in  1588. 

The  first  newspaper  advertisement  appeared  in  1652. 

Glyss  windows  were  first  introduced  into  England  in  Ihe  eighth 
century. 

Albert  Durer  gave  the  world  a  prophecy  of  future  wood  en- 
graving in  15^7. 

Measure  209  feet  on  each  side  and  you  will  have  a  square  acre 
within  an  inch. 

The  first  complete  sewing  machine  was  patented  by  Elias 
Howe,  Jr.,  in  1818. 

Ihe  first  steam  engine  on  this  continent  was  brought  from 
England  in  1753 

The  first  knives  were  used  in  England,  and  the  first  wheeled 
carriage  in  Frame  in  1559. 

The  p'esent  national  colors  of  the  United  States  were  not 
adopted  by  congress  until  177.. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  255 

BUSINESS  LAW. 

Ignorance  of  the  law  excuses  no  one . 

An  agreement  without  consideration  is  void. 

Signatures  made  with  a  lead  pencil  are  good  in  law. 

A  receipt  for  money  paid  is  not  legally  conclusive. 

The  acts  of  one  partner  bind  all  the  others. 

Contracts  made  on  Sunday  cannot  be  enforced. 

A  contract  made  with  a  minor  or  a  lunatic  is  void. 

Principals  are  responsible  for  the  acts  of  their  agents. 

Agents  are  responsible  to  their  principals  for  errors. 

Each  individual  in  a  partnership  is  responsible  for  the  whole 
amount  of  the  debt  of  the  firm. 

A  note  given  by  a  minor  is  void . 

Notes  bear  interest  only  when  so  stated. 

It  is  not  legally  necessary  to  say  on  a  note  "  for  value  received." 

A  note  drawn  on  Sunday  is  void. 

A  note  obtained  by  fraud,  or  from  a  person  in  a  state  of 
intoxication,  cannot  be  collected. 

If  a  note  be  lost  or  stolen,  it  does  not  release  the  maker ;  he 
must  pay  it. 

An  indorser  of  a  note  is  exempt  from  liability  if  not  served 
with  notice  of  its  dishonor  within  twenty-four  hours  of  its  non- 
payment 

It  is  a  fraud  to  conceal  a  fraud. 

The  law  compels  no  one  to  do  impossibilities. 

A  personal  right  of  action  dies  with  the  person . 

In  making  agreements,  consider  not  only  your  rights,  but  also 
what  are  your  remedies. 


THE  FASTEST  RAILROAD  TIME  yet  made  is  72  miles 
per  hour. 

SHRINKAGE  IN  DIMENSION  OF  TIMBER  BY  SEA- 
SONING-. 


Woods.  Inches . 

Pitch  pine,  South. ..18%  to  18*4 

Spruce 8^i  to    8% 

White  pine,  Amer..  12     to  11% 
Yellow  pine 18     to  17% 


Woods.  Inches. 

Cedar,  Canada  .........  14  to  13^4 

Elm  ................  11  to  10M 

Oak,  English  .......     12  to  11% 

Pitch  pine  .....  10x10  to  9%x9M 


THE  TERM  PENNY  AS  APPLIED  TO  NAILS.-The 
term  penny  as  applied  to  nails  is  generally  supposed  to  have  been 
derived  from  pound.  It  originally  meant  so  many  pounds  to 
the  thousand ;  that  is.  six-penny  means  six  pounds  of  nails  to 
the  thousand.  The  thousand  was  always  understood,  and  six 
pound,  ten  pound,  etc.,  were  gradually  shortened  until  the 
present  term  penny  has  entirely  taken  the  place  of  pound. 


AREAS  OF  CIRCLES.— The  diameter  of  any  circle,  mul- 
tipled  by  3.1416  equals  the  circumference.  The  circumference 
multiplied  by  .31831  equals  the  diameter.  The  squa-e  of  the 
diameter,  multiplied  by  .78*4 equals  the  urea.  The  square  of  cir- 
cumference, multiplied  by  .01958  equals  the  urea. 


TO  MEASURE  GRAIN  IN  THE  BIN.-By  the  United 
States  standard,  2,FO  cubic  inches  make  it  oushel;  a  cubic  foot 
contains  1,728  cubic  inches.  Rule— Multiply  the  number  of  feet 
wide  of  bin,  by  the  length,  the  result  by  the  depth,  then  divide 
the  product  by  5  and  multiply  thG  quotient  by  4,  which  number 
will  give  the  quantity  in  bushels. 


156 


JHE  WESTERN  WORLD 


EMERGENCIES. 

Apoplexy.— Elevate  head  and  body,  apply  cold  to  head  and 
nape  of  neck,  and  heat  to  feet  and  stomach. 

Epileptic  Fit.— Lay  patient  on  the  back,  with  little  or  no 
elevation  of  head,  keep  off  the  sun,  prevent  from  self -injury, 
put  cloth  between  teeth  to  prevent  biting  tongue;  when  convul- 
sion subsides,  keep  patient  quiet. 

Fainting1.— Lay  patient  down,  head  as  low  as  possible,  loosen 
clothing,  keep  back  crowd,  admit  fresh  air,  sprinkle  water  on 
face,  apply  ammonia  to  nostrils  till  revived. 

If  an  artery  is  severed  (bright  red  blood,  in  spurts),  com- 
press between  wound  and  heart.  If  a  vein  be  broken  (dark 
blood,  steady  flow),  compress  away  from  heart. 

Sore  Throat  or  Diphtheria.— Gargle  lemon  juice  and  swal- 
low a  portion;  or  salt  and  water,  or  tincture  of  iron  (mild). 

Bruises.— Bathe  with  cold  water  till  pain  is  allayed,  then  use 
warm  water  to  take  away  discoloration. 

Poisoning.— In  all  ordinary  cases,  especially  if  cause  is  un- 
known, give  an  emetic,  consisting  of  a  teaspoonf ul  each  of  salt 
and  mustard  in  a  glass  of  warm  (not  hot)  water,  and  send  for  a 
physician  or  druggist.  After  vomiting-,  the  effect  may  be  over- 
come by  swallowing  the  whites  of  two  or  three  eggs  and  drinking 
a  cup  or  two  of  strong  coffee.  Sweet  oil,  taken  freely,  is  excel- 
lent in  (*kses  of  poisoning.  Suck  poisoned  wounds,  unless  mouth 
is  sore,  and  for  snake  bites  give  whisky  till  its  influence  is  felt. 
For  bites  of  insects  apply  diluted  ammonia  to  wound. 


TABLE  showing:  the  altitudes  above  the  sea-level  of 

various  places  in  the  United  States. 


Feet. 

Portland,  Me J87 

Concord,  N:  H ...   .    374 

Mt.  Washington 6,293 

Rutland.  Vt 500 

Boston,  Mass 82 

Albany,  N.  Y 75 

New  York,  N.  Y 60 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 585 

Philadelphia,  Pa 60 

Somerset,  Pa 2,195 

Pittsburgh,   Pa 937 

Baltimore,  Md 275 

Washington,  D.  C 90 

Charleston.  S.  C 25 

Key  West,  Forida 10 

Hillsboro,  Ga 800 

Vicksburg,  Miss 350 

New  Orleans,  La 10 

Corpus  Christi,  Tex 20 

El  Paso,  Tex  3,830 

Knox ville,  Tenn 1,000 

Cumberland  Mt.,  Tenn  . .  .2,000 

Little  Rock,  Ark 660 

Louisville,  Ky 450 

Cincinnati,  O. 480 

Upper  Portion  of  City.  .    588 

Ft.  Mohave,  Arizona 604 

San  Francisco,  Cal 130 


Feet. 

Cleveland,  Ohio 643 

Detroit,  Mich 597 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich 891 

Indianapolis,  Ind 698 

Chicago,  111 591 

Elgin,  111 777 

Wmnebago,  111 900 

Milwaukee,  Wis 591 

Baraboo,  Wis 800 

St.  Anthony  Falls,  Minn. . .    820 

New  Uim,  Minn 1,500 

Dubuque,  la 666 

Rossville,  la 1,400 

Sioux  City,  la 1,258 

St.  Louis,  Mo 481 

Omaha,  Neb 1,300 

Ionia,  Neb 3.0UO 

Lawrence,  Kan 800 

Fort  Lamed,  Kan 1,932 

Fort  Phil  Kearney,  Wy.. .  .6,000 

Cheyenne,  Wy 6,041 

Yankton,  Dak        1,900 

Fort  Garland,  Col 8,365 

Helena,  Mont 4,150 

Fort  Marcy,  N.  M 6,846 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 4,320 

Hot  Springs,  Nev 4,098 

Sacramento,  Cal , , , ,     83 


GUIDE  AND  HAND  BOOK. 


257 


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258 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


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GUIDE   AND   HAND  BOOK.  259 


CAULEO  OUT  I>URINO  THE  WAR.— The  total 

number  called  for,  under  all  calls  made  by  the  President,  from  April 

15, 1861  to  April  14, 1865,  was  2,759,049.    Their  terms  of  service  under 

tlie  call   were  from  three  months  to  three  years. 

Aggregate. 

NewYork 455,568 

Pennsylvania 366,326 

Ohio 317,133 

Illinois 258,217 

Indiana 195,147 

Massachusetts 151,785 

Missouri 107,773 

Wisconsin 96,118 

Michigan 90,119 

New  Jersey 79,511 

Kentucky 78,540 

Iowa 75,860 


Aggregate. 

Maine 71,745 

Connecticut 52,270 

Maryland 49,730 

Vermont 35,256 

New  Hampshire 34,605 

West  Virginia 30,003 

Minnesota  25,034 

Rhode  Island 23,711 

Kansas 20,097 

District  of  Columbia 16,872 

Delaware 13,651 


Total 2,653,062 

TO  WRITE  INSCRIPTIONS  ON  METAIiS.-Take 
half  Ib.  of  nitric  acid  and  one  oz.  of  muriatic  acid.  Mix,  shake  well 
together,  and  it  is  ready  for  use.  Cover  the  place  you  wish  to  mark 
with  melted  beeswax ;  when  cold,  write  your  inscription  plainly  in 
the  wax  with  a  sharp  instrument  making  it  clear  to  the  metal,  then 
apply  the  mixed  acids  with  a  feather,  carefully  filling  each  letter.  Let 
it  remain  from  1  to  10  minutes,  according  to  appearance  desired;  then 
throw  on  water,  which  stops  the  process  and  removes  the  wax. 

THE  I^AW  OF  FINDING.— The  law  of  finding  is  that  the 
finder  has  a  clear  title  against  everyone  but  the  owner.  The  proprie- 
tor of  a  hotel  or  a  shop  has  no  right  to  demand  the  property  because 
found  on  the  premises.  Such  proprietor  may  make  regulations  in 
regard  to  lost  property  binding  on  their  employes,  but  they  cannot 
bind  the  public.  The  law  of  finding  was  declared  by  the  King's  bench 
over  100  years  ago,  in  a  case  in  which  the  facts  were  these : 

A  person  found  a  wallet  containing  a  sum  of  money  on  a  shop 
floor.  He  handed  the  wallet  and  contents  to  the  shopkeeper  to  be 
returned  to  the  owner.  After  three  years,  during  which  the  owner 
did  not  cuJ  for  his  property,  the  finder  demanded  the  wallet  and  the 
money  from  the  shopkeeper.  The  latter  refused  to  deliver  them  up 
on  the  ground  that  they  were  found  on  the  premises.  The  former 
sued  the  shopkeeper,  and' it  was  held  as  above  set  forth,  that  against 
all  the  world  but  the  owner  the  title  of  the  finder  is  perfect.  And  the 
tinder  has  been  held  to  stand  in  the  place  of  the  owner,  so  that  he  was 
permitted  to  prevail  in  an  action  against  a  person  who  found  an  arti- 
cle which  the  plaintiff  had  originally  found,  but  subsequently  lost. 
The  police  have  no  special  rights  in  regard  to  articles  lost,  unless 
those  rights  are  conferred  by  statute.  Receivers  of  articles  found  are 
trustees  for  the  owner  or  finder.  They  have  no  power  in  the  absence 
of  special  statute  to  keep  an  article  against  the  finder,  any  more  than 
the  finder  has  to  retain  an  article  against  the  owner. 
MAURI  AGE  ANI>  DIVORCE  LAWS  IN  THE  IT.  S- 

HI  A  RRIA&E  LICENSES  are  required  in  all  the  States  and 
Territories  except  Dakota,  Montana,  New  Mexico,  New  Jersey  and 
New  York.  In  Maryland  legal  marriage  can  be  had  only  by  an  or- 
dained minister. 

MARRIAGE  PROHIBITED.— Marriages  between  whites 
and  persons  of  negro  descent  are  prohibited  and  punishable  in  Califor- 
nia, Colorado,  Dela\yare,  Georgia,  Florida,  Kentucky,  Maryland, 
Mississippi,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  North  Carolina,  Oregon,  South 
Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Virginia  and  West  Virginia.  Marriages 
between  whites  and  In  idans  are  prohibited  in  Arizona  and  ^  North 
Carolina.  Marriages  between  whites  and  Chinese  are  prohibited  in 
Arizona/'.  The  marriage  of  first  cousins  is  forbidden  in  Arkansas,  Da- 
kota, Indiana,  Kansas,  Montana,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Ohio,  Wash- 
ington Territory  and  Wyoming,  and  in  some  of  them  is  declared  ia 
ceetuous  and  void. 


260 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


MARRIAGE  A€rE.— In  New  Jersey  and  Ohio  males  tinder 
twenty-one  years  and  females  under  eighteen  years  of  age  must  obtain 
the  consent  of  parents  or  guardians.  In  Massachusetts  a  marriage 
between  a  male  over  fourteen  and  a  female  over  twelve  is  legal,  even 
without  the  consent  of  parents. 

MARRIA&E,  PRESUMPTION  OF-In  Missouri  it  has 
been  held  that  where  parties  cohabit  and  represent  themselves  as 
husband  and  wife,  a  marriage  is  presumed,  and  when  parties  capable 


ng  performed.    In  California  marriage . 

clared  a  civil  contract;  consent,  followed  by  a  mutual  assumption  of 
martial  rights  and  obligations,  is  sufficient. 

ARCTIC  EXPLORATIONS.— The  most  Northern  point 
reached  by  the  various  Arctic  expeditions  is  given  below: 

Year.       Explorers.  No.  Latitude. 

1607 Hudson 80d  23m  OOs 

1773 Phipps  (Lord  Musgrovej 80d  48m  OOs 

1806 Scoresby 81d  12m  42s 

1827 Parry 82d  45m  30s 

1874 Meyer  (on  land) 82d  09m  OOs 

1875 Markham  (Nare's  expedition) 83d  20m  26s 

1876 Payer 83d  07m  OOs 

1884 Lockwood  (Greely's  party) 83d  24m  OOs 

The  distance  from  the  farthest  point  of  polar  discovery  to  the  pole 
itself  is  460  miles.  But  this  polar  radius,  though  only  460  miles  in 
extent,  is  covered  by  ice  gorges  and  precipices  of  incredible  difficulty ; 
and  frost  is  so  severe  that  no  instrument  of  human  invention  can 
measure  its  intensity,  and  it  blisters  the  skin  like  extreme  heat.  The 
greatest  progress  that  has  ever  been  made  across  these  fields  of  ice  and 
desolation  was  six  miles  a  day. 

GRAIN  CROPS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Acres. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

td 

>x)g 
2  »  v 
5  M  2. 

o> 

Wheat  
Oats  

154,000,000 
86,000,000 

"2,076,000,000 
1,794,000,000 

$2,700,000,000 
1,025,000,000 

13 
21 

Barley  

Rye  

47,000,000 
115,000,000 

819,000,000 
1,408,000,000 

665,000,000 
1,160,000,000 

17 

Indian  Corn. 

103  000,000 

2,300,000,000 

1,180,000,000 

22 

505,000,000 

8,397,000.000 

$6.730,000,000 

17 

TO  MIX  PAIWTS  FOR  TIWTS.-Red  and  black  makes 
brown ;  lake  and  white  makes  rose ;  white  and  brown  makes  chestnut ; 
white,  blue  and  lake  makes  purple ;  blue  and  lead  color  makes  pearl ; 
white  and  carmine  makes  pink;  indigo  and  lamp-black  makes  silver 
grey;  white  and  lamp-black  makes  lead  color:  black  and  Venetian  red 
makes  chocolate ;  white  and  green  makes  bright  green;  purple  and 
white  makes  French  white ;  light  green  and  black  makes  dark  green ; 
white  and  green  makes  pea  green;  white  and  emerald  green  makes 
brilliant  green;  red  and  yellow  makes  orange;  white  and  yellow 
makes  straw  color;  white,  blue  and  black  makes  pearl  gray;  white, 
lake  and  vermillion  makes  flesh  color ;  umber,  white  and  Venetian  red 
makes  drab;  white,  yellow  and  Venetian  red  makes  cream ;  red,  bine, 
black  and  red  makes  olive ;  yellow,  white  and  a  little  Venetian  red 
makes  buff. 


GUIDE  AND  HA^D  BOOK. 


261 


THE  DEATH  KATE  IN  AL.L   THE   STATES   AND 
TERRITORIES  OF  THE  I  .  S. 


STATES 

AND 

TERRITORIES. 

& 
"08 

«   . 

^8 

»H 

&~ 

^_  o> 

r 

14.20 
7.20 
18.46 
13.33 
13.11 
14.74 
9.65 
15.09 
23.60 
11.72 
13.97 
9.90 
14.63 
15.78 
11.93 
15.22 
14.39 
15.44 
14.67 
18.10 
18.59 
12.06 
11.57 
12.89 
16.89 
8.58 
13.11 
11.69 
16.09 
16.33 
20.37 
17.38 
15.39 
13.32 
10.67 
14.92 
17.00 
15.80 
16.80 
15.54 
16.77 
15.12 
16.32 
10.05 
11.99 
12.17 
9.09 

DEATHS  BY  RACES. 
1880. 

DEATHS  FROM 
CONSUMPTION, 
1880. 

1 

i 

1 
t> 

"*S 

% 
^ 

5 

12.57 
7.91 
19.11 
13.63 
13.19 
14.61 
9.37 
14.45 
17.71 
12.04 
12.48 
10.54 
14.57 
15.58 
11.90 
14.80 
13.31 
15.46 
14.64 
17.05 
18.55 
11.97 
11.53 
12.56 
16.63 
8.39 
13.06 
12.69 
16.08 
16.19 
22.04 
17.28 
14.02 
13.13 
10.25 
14.71 
16.75 
13.28 
15.20 
15.87 
16.87 
15.11 
14.01 
10.46 
11.78 
12.16 
9.41 

rs 

0>  H 

ft° 

I8 

"o 
E< 

1,729 
18 
955 
1,802 
210 
1,389 
116 
357 
793 
263 
1,718 
22 
4,653 
3,943 
1,925 
1,117 
3,733 
1,514 
1,829 
2,381 
5,207 
2,613 
848 
1,287 
3,004 

522 

46 
314 
1,648 
60 
7,807 
2,063 
6,912 
226 
8,073 
691 
1,543 
3,767 
1,622 
69 
813 
3,025 
100 
969 
1,681 
5 

91,551 

*M 

O 

l§ 

"1 

££ 

Sfi 

M 

*o 

II 
-I 

E 
Is 

96.43 
61.85 
64.47 
156.28 
82.45 
151.32 
88.95 
161.39 
189.16 
83.25 
79.72 
68.11 
103.36 
126.32 
99.34 
73.68 
157.39 
104.31 
192.06 
140.73 
157.07 
132.35 
93.83 
88.25 
98.42 
56.54 
88.02 
63.18 
56.23 
89.20 
24.63 
81.59 
95.74 
138.74 
121.24 
126.37 
146.95 
98.10 
145.33 
65.57 
28.58 
161.82 
122.56 
132.45 
130.62 
104.99 
26.45 

Alabama 

8,329 
281 
11,307 
10,462 
2,521 
8,928 
1,249 
1,737 
2,090 
1,718 
10,195 
306 
44,185 
30,213 
19,218 
14.100 
18,338 
7,038 
9,470 
12,362 
32,720 
19,328 
8,960 
6,022 
33,649 
297 
5,875 
680 
5,570 
17,685 
2,397 
80,699 
12,167 
40,956 
1,792 
61,767 
4,523 
5,194 
17,312 
18,998 
2,403 
5,008 
12,345 
703 
6,984 
15,927 
183 

9,600 
10 
3,505 
1,068 
26 
251 
55 
475 
2,102 
1,441 
11,354 
17 
832 
1,000 
159 
1,060 
5,380 
7,476 
53 
4,557 
429 
415 
77 
8,561 
2,966 
39 
55 
48 
14 
789 
39 
1,633 
9,380 
1,654 
72 
2,114 
179 
10,534 
8,607 
5,737 
11 
16 
12,336 
52 
434 
84 
6 

15.99 
1.89 
16.61 
10.95 
8.12 
21.03 
27.09 
17.95 
35.25 
11.35 
15.65. 
4.72 
17.80 
25.31 
15.87 
24.12 
19.81 
15.41 
25.43 
21.67 
22.22 
12.81 
19.79 
13.12 
20.37 
10.33 
20.84 
5.51 
18.37 
20.17 
3.59 
24.42 
17.61 
20.63 
6.15 
24.61 
27.15 
17.42 
21.32 
14.54 
7.14 
14.98 
19.52 
6.56 
16.74 
14.28 
4.43 

1.30 
40 
1.20 
2.00 
1.00 
2.20 
80 
2.40 
4.40 
90 
1.10 
1.50 
1.50 
1.90 
1.10 
1.10 
2.20 
1.60 
2.80 
2.50 
2.9U 
1.60 
1.00 
1.10 
1.60 
.40 
.90 
.90 
2.50 
2.30 
.40 
2.50 
1.50 
1.80 
1.30 
1.90 
2.50 
1.50 
2.40 
1.00 
.40 
2.40 
2.00 
1.30 
1.50 
1.20 
.20 

Arizona  .    ..  

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut  

Dakota          .  . 

Delaware 

Dis.  of  Columbia. 
Florida 

Georgia              

Idaho 

Illinois               .  . 

Indiana  

Iowa             

Kansas 

Kentucky       .    

Louisiana  

Maine  ** 

Massachusetts  
Michigan     .-  

Minnesota 

Mississippi    '.. 

Missouri             ... 

Montana.  

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire,  . 
New  Jersey....... 

New  Mexico...... 

New  York 

North  Carolina  .. 
Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania  
Rhode  Island  
South  Carolina... 
Tennessee  ,  

Texas  

Utah 

Vermont  . 

Virginia  

Washington  
West  Virginia  
Wisconsin  

Wyoming 

The  U.  S   

15.09 

640,191 

116,702 

14.74 

17.28 

1.82 

120.95 

THE    WESTERN    Yv'OIILD 


RULERS  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL.  XATIOXS  OlT  THE 
WORLD  IX 


GOVERNMENTS. 

RULEES. 

Title. 

Yoar  of 
Birth. 

Date  of 
Accession. 

Argentine  Repub.. 
Austria-Hungary  .. 
Belgium  _ 

Juarez  Celman  
Franz  Joseph  I... 
Leopold  II  
G.  Pacheco  
Pedro  II.  Alcant... 
J.  M.  Balmaceda  .. 
Kwang  Sii  
R.  Nunez  
Li  Fin 

Pree  
Emper. 
King... 
Pres.... 
Emper. 
Pres  
Emper. 
Pres  
King... 
Pres. 

1830 
1835 

1825 
1840 
1871 

Oct.    12,   1886 
Dec.     2,    1848 
Dec.  10,   1865 
Aug.    1,   1884 
April  7,   1831 
Sept.  18,  1886 
Jan.  12,  1875 
Aug.    7,   1886 
1864 
Mar.  12,  1885 
Nov.  15,   1863 
Oct.  23,   1883 
Jan.  30,   1879 
Jan.  18,   1871 
June  13,  1886 
Oct.  29,  1873 
June  25,  1864 
June  20,  1S37 
Sept.  10,  1884 
June    6,  1863 

Bolivia 

Brazil  .. 

Chili 

China  

Colombia,  U.  S.  of. 
Corea 

Costa  Rica  

Bernardo  Soto 

Denmark  

Christian  IX  
J.  M.  P.  Caamano. 
F.  P.  Jules  Grevy. 
Wilhelm  I 

King... 
Pres  
Pres.... 
Emper. 
King... 
King... 
King... 
Queen  . 
Viceroy 
King... 
Pres.... 
Pres.... 
King... 
Pres.... 
King... 
Mikado 
Pres  
Sultan  . 

1818 

1813 
1797 

1848 
1828 
1823 
1819 
1826 
1845 

1836 

1844 
1852 

1831 
1817 

Ecuador  

France 

Germany 

Bavaria  

Ottol  
Albert  
Karl  I  

Victoria  I 

Saxony 

Wurtemberg  
Gt.  Britain,  Ireland 
British  India  
Greece. 

Earl  of  Dufferin... 
Georgios   I  .... 
M.  L.  Barillas  
Gen.  Salomon  
Kalakaua  I  
Luis  Bogran  
Humbert  I  
MutsuHito  
Porfirio  Diaz  _.  
Muley-Hassan  
Willem  III 

Guatemala 

Hayti  

Hawaiian  Islands.. 
Honduras 

Oct.    23,  1879 
Feb.   12,  1874 
Nov.  27,   1883 
Jan.     9,  1878 
Feb.  13,   1867 
Dec.    1,   1884 
Sept.  25,  1873 
Mar.  17,  1849 
Mar.    1,   1883 
Nov.  25,    1882 
Sept.  19,   1848 
June  3,    1886 
Nov.  11,   1861 
Feb.  20,   1878 
Mar.  26,   1881 
Mar.    1,  1881 
June  19,   1885 
July  20,   1885 
Mch.    6,  1882 
1885 

Italy  
Japan  _  
Mexico  

Morocco 

Netherlands     „_  _. 

Nicaragua  

Adam  Cardenas... 
Gen.  B.  Caballero. 
Nassr-ed-Din  
General  Caceres 

Pres  — 
Pres.. 

Paraguay  

Persia  

Peru.    .. 

Shah... 
Pres.. 

1829 

Portugal  
Rome,  Pontificate. 
Roumania 

Louis  1  
Leo  XIII  
Karl    I 

King... 
Pope... 
King 

1838 
1810 
1839 
1845 

Russia 

Alexander  III 

Emper. 
Pres 

Salvador 

F.  Menendez 

Santo  Domingo  ' 
Servia 

A.  Wos  y  Gil  
Milan  Obrenovic  I. 
M.  de-las-Mercedes 
Khulalonkorn  I... 
Oscar  II  . 

Pres.... 
King... 
Regent. 
King... 
King... 

1854 
1880 
1853 
1829 

1R4fl 

Spain                        I 

Siam 

Oct.     1,    1868 
8ept.  18,  1872 
Jan.    1,   1887 
Aug.  31,  1876 
Aug.    8,  1879 
Mar.    4,   1885 
Mar.    1,  1882 
Sept.  14,   188R 

Sweden  &  Norway. 
Switzerland  
Turkev   ... 

N.  Droz  
Abdul-Hamidll... 
MohamedTewfik.. 
Grover  Cleveland.. 
General  Resin 

Pres  
Sultan  . 
Klrdve. 
Pres  
Pres. 

Egypt 

1859 

United    States  
Uruguay 

1830 

Venezuela  

A.  Guzman  Blanco 

Pres.... 

...J 

PAINT  REQUIRED  FOR  OIVEN  SURFACK.-The 
following  is  an  approximate  rule  for  the  quantity  of  paint  required  for 
a  given  surface:  Divide  the  number  of  square  feet  of  surface  by  200. 
The  result  will  be  the  number  of  gallons  of  liquid  paint  required  to 
give  two  coats ;  or,  divide  by  18  and  the  result  will  be  the  number  of 
pounds  of  pure  ground  white  lead  required  to  give  three  coats. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND  BOOK. 


263 


THE  PUBLIC  JLAKDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  following  is  a  tabular  statement  by  the  General  Land  Office, 
showing  the  number  of  acres  of  public  lands  of  the  United  States  sur- 
veyed in  the  land  States  and  Territories  up  to  June  30,  1886,  during 
the  past  fiscal  year,  and  the  total  of  the  public  lands  surveyed  up  to 
June  30, 1887;  also  the  total  area  of  the  public  domain  remaining  un- 
surveyed  within  the  same. 


LAND  STATES 

AND 

TERRITORIES. 

Areas  of  Public 
Lands  in  States 
and  Territories 
In  Acres. 

Number  of 
Acres  of  Public 
Lands    Survey- 
ed, and  under 
contract  up  to 
June  30,  1887. 

Total  Area  of 
Public   and 
Indian   lands 
remaining 
unsurveyed 
inclusive  of 
the    Area    of 
Private  Land 
Claims  sur- 
veyed up  to 
June  30,  1887. 

Alabama 

32  462  115 

32,462  115 

Arkansas 

33  410  063 

33  410  063 

100,992,640 

71,988,476 

29,004,164 

Colorado 

66,880  000 

58,184,750 

8,695,250 

Florida... 

37,931,520 

30,704,578 

7,227,002 

Illinois 

35  465,093 

35,465,093 

Indiana 

21  637  760 

21  637  760 

Iowa 

35,228,800 

35,228,800 

Kansas  .    ...... 

51,770,240 

51,770,240 

Louisiana 

28  731,090 

27,067,762 

1,663,328 

Michigan 

36  128  640 

36,128  640 

Minnesota 

53  459  840 

42,316  088 

11,143,752 

Mississippi 

30  179  840 

30  179  840 

Missouri           ..... 

41  836.931 

41.836,931 

Nebraska  ............. 

47,077,359 

46',  989,039 

88,320 

Nevada               .  . 

71,737  600 

32,793,702 

38,943,898 

Ohio 

25  581  976 

25  581  976 

Oregon 

60  975  360 

39,867,995 

21,107,365 

Wisconsin.  .. 

34,511,360 

34,511,360 

Alaska 

369  529,600 

369,529,600 

Arizona.  .....  ... 

72,906,240 

13,804,538 

59,101,702 

Dakota 

96  596  480 

47  865  153 

48,731,327 

Idaho  

55,228,160 

10,350,554 

44,877,606 

Indian  Territory  
Montana  

40,481,600 
92,016,640 

27,003,990 
18,540,335 

13,477,610 
73,476,305 

New  Mexico  ... 

77,568,640 

46,580,485 

30,988,155 

Utah  

54,064,640 

13,078,172 

40,986,468 

Washington 

44  796  160 

21,281  622 

23,514,538 

Wyoming  

62,645,120 

47,093,498 

15,551,622 

Public  Land  Strip 

3  672  640 

3,672,640 

Total  

1,815,504,147 

973.723,495 

841,780,652 

This  estimate  is  of  a  very  general  nature,  and  affords  no  index  to 
the  volume  of  land  remaining  for  entry,  nor  to  the  amount  available 
for  agricultural  purposes.  It  includes  Indian  and  other  public  reser- 
vations, unsurveyed  private  land  claims,  the  sixteenth  and  thirty- 
sixth  sections  reserved  for  common  schools,  unsurveyed  lands  em- 
braced in  railroad,  swamp-land,  and  other  grants,  the  great  mountain 
areas,  the  areas  of  unsurveyed  rivers  and  lakes,  and  large  areas  wholly 
unproductive  and  unavailable  for  ordinary  purposes. 

TO  KILL  GREASE  SPOTS  BEPOKE  PAIXTIltfG. 

—Wash  them  with  saltpetre,  or  very  thin  lime  white- wash.  If  soap 
snde  are  used,  they  must  be  washed  off  thoroughly,  as  they  prevent 
the  paint  from  drying  hard. 


264 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


THE  AMERICAN  IND  I  AN.— Census  of  population,  as  re- 
ported by  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  1886-87.  Total  Indian 
population  of  the  United  States,  exclusive  of  Alaska: 


20  who  can  read _.  19,525 

Number  of  Indians  who 
wear  citizen's  dress 
wholly 81,621 

Number  of  Indians  who 
wear  citizen's  drees  in 
part 59,695 

Number  of  Indians  living 
upon  and  cultivating 
lands 9,612 

Number  of  male  Indians 
who  labor  in  civilized 
pursuits,  full  blood 38,776 

Number  of  male  Indians 
who  labor  in  civilized 
pursuits,  mixed  blood..  4,647 

Number  of  houses  oc- 
cupied by  Indians 21,232 

Number  of  Indian  church 
members 


Number  of  mixed  bloods.  20,567 

Indians  and  mixed  popula- 
tion, males 120,527 

Indians  and  mixed  popula- 
tion, females 127,234 

Number  of  children  be- 
tween 6  and  16 46,877 

Number  of  Indians  who 
can  read  English  only ...  23,495 

Number  of  Indians  who 
can  read  Indian  only 10,027 

Number  of  Indians  who 
can  read  English  and 
Indian.. 5,542 

Number  of  Indians  who 
can  talk  enough  English 
for  ordinary  intercourse  38,801 

Number  of  Indians  over 
20  who  can  read 19,539 

Number  of  Indians  under 


The  estimated  number  of  Indians  in  Alaska  is  30,000. 

THE  INDIAN  RESERVATIONS  in  1886  amounted  to 
135,978,345  acres,  or  212,466  square  miles  approximately. 

The  popular  idea  that  there  was  originally  a  large  Indian  popula- 
tion in  the  territory  now  covered  by  the  United  States,  and  that  the 
numbers  have  decreased  with  each  succeeding  generation,  as  it  came 
in  contact  with  the  fire-arms  and  fire-water  of  the  white  man's 
civilization,  is  probably  erroneous.  There  are  no  statistics  avail- 
able, but  careful  observation  and  comparison  has  induced  such 
students  of  Indian  history  as  Mr.  J.  P.  Dunn,  Jr.,  to  fix  the  Indian 
population  of  our  present  Territory,  at  the  time  of  European 
colonization,  at  530,000  approximately,  and  Mr.  Elbridge  8.  Brooks, 
the  latest  writer  upon  the  Indians,  materially  modifies  those  figures, 
expressing  the  opinion  that  in  1600  there  were  not  over  a  half 
million  of  Indians  between  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and,  in  fact,  that  the  Indian  population  of  to-day  is 
substantially  the  same  in  volume  that  it  was  when  Columbus  dis- 
covered America. 

THE  INDIAN  AGENCIES  of  the  United  States  Govern 
ment  are  61  in  number,  distributed  in  the  States  and  Territories  as 
follows:  Arizona,  3;  California,  4;  Colorado,  1;  Dakota.  9;  Idaho, 
3;  Indian  Territory,  7 ;  Iowa,  1;  Kansas,!;  Michigan,  1;  Minnesota, 
1 ;  Montana,  6 ;  Nebraska,  2 ;  Nevada,  2 ;  New  Mexico,  3 :  New  York, 
1;  North  Carolina,  1;  Oregon,  5;  Utah,  1;  Washington  Territory,  6 ; 
Wisconsin,  2;  Wyoming,  1.  There  are  10  Indian  training  schools, 
located  at  Carlisle.  Pa.:  Chiiocco,  Ind.  T.;  Fort  Hall,  Idaho;  Fort 
Stevenson,  Dak. ;  Fort  Yuma,  Cal. ;  Genoa,  Neb. ;  Grand  Junction, 
Col. ;  Lawrence  (Haskell  Institute),  Kan. ;  Pawnee  Agency,  Ind.  T., 
and  Salem,  Ore. 

TREES-GROWTH  AND  AGE  ATTAINED.-The 
length  of  life  and  size  attained  by  trees  depends  upon  species,  soil, 
climate  and  the  extent  to  which  they  are  subject  to  attack  from  the 
enemies  of  plant  life.  Approximately  an  oak  grows  in  three  years  2 
feet  10^  inches.  A  larch  3  feet  iy2  inches,  at  seventy  years  it  is  full 
grown,  and  a  tree  of  seventy-nine  years  was  102  feet  high  and  12  feet 
girth,  containing  253  cubic  feet.  Another  of  eighty  years  was  90 
feet  and  17  feet  and  300  cubic  feet.  An  elm  tree  in  three  years  grows 
8  feet  3  inches.  A  beech,  1  foot  8  inches.  A  poplar,  6  feet.  A  willow 


GUIDE  AND   HAfti,  BOOK. 


265 


9  feet  3  inches.    An  elm  is  full  grown  in  150  years  and  it  lives  500 
or  600.    Ash  is  full  grown  in  100  and  oak  in  200.    The  mahogany  is 
full  grown  in  200  years  to  a  vast  size.    A  Polish  oak  40  feet  round 
had  600  circles.    An  oak  in  Dorsetshire  in  1755  was  68  feet  round, 
2  near  Cranborne  Lodge  are  38  feet  and  36  feet.   There  are  yews  from 

10  to  20  feet  diameter,  whose  age  is  from  1,000  to  2,000  years.    A  lime 
intheCrisons  is  51  feet  round  and  about  600  years  old.    An  elm  in 
the  Pays  de  Vaud  is  18  feet  diameter  and  360  years  old.    The  African 
baobad  is  the  patriarch  of  living  organizations,  one  specimen  by  its 
circles  is  estimated  at  5,700  years  old  by  Adamson  and  Humboldt. 
The  trunk  is  but  12  or  15  feet  to  the  branches,  and  often  75  feet  round. 
A  cypress  in  Mexico  is  120  feet  round  and  is  estimated  by  De  Candolle 
to  be  older  than  Adamson's  baobab.    The  cypress  of  Montezuma  is 
41  feet  round.  Strabo  wrote  of  a  cypress  in  Persia  as  being  2,500  years 
old.    The  largest  tree  in  Mexico  is  127  feet  round  and  120  high,  with 
branches  of  30  feet.    A  chestnut  tree  on  Mount  .Etna  is  196  feet  round 
close  to  the  ground  and  five  of  its  branches  resemble  great  trees.    De 
Candolle  says  there  are  oak  trees  in  France  1,500  years  old.  The  Wal- 
lace oak  near  Paisley  is  nearly  800  years  old.    The  yew  trees  at  Foun- 
tain's Abbey  are  about  1 ,200  years  old.  That  at  Crowhurst  1,500.  That 
at  Fortingal  above  2,000.    That  at  Braburn  2,500  to  3,000.     Ivys  reach 
500  to  600  years.    The  larch  the   same.    The  lime  600  or  700  years. 
The  trunk  of  a  walnut  tree  12  feet  in  diameter,  hollowed  out,  and 
furnished  as  a  sitting  room,  was  imported  from  America  and  exhibi- 
ted in  London.    The  trunk  was  80  feet  high,  without  a  branch,  and  the 
entire  height  150  feet,  the  bark  12  inches  thick  and    the    branches 
from  3  to  4  feet  in  diameter.    The  California  pine  is  from  150  to  200 
feet  htoh  and  from  20  to  60  feet  in  diameter.     The  forests  in  watered, 
tropical  countries  are  formed  of  trees  from  100  to  200  feet  high,  which 
grow  to  the  water's  ed^e,  and  on  rivers,  presenting  a  solid  and  impen- 
etrable barrier  of  trunks  10  or  12  feet  in  diameter.    The   dragon  tree 
is  in  girth  from  40  to  100  feet  and  50  to  60  feet  high,  and  a  misosa  in 
South  America  is  described  whose  head  is  600  feet  round. 

"WHEAT  CROP  OF  THE  WORLD  BY  COFXTRIES. 

From  the  annnal  report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  of  the 
wheat  crop  in  1886. 


COUNTRIES. 

BUSHELS. 

COUNTRIES- 

Bushels. 

America: 
United  States  
Canada 

457,218,000 
37,219,234 
28,800,625 

143,001,488 
18,514,688 
4,731,531 
299,107,620 
82.000,000 
65,285,353 
4,937,250 
129,412,133 
4,937,250 

Portugal  

8,228,750 
22,629.063 
213,907,084 
4,525,813 
131,660,000 
4,081,115 
1,645,750 
41,143,750 
22,258,146 
258,317,632 
16,457,500 
32,915,030 

Roumania 

Russia,  Poland  
Servia  

Arg'te  Rep.,  Chili 
Europe: 
Austria-Hungary  . 
Belgium   ....  

Spain 

Sweden  and  Norway. 
Switzerland 

Denmark  

Turkey 

France..  

Australasia    .. 

Germany  ......  

India 

Gt.  Brit'n.  IrePnd- 
Greece  

Egypt  ...'  

Algeria 

Italy 

Total  

Netherlands  

2,032,934,775 

SYMBOLIC  MEANING  OF  COLORS.-White  was  the 
emblem  of  light,  religious  purity,  innocence,  faith,  joy  and  life.  In 
the  judge,  it  indicates  integrity;  in  the  sick,  humility;  in  the  woman, 
chastity. 

Red,  the  ruby,  signifies  fire,  divine  love,  heat  of  the  creative  power, 
and  royalty.  White  and  red  roses  express  love  and  wisdom.  The 
red  color  of  the  blood  has  its  origin  in  the  action  of  the  heart,  which 
corresponds  to,  or  symbolizes  love.  In  a  bad  sense,  red  corresponds 
to  the  infernal  love  of  evil,  hatred,  etc. 


266 


THE   WESTERN    WOULD 


Blue,  or  the  sapphire,  expresses  heaven,  the  firmament,  truth  from 
a  celestial  origin,  constancy  and  fidelity. 

Yellow,  or  gold,  is  the  symbol  of  the  sun,  of  the  goodness  of  God.  of 
marriage  and  faithfulness.  In  a  bad  sense  yelJow  signifies  incon- 
stancy, jealousy  and  deceit. 

Green,  the  emerald,  is  the  color  of  the  spring,  of  hope,  particularly 
of  the  hope  of  immortality  and  of  victory,  as  the  color  of  the  laurel 
and  palm. 

Violet,  the  amethyst,  signifies  love  and  truth,  or  passion  and  suffer- 
ing. Purple  and  scarlet  signify  things  good  and  true  from  a  celestial 
origin. 

Black  corresponds  to  despair,  darkness,  earthliness,  mourning, 
negation,  wickedness  and  death. 


POPULATION,  CAPITOLS  A^I>  ARC  A  OF   PKI9J- 
CIPAL,  NATIOXS. 


COUNTRIES. 

CAPITALS. 

Last 
Census 

Populat'n. 

Area 
Square 
Miles. 

Argentine  Republic 
Austria-Hungary-. 
Belgium  ..  

Buenos  Ayres. 
Vienna  

1875 
1880 
1885 
1878 
1883  est. 
1881 
1881 
1878 
Est. 
1870 
1883 
1880 
1885 
1881 
1835 
1881 
1879 
1881 
1878 
1882 
1882 
Est. 
1885 
1876 
1879 
Eet. 
1876 
1878 
1883 
Est. 
1884 
Est. 
1877 
1885 
1880 
Est. 
1884 
1880 
1881 

2.400,000 
37.741,413 
5,853,270 
2,080,000 
12,333,375 
4,324,810 
2/758,166 
2,400,396 
434,626,000 
2,951,323 
6,817,265 
2,096,400 
1.004,651 
37,405,290 
46,852,450 
35,246,633 
1,979,423 
252,541,210 
28,452,639 
36.700,118 
10,447,974 
6,370,000 
4,336,012 
1,806,900 
346,048 
7,000.000 
3,050.000 
4,550,699 
103,912,640 
5,376,000 
1,903,350 
5,750,000 
16,625,8^0 
4,682,769 
2,846,102 
25,161,100 
559,668 
50,155,7«3 
2,075.245 

827,177 
240,415 
11,369 
500,740 
3,218,160 
3,204,3S1 
24,702 
124  084 
4,560,107 
3-20.638 
1,152,948 
14,784 
248,312 
204,030 
208,6  .'4 
121.571 
20,018 
810,542 
114,380 
146,568 
741,598 
313,5»>0 
1?,727 
12  5,823 
91,980 
636,203 
72,413 
34,595 
8,138.541 
50,159 
18,781 
280,564 
193.171 
170,927    . 
15.908 
860.3->2 
72.151 
3,607.990 
439,119 

Brussels 

Bolivia  
Brazil  

Lapaz  
Rio  de  Janeiro 
Ottawa  .  . 

Canada,  Dorn.  of.. 
Ceylon  _.  ..  

Colombo 

Chili 

Santiago 

Chinese  Empire... 
Colombia,  U.  S.  of- 
Egypt  

Denmark 

Pekin  
Bogota  ... 

Cairo  
Copenhagen... 
Quito  
Paris 

Ecuador  
France 

Germany 

Berlin  . 

Gt.  Britain,  Ireland 
Greece  
India,  British  
Italy  ..  .  .. 

London 

Athens  

Calcutta  

Rome 

Japan  
Mexico  
Morocco  
Netherlands  ... 

Yeddo  

Mexico  
Morocco  
s  '  Grave  nh  age.. 
Christiania  
Asuncion  . 
Teheran  . 
Lima  
Lisbon  
St.  Petersburg. 
Bucharest  
Belgrade  
Bangkok  
Madrid       .     .- 

Norway 

Paraguay 

Persia  
Peru  

Portugal  
Russian  Empire..  . 
Roumania 

Servia  
Siam  

Spain  ... 

Sweden  
Switzerland  
Turkey  _  

Stockholm  
Berne  
Constantinople 
Montevideo  
Washington... 
Caracas  

Uruguay  

United  States  
Venezuela  ,. 

GUIDE   AND   HAND   BOOK. 


267 


CLIMATE  AKI>  RAINFALL 


THE   U.  S. 


Table  showing  the  mean  .annual  temperature  and  precipitation  at 
principal  points  in  each  of  the  States  and  Territories,  with  the  high- 
est and  lowest  temperatures  reported  from  any  part  of  the  State  in 
which  said  stations  are  located.  The  minus  sign  (  —  )  indicates  tem- 
perature below  zero. 


STATES   AND 
TERRITORIES. 

STATION. 

3 

3 

a  . 
a  a 

<  a 
3S 

S31- 
o 

8 

Mean  Annual  Rain 
and  Melted  Snow, 
in  Inches  . 

aS 
S2 

®«H 

H^J 

^33 
Z'oZ 

bCg< 

s« 

Lowest  Temp. 
Reported  from 
State. 

Alabama  
Arizona  

Montgomery  
j  Whipple  Barracks... 

652 
52.2 
72.0 
61.6 
G2.7 
59.3 
60.6 
49.2 
49.6 
39.4 

53.87 
15.7-.J 
2.82 
55.02 
28.42 
22.65 
10.83 
15.06 
49.34 
20.10 
28.43 
57.16 
57.06 
55.66 
18.28 
45  17 
37.10 
46.03 
31.62 
39.91 
28.24 
48.34 
63.75 
40.54 
43.11 
4769 
30.73 
33.09 
28.82 
60  54 
38.76 
16.25 
1380 
72.34 
83  53 
48.29 
1414 
20.19 
43.69 
35.60 
13.98 
974 
4236 
42.35 
51.49 
4043 
49.97 

106.9 
118.0 
104.5 

110.5 

-  105.2 
100.0 

109.5 

104.0 

105.0 
106.9 

103.0 

101.0 
107  6 
104.4 
108.0 
1046 
107.0 
970 
101.0 
101  5 
100.0 

103.4 

101.0 
106.4 

1108 

1071 
7401 
99  0| 
110.2 
100.2 
107.0 
104.0 
103.5 
110.0 
102.7 
92.0 

5.4 
—18.0 
—  6.9 

-  3.8 

—  37.0 
—14.0 

—  48.2 

14.9 

—   2.4 

—  38.0 

—  23.0 
—  25.0 
—  20.0 
—  31.5 
—  29.0 
—  19.5 
1.3 
—  21.0 
6.0 
—  14.0 
—  33.4 

—47.8 

3.1 

—  21.5 

-  63.1 

-    5.0 
—  50.0 
—  100 

—  13.0 
—  22.9 
—  32.0 
-23.0 
-20.3 

-34.0 
-16.0 
-  9.0 

Arkansas  - 

Little  Rock 

California 

(  Red  Bluff  

•<  Sacramento 

Colorado 

(  San  Diego  

Denver 

Connecticut         

New  Haven  

Dakota  

j  Bisinark  

Florida 

|  \  arikton  

j  Cedar  Kevs...  

45.5 
70.2 
69.1 

60.9 
508 
57.8 
48.6 
52.7 
60.2 
485 
50  5 
56.6 
68.9 
465 
554 
482 
89.9 
393 

Georgia  

Idaho  ..  

1  Jacksonville  
Atlanta  
Lewistou  

Illinois 

(  Cairo  

Indiana 

/  (-hicago  

Indianapolis 

Indian  Territory 

Sill,  Fort     

Iowa 

3es  Moines  
Doncordia  
Louisville  

Kansas  
Kentucky  

Louisiana 

New  Orleans 

Maine  
Maryland  

Massachusetts  

Dortland  
Baltimore  .... 
Boston  

Michigan 

Mackinaw  City 

Minnesota  

)  Duluth  

Mississippi 

I  St.  Paul  

Vicksburo" 

43.7 
65  4 
55.4 
41  0 
44  3 
61.3 
2b.l 
51  4 
479 
540 
51  2 
49.4 
44.9 
49.4 
55.3 
52.0 
525 
53.1 
500 

Missouri  
Montana  

St.  Louis 

_}  Assinboine,  Fort  

North  Carolina  
New  Hampshire-  .. 
New  Jerse}r 

latteras  

Mount  Washington  -.. 
Barnegnt 

New  Mexico  
New  York 

(  Santa  FP 

1  Silver   Citv  

New  York  City 

Nebraska 

\  Omaha  

Nevada  
Ohio     

i  Valentine  
Winnemucca  
j  Cincinnati  

Oresron  

Pennsylvania  
Rhode  Island  

")  Columbus  
Dortland  
Philadelphia  
Newport  

268 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


CLIMATE  AA'I>  RAINFALL 
Continued  . 


THE  U.  8. 


STATES  AND 
TERRITORIES. 

STATION. 

Mean  Annual 
Temp. 

Mean  Annual  Rain 
and  Melted  Snow 
in  Inches. 

Highest  Temp. 
Reported  from 
State 

dS 

32 
V*-*  . 

cr<      o> 

*?! 

ir 

3£ 

South  Carolina  
Tennessee  

Texas  
Utah  

Charleston 

65.8 
60.9 
54.6 
724 
63.1 
51.3, 
45  lj 
57.0! 
59  1 
48.2 
49  6 
538 
44.7 
44.2| 
22l! 

5892 
54.96 
26  15 
35.36 
11.78 
17.36 
28.76 
43.44 
51.27 
27.77 
53.77 
46.91 
33.43 
11.14 

104.0 
104.0 

116.0 

101.0 
97.0 

1030 

108.7 

97.0 
101.0 

100.5 

-  10.5 
—  16.0 

—  12.0 

—  20.0 
24  8 

Memphis  

i  Elliott,  Fort 

•<  Brownsville... 
j  ElPaso  

Salt  Lake  City 

Vermont  

Burlington 

Virginia....  

J  Lynchburg  .. 
)  Norfolk 

—  5.0 

—  26.0 

—  10.0 
—  43.0 

-  53.5 

Washington  Ter... 

West  Virginia  
Wisconsin  

\  Dayton  

1  Olvmpia 

Morgan  town    

.Milwaukee 

\  Cheyenne  

y 

1  Washakie,Fort  

RTEMARRIAGrE.— There  are  no  restrictions  upon  remarriage 
by  divorced  persons  in  Connecticut,  Kentucky,  Illinois  and  Minnesota 
Either  party  may  remarry,  but  the  defendant  must  wait  two  years 
and  obtain  permission  from  the  court  in  Massachusetts.  The  decree 
of  the  court  may  restrain  the  guilty  party  from  remarrying  in  Vir- 
ginia. Parties  cannot  remarry  until  after  two  years,  except  by  per- 
mission of  the  court,  in  Maine.  In  the  state  of  New  York  the  plain- 
tiff may  remarry,  but  the  defendant  cannot  do  soduringthe  plaintiffs 
lifetime,  unless  the  decree  be  modified  or  proof  that  five  years  have 
elapsed  and  that  complainant  has  married  again  and  defendant's  con- 
duct has  been  uniformly  good.  Any  violation  of  this  is  punished  as 
bigamy,  even  though  the  other  party  has  been  married.  In  Delaware, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Tennessee,  no  wife  or  husband  divorced  for  viola- 
tion of  the  marriage  VOWT  can  marry  the  particeps  criminis  during  the 
life  of  the  former  husband  or  wife,  nor  in  Louisiana  at  anytime; 
such  marriage  in  Louisiana  renders  the  person  divorced  guilty  of  big- 
amy. Kansas  courts  grant  divorces  for  the  reason  that  the  appli- 
cant's husband  or  wife  has  obtained  a  divorce  in  another  State  and  the 
applicant  has  been  forbidden  to  remarry.  If  a  wife  in  New  York  ob- 
tains a  divorce  from  her  husband,  and  he  is  forbidden  to  remarry,  he 
may  go  to  Kansas  and  obtain  a  divorce  on  that  ground.  If  his  wife 
contests  the  case,  or  can  be  served  with  the  papers  in  Kansas,  so  that 
she  is  brought  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Kansas  court,  the  courts 
of  New  York  must  recognize  the  divorce  as  valid,  and  cannot  punish 
the  husband  for  remarrying  in  New  York. 

New  York  permits  polygamy  and  polyandry  in  certain  cases.  De- 
sertion for  five  years,  without  knowledge  that  the  deserter  is  living, 
permits  the  one  deserted  to  marry  again ;  and  the  second  marriage  is 
valid,  though  the  deserter  returns.  The  second  marriage  may  be  de- 
clared void,  but  only  from  the  date  of  the  decree,  by  a  court  of  com- 
petent jurisdiction,  upon  proper  petition;  but  if  no  such  petition  is 
made,  and  all  parties  are  satisfied,  one  husband  may  live  in  lawful 
wedlock  with  two  or  more  wives,  or  one  wife  with  two  or  more  hus- 
bands. The  children  will  inherit,  and  both  wives  will  be  entitled  to 
dower. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND   BOOK. 


269 


POPULATION  OF  THE  CITIES  OF  THE  U.  S. 

The  following  table  gives  the  population  of  the  various  cities  of 
the  Union  up  to  the  close  of  1887.  The  figures  are  either  from  State 
or  local  census  reports,  or  from  estimates  by  city  officials. 

•vrv>™.  v^~v  nn-rr  1  snn  rvnn         n»v,«v,o    xr^v.  OK  nnn 


New  York  City 1,500,000 

Philadelphia 1,125,000 

Brooklyn,  N .  Y 750,000 

Chicago,  111 750,000 

Boston,Mass 362000 

St.  Louis,  Mo 450,000 

Baltimore,  Md 460,000 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 300,000 

San  Francisco,  Cal 310,000 

New  Orleans,  La 240,000 

Cleveland,  Ohio 230,000 

Pittsburgh,  Pa 170,000 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 240,000 

Washington,  D.  C 203,459 

Newark,  N.  J 160.000 

Louisville,  Ky 185,000 

Jersey  City,N.  J 132,000 

Detroit,  Mich 220,000 

Milwaukee,  Wis 175,677 

Providence,  K.I 122,050 

Albany,  N.  Y 105,000 

Rochester,  N.  Y 125,000 

Allegheny.  Pa 91,000 

Indianapolis,  Ind 90,000 

Richmond,  Va 80,000 

New  Haven,  Conn 80,000 

Lowell,  Mass 70,000 

Worcester,  Mass 68,389 

Troy,  N.  Y 65,000 

Kansas  City,  Mo 165  000 

Cambridge,  Mass 62,000 

Syracuse,  N.Y 80,000 

Columbus,  Ohio 74,215 

Patera,  N.  J 62,000 

Toledo,  Ohio 73,500 

Charleston,  8.  C 62,000 

Fall  River,  Mass 51,000 

Minneapolis,  Minn 124,000 

Scranton,  Pa 86,666 

Nashville,  Tenn 50,000 

Reading,  Pa 56,300 

Wilmington,  Del 56,000 

Hartford,  Conn 43,000 

Camden,  N.  J 42,000 

St.  Paul,  Minn 135,000 

Lawrence,  Mass 40,000 

Dayton,  Ohio 42,500 

Lynn,  Mass 39,000 

Atlanta,  Ga 60,846 

Denver,  Col 70000 

Oakland,  Cal 45.000 

Utica,  N.  Y 85,0^0 

Portland,  Me 40,000 

Memphis,  Tenn 75,000 

Springfield,  Mass 40,000 

Manchester,  N.  H 40.000 

St.  Joseph,  Mo 60,000 

Grand  Rapids.  Mich 40,000 

Hoboken,  N.  J 31,500 

Harrisburg.  Pa 40000 

Wheeling,  W.  V 42,000 


Omaha,  Neb 85,000 

Trenton,  N.  J 47,000 

Covington,  Ky 40,000 

Evansvilie,  Iiid 40,OUO 

Peoria,  111 45,000 

Mobile,  Ala 40,000 

Elizabeth,  N.  J.. 28,000 

Erie,  Pa 29,000 

Bridgeport,  Conn 42,000 

Salem,  Mass 28,500 

Quincy,  111 30,000 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind 30,000 

New  Bedford,  Mass 35,000 

Terre  Haute,  Ind 32,000 

Lancaster,  Pa 30,000 

Somerville,  Mass 32.000 

Davenport,  Iowa 26,000 

Wilkesbarre,  Pa 40  000 

Des  Moines,  Iowa 32,000 

Dubuque,  Iowa 30,000 

Galveston,  Tex 43,COO 

Norfolk,  Va 40.000 

Auburn,  N.Y 26  '.000 

Holyoke,  Mass 2<J,OUO 

Augusta,  Ga 30,194 

Chelsea,  Mass 28,000 

Petersburg,  Va 23,000 

Sacramento,  Cal 32.500 

Taunton,  Mass 21.500 


Oswego,  N.  Y 22,000 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 30,000 

Springfield.  Ohio 33,481 

Bay  City,  Mich 32,000 

San  Antonio,  Tex 42,500 

Elmira,  N.  Y 22,000 

Newport,  Ky 20,400 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y 21,000 

Springfield,  111 28,584 

Altoona,  Pa 20,000 

Burlington,  Iowa 27,000 

Cohoes,  N.  Y 25,000 

Gloucester,  Mass 22.000 

Lewiston,Me 19,000 

Pawtucket,  R.  1 19,000 

East  Saginaw,  Mich 16,000 

Williamsport,  Pa 20,000 

Yonkers,  N.  Y 19,000 

Haverhill,  Mass 25,000 

Zanesville,  Ohio 20,000 

Newburgh,  N.  Y 21,500 

Council  Bluffs,  Iowa 27,000 

Allentown,Pa 20,000 

Waterbury,  Conn 35,000 

Portland, 'Oregon 35,000 

Wilmington,  N.  C 20,000 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 23.500 

Bloomington,  111 20,000 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J...  25,000 

Newton,  Mass 18,000 

Bangor,  Me 20,000 

Montgomery,  Ala 30,000 


270 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


POPULATION  OF  THE  CITIES  OF  THE  U.  S. 
Continued. 


Leaven  worth,  Kan 29,150 

Houston,  Texas 20,000 

Akron,  Ohio 18,000 

New  Albany,  Ind 20,000 

Jackson,  Mich 19,OU) 

W  oonsocket,  R.I 20,000 

Racine,  Wis .1 20,000 

Lynchburg,  Va 22,240 

Sandusky.  Ohio 20,000 

Oshkosh,  Wis 25,000 

Newport,  R.  I 19,560 

Topeka,  Kan 23.000 

Youngstown,  Ohio 17.000 

Norwich,  Conn 16,000 

Atchison,  Kan 21,000 

Chester,  Pa 15,000 

La  Fayette,  Ind 25,000 

La  Crosse,  Wis 31,000 

Norwalk,  Conn 15,000 

York,  Pa 20,000 

Concord,  N.  H 15,000 

Lincoln,  R.  I 15,000 

Alexandria,  Ya 15000 

Schenectady,  N.  Y 18.000 

Brockton,  Mass 15,000 

Newbtiryport,  Mass 14.000 

Lockport,  N.  Y 18,000 

Nashua,  N.  H 16,000 

Pittsfield,  Mass 16.000 

South  Bend,  Ind 22,000 

Potts ville,  Pa 14,000 

Orange.  N.  J 16,000 

Little  Rock,  Ark 29,000 

Rockford,  111 20,000 

Fond  dii  Lac,  Wis 16,000 

Norristown,  Pa 17,000 

Chattanooga,  Tenn 36,(00 

Macon,  Ga 35,000 

Richmond,  Ind.. . 17,000 

Biddeford,  Me 14,000 

Georgetown,  D.  C 15,000 

San  Jose,  Cal 20.000 

Fitchburg,  Mass 16,500 

Canton,  Ohio 15,000 

Rome,  N.  Y 14,000 

Northampton,  Mass 12,000 

Warwick,  R.  1 12.000 

Rutland,  Vt 12,000 

Hamilton,  Ohio 17,000 

Keokuk,  Iowa 18,000 

Steubenville,  Ohio 16,000 

Maiden,  Mass 12,017 

Easton,  Pa 13000 

Aurora,  111... 20,000 

Vicksburg,  Miss 20,000 

Waltham,  Mass 15.000 

Dover,  N.  H 12,000 

Danbury,  Conn 12,000 

Rock  Island,  111 13,000 

Joliet,Ill 18,000 


Derby,  Conn 12,000 

Galesburg,  111 12,000 

Portsmouth,  Va 14,000 

Burlington,  Vt. 11,000 

Portsmouth,  Ohio 12,000 

Stamford,  Conn. 11,298 

Chicopee,  Mass 11,528 

Muskegon,  Mich 13,000 

Logansport,  Ind 15,283 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 55,000 

Attleborough,  Mass 11,000 

Hannibal,  Mo 14,000 

Austin,  Texas 26,000 

Chillicothe,  Ohio 12,500 

Woburn,  Mass 11,000 

Jacksonville,  111 12,000 

Virginia  City,  Nev 10,000 

Watertown,  N  Y 14,000 

Cumberland,  Md 12,000 

Belleville,  111 14,000 

Quincy,  Mass 14,000 

Weymouth,  Mass 10,000 

New  London,  Conn 10000 

Saginaw,  Mich 12,000 

Ogdensburgh,  N.  Y 11,659 

Madison,  Wis 13,500 

Stockton,  Cal 16,000 

Winona,  Minn 12,000 

Shenandoah,  Pa 11,000 

Marlborough,  Mass 10,000 

Columbus,  Ga 13,000 

Eau  Claire,  Wis 13,000 

Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa 11,000 

Columbia,  S.  C 15,000 

Key  West,  Fla 12,000 

Mansfield.  Ohio 10,000 

Knoxville.  Tenn 30,000 

Portsmouth,  N.  H 10,000 

Newark,  Ohio 14,000 

Sedalia,  Mo 13,000 

Auburn,  Me 9,000 

Decatur,  111 10,000 

Amsterdam,  N.  Y 10,000 

Jeffersonville.  Ind 10,000 

Jamestown,  N.  Y 10,000 

Milford,  Mass 9,500 

Raleigh,  NC 14,000 

East  St.  Louis,  111 15,000 

Ithaca,  N.  Y  9,200 

Still  water,  Minn 17,343 

Clinton,  Iowa 10,000 

Titusville,  Pa 10,000 

Peabody,  Mass 9,000 

Janesvi'lle,  Wis 12,000 

Cairo,  111 14,000 

Ottumwa,  Iowa 9,000 

Alton,  111 14,000 

Madison,  Ind 10,000 

Lexington 30,000 

Savannah,  Ga 45,492 


GUIDE   AND   HAND   BOOK.  271 

NATURALIZATION  LAWS. 

DECLARATION.— To  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  by 
naturalization  the  alien  must  declare  upon  oath,  before  a  circuit  or 
district  court  of  the  United  States,  or  a  district  or  supreme  court  of 
the  Territories,  or  a  court  of  record  of  any  of  the  States  having  com- 
mon law  jurisdiction,  and  a  seal  and  clerk,  two  years  at  least  prior  to 
his  admission,  that  it  is,  bonafide,  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  and  to  renounce  forever  all  allegiance  and  fidel- 
ity to  any  foreign  prince  or  State,  and  particularly  to  the  one  of 
which  he  may  be  at  the  time  a  citizen  or  subject. 

OATH  OF  APPLICATION.— He  must,  at  the  time  of  his  applica- 
tion to  be  admitted,  declare  on  oath,  before  some  one  of  the  courts 
above  specified,  "that  he  will  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  that  he  absolutely  and  entirely  renounces  and  abjures  all 
allegiance  and  fidelity  to  every  foreign  prince,  potentate,  State  or  sov- 
eignty,  and  particularly  by  name  to  the  prince,  potentate,  state  or  sov- 
ereignty of  which  he  was  before  a  citizen  or  subject,11  which  proceed- 
ings must  be  recorded  by  the  clerk  of  the  court. 

If  it  shall  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court  to  which  the  alien 
has  applied  that  he  has  resided  continuously  within  the  United  States 
for  at  least  five  years,  and  within  the  State  or  Territory  where  such 
court  is  at  the  time  held  one  year  at  least ;  and  that  during  that  time 
"  he  has  behaved  as  a  man  of  good  moral  character,  attached  to  the 
principles  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  well  disposed 
to  the  good  order  and  happiness  of  the  same,1'  he  will  be  admitted  to 
citizenship. 

TITLES  OF  NOBILITY.— If  the  applicant  has  borne  any  heredi- 
tary title  or  order  of  nobility,  he  must  make  an  express  renunciation 
of  the  same  at  the  time  of  his  application. 

SOLDIERS.— Any  alien  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  and  upward, 
who  has  been  in  the  armies  of  the  United  States  and  has  been  honor- 
ably discharged  therefrom,  may  become  a  citizen  on  his  petition, 
without  any  previous  declaration  of  intention,  provided  that  he  has 
resided  in  the  United  States  at  least  one  year  previous  to  his  applica  • 
tion,  and  is  of  good  moral  character. 

MINORS.— Any  alien  under  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  who  has 
resided  in  the  United  States  three  years  next  preceding  his  arriving 
at  that  age,  and  who  has  continued  to  reside  therein  to  the  time  he 
may  make  application  to  be  admitted  a  citizen  thereof,  may,  after  he 
arrives  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  after  he  has  resided  five 
years  within  the  United  States,  including  the  three  years  of  his  mi- 
nority, be  admitted  a  citizen  ;  but  he  must  make  a  declaration  on  oath 
and  prove  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court  that  for  two  years  next  pre- 
ceding it  has  been  his  bona-fide  intention  to  become  a  citizen. 

CHILDREN  OF  NATURALIZED  PARENTS.-The  children  of 
persons  who  have  been  duly  naturalized,  being  under  the  age  of  twen- 
ty-one years  at  the  time  of  the  naturalization  of  their  parents,  shall. 
if  dwelling  in  the  United  States,  be  considered  as  citizens  thereof. 

CHILDREN  BORN  ABROAD.— The  children  of  persons  who  now 
are  or  have  been  citizens  of  the  United  States  are,  though  born  out 
of  the  limits  and  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  considered  as  citi- 
zens thereof. 

PROTECTION  ABROAD  —Statutes  of  the  United  States  declares 
that  "all  naturalized  citizens  of  the  United  States  while  in  foreign 
countries  are  entitled  to  and  shall  receive  from  this  Government  the 
same  protection  of  persons  and  property  which  is  accorded  to  native- 
born  citizens. 


272 


THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


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GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  275 

.LIBERTY  BELL-.— The  order  for  the  bell  was  given  in  1751. 
The  State  House  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Philadelphia,  work  on  which 
had  been  suspended  for  a  number  of  years,  was  then  approaching 
completion.  The  lower  floors  were  already  occupied  by  the  Supreme 
Court  in  the  chamber,  while  in  the  other  assembled  the  Freemen  of 
the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  then  consisting  of  one  body.  A  com- 
mittee was  appointed  by  the  Freemen,  with  Peter  Norris  as  chair- 
man, and  empowered  to  have  a  new  bell  cast  for  the  building.  The 
commission  for  the  bell  was  in  the  same  year  awarded  to  Robert 
Charles,  of  London,  the  specification  being  that  the  bell  should 
weigh  2,000  pounds  and  cost  £100  sterling.  It  was  to  be  made  by  the 
best  workmen,  to  be  examined  carefully  before  being  shipped,  and  to 
contain,  in  well-shaped  letters  around  it,  the  inscription :  "By  order 
of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  for  the  State  House  in  the  City  of 
Philadelphia,  1762."  An  order  was  given  to  place  underneath  this 
the  fatal  and  prophetic  words  from  Leviticus  xxv.  10:  "Proclaim 
liberty  throughout  the  land  and  to  all  the  inhabitants  thereof."  The 
reason  for  the  selection  of  this  text  has  been  a  subject  of  much  con- 
jecture, but  the  true  reason  is  apparent  when  the  full  text  is  read. 
It  is  as  follows:  "And ye  shall  hallow  the  fiftieth  year  and  pro- 
claim liberty  throughout  the  land  and  to  all  the  inhabitants  thereof." 
In  selecting  the  text  the  good  Quakers  had  in  memory  the  arrival  of 
William  Penn  and  their  forefathers  more  than  half  a  century  before. 
In  August,  1752,  the  bell  arrived,  but  though  in  apparent  good  order, 
it  was  cracked  by  a  stroke  of  the  clapper  while  being  tested.  It  could 
not  be  sent  back,  as  the  captain  of  the  vessel  who  had  brought  it  over 
could  not  take  it  on  board.  Two  skillful  men  undertook  to  recast  the 
bell,  which,  on  being  opened,  revealed  a  bell  which  pleased  very 
much.  But  it  was  also  found  to  be  defective.  The  original  bell  was 
considered  too  high,  and  a  quantity  of  copper  was  added 
to  the  composition,  but  too  much  copper  was  added.  There 
were  a  great  many  witticisms  on  account  of  the  sound  failure,  and 
the  ingenious  workmen  undertook  to  recast  the  bell,  which  they 
successfully  did,  and  it  was  placed  in  condition  in  June,  1753.  On 
Monday,  the  8th  of  July  (not  the  4th),  at  noon,  true  to  its  motto,  it 
rang  out  the  memorable  message  of  "  Liberty  throughout  the  land 
and  to  all  the  inhabitants  thereof. "  For  fifty  years  the  bell  continued 
to  be  rung  on  every  festival  and  anniversary,  until  it  eventually 
cracked.  An  ineffectual  attempt  was  made  to  cause  it  to  continue 
serviceable  by  enlarging  the  cause  of  its  dissonance  and  chipping  the 
edges.  It  was  removed  from  its  position  in  the  tower  to  a  lower 
story,  and  only  used  on  occasions  of  public  sorrow,  such  as  the  death 
of  ex-Presidents  and  statesmen.  Subsequently  it  was  placed  on  the 
original  timbers  in  the  vestibule  of  the  State  House,  and  in  1873  it 
was  suspended  in  a  prominent  position  immediately  beneath  where 
a  larger  bell  presented  to  the  city  in  1866  now  proclaims  the  passing 
hours. 

STOCK  BROKERS'  TERMS.— A  Bull  is  one  who  oper- 
ates to  depress  the  value  of  stocks,  that  he  may  buy  for  a  rise. 

A  Bear  is  9ne  who  sells  stock  for  future  delivery,  which  he  does  not 
own  at  the  time  of  sale. 

A  Corner  is  when  the  Bears  can  not  buy  or  borrow  the  stock  to  de- 
liver in  fulfillment  of  their  contracts. 

Overloaded  is  when  the  Bulls  can  not  take  and  pay  for  the  stock 
they  have  purchased. 

Short  is  when  a  person  or  party  sells  stocks  when  they  have  none, 
and  expect  to  buy  or  borrow  in  time  to  deliver. 

Long  is  when  a  person  or  party  has  a  plentiful  supply  of  stocks. 

A  Pool  or  Ring  is  a  combination  formed  to  control  prices. 

A  broker  is  said  to  Carry  stocks  for  his  customers  when  he  has 
bought  and  is  holding  it  for  his  account. 

A  Wash  is  a  pretended  sale  by  a  special  agreement  between  buyer 
and  seller,  for  the  purpose  of  getting  a  quotation  reported 

A  Put  and  Call  ip  when  a  person  gives  so  much  per  cent,  for  the  op- 
tion of  buying  or  selling  so  much  stock  on  a  certain  day,  at  a  price- 
fixed  the  day  the  option  is  given. 


276  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

NATURALIZATION  LAWS.-The  conditions  under  and 
the  manner  in  which  an  alien  may  be  admitted  to  become  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States  are  prescribed  by  Sections  2165-74  of  the  Revised 
Statutes  of  the  T.  nited  States. 

DECLARATION  OP  INTENTION.— The  alien  must  declare  upon  oath 
before  a  circuit  or  district  court  of  the  United  States,  or  a  district  or 
supreme  court  of  the  Territoiies,  or  a  court  of  record  of  any  of  the 
States  having  common  law  jurisdiction,  and  a  seal  and  clerk,  two 
years  at  least  prior  to  his  admission,  that  it  is,  bond  fids,  his  intention 
to  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  renounce  forever  all 
allegiance  and  fidelity  to  any  foreign  prince  or  State,  and  particularly 
to  the  one  of  which  he  may  "be  at  the  time  a  citizen  or  subject. 

OATH  ON  APPLICATION  roii  ADMISSION.— Be  must,  at  the  time  of  his 
application  to  be  admitted,  declare  on  oath,  before  some  one  of  the 
courts  above  specified,  ''that  he  will  support  the  (  onstitution  of  the 
United  States,  and  that  he  absolutely  and  entirely  renounces  and 
abjures  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  every  foreign  prince,  potentate, 
State  or  sovereignty,  and  particularly,  by  name,  to  the  prince,  poten- 
tate, State  or  sovereignly  of  which  he  was  before  a  citizen  or  sub- 
ject," which  proceedings  must  be  recorded  by  the  clerk  of  the  court. 

CONDITIONS  FOR  CITIZENSHIP. — If  it  shall  appear  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  court  to  which  the  alien  has  applied  thnt  he  has  resided  contin- 
uously within  the  United  States  for  at  least  five  years,  and  within  the 
State  or  Territory  where  euch  court  is  at  the  time  held  one  year  at 
least:  and  that  during  that  time  "he  has  behaved  as  a  man  of  good 
moral  character,  attached  to  the  principles  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  and  well  disposed  to  tlse  good  order  and  happiness  of 
the  same,11  he  will  be  admitted  to  citizenship. 

TITLES  OF  NOBILITIES.— If  the  applicant  has  borne  any  hereditary 
title  or  order  of  nobility,  he  must  make  an  expsess  renunciation  of 
the  same  at  the  time  of  his  application. 

SOLDIERS. — Any  alien  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  and  upward, 
who  has  been  in  the  armies  of  the  United  States  and  has  been  hon- 
orably discharged  therefrom,  may  become  a  citizen  on  his  petition, 
without  any  previous  declaration  of  intention,  provided  that  he  has 
resided  in  the  United  States  at  least  one  year  previous  to  his  appli- 
cation, and  is  of  good  moral  character. 

MINORS.— Any  alien  under  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  who  has 
resided  in  the  United  States  three  years  next  preceding  his  arriving 
at  that  age,  and  who  has  continued  to  reside  therein  to  the  time  he 
may  make  application  to  be  admitted  a  citizen  thereof,  may,  after  he 
arrives  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  after  he  has  resided  five 
years  within  the  United  States,  including  the  three  years  of  his 
minority,  be  admitted  a  citizen ;  but  he  must  make  a  declaration  on 
oath  and  prove  to  the  satisfaction  cf  the  court  that  for  two  years  next 
preceding  it  has  been  his  bonajide  intention  to  become  a  citizen. 

CHILDREN  OF  NATURALIZED 'CITIZENS. —The  children  of  persons 
who  have  been  duly  naturalized,  being  under  the  age  of  sixteen  years 
at  the  time  of  the  naturalization  of  their  parents,  shall  if  dwelling  in 
the  United  States,  be  considered  as  citizens  thereof. 

CITIZENS*  CHILDREN  WHO  ARE  BORN  ABROAD.— The  children  of  per- 
sons who  now  are  or  have  been  citizens  of  the  United  States,  are, 
though  born  out  of  the  limits  and  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States, 
considered  as  citizens  thereof. 

PROTECTION  ABROAD  TO  NATURALIZED  CITIZENS. — Section  2000  of 
the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States  declares  that  uall  natural- 
ized citizens  of  the  United  States  while  in  foreign  countries  are 
entitled  to  and  shall  receive  from  this  Government  the  same  protec- 
tion of  persons  and  property  which  is  accorded  to  native-born  citi- 
zens . " 

THE  RIGHT  OF  SUFFRAGE.— The  right  to  vote  comes  from  the  State, 
and  is  a  State  gift.  Naturalization  is  a  Federal  right,  and  is  a  gift  of 
the  Union,  not  of  any  one  State.  In  nearly  one  half  the  Union  aliens 
(who  have  declared  intentions)  vote  and  have  the  right  to  vote  equally 
with  naturalized  or  native-born  citizen*.  In  the  other  half  only 
actual  citizens  may  vote.  (See  Table  ol  Qualifications  Jcr  Voting  in 
each  State,  on  another  page.)  The  Ftderal  naturalization  lawe 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOR.  277 

apply  to  the  whole  Union  alike,  and  provide  that  no  alien  male  may 
be  naturalized  until  after  five  years1  residence.  Even  after  five  years' 
residence  and  due  naturalization  he  is  not  entitled  to  vote  unless  the 
laws  of  the  State  confer  the  privilege  upon  him,  and  he  may  vote  in 
one  State  (Minnesota)  four  months  after  landing,  if  he  has  immedia- 
tely declared  his  intention,  under  United  States  law,  to  become  a 
citizen . 


THE  NATIONS'  DEAD.— Are  buried  in  seventy-nine 
national  cemeteries,  of  which  twelve  are  in  the  Northern  States. 
Among  the  principal  ones  in  the  North  are  Cyprus  Hill,  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  with  its  3,786  dead;  Finn's  Point,  N.  J.,  which  contains  the 
remains  of  2,644  unknown  dead;  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  with  its  1,967 known 
and  1,608  unknown  dead;  Mound  City,  111.,  with  2,505  known  and 
2,721  unknown  graves:  Philadelphia,  with  1,909  dead,  and  Woodiawn, 
Elmira,  N.  Y.,  with  its  3.090.  Jn  the  South,  near  the  scenes  of  terri- 
ble conflicts,  are  located  the  largest  depositories  of  the  nation's  heroic 
dead,  as  follows:  Arlington,  Va.,  16,264,  of  whom  4,349  are  unknown. 
Beaufort,  S.C.,  9,241,  of  whom  4,493  are  unknown;  Chalmette,  La.. 
12,511,  of  whom  5,674  are  unknown;  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  12,962,  of 
whom  4,963  are  unknown;  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  15,257,  of  whom  12,770 
are  unknown;  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  11.490,  of  whom  2,906  are 
unknown;  Little  Rock,  Ark  ,  5,602,  of  whom  2,337  are  unknown;  City 
Point,  Va  ,  5,122,  of  whom  1,374  are  unknown;  Marietta,  Ga.,  10,151, 
of  whom  2,963  are  unknown;  Memphis,  Tenn.,  13,997,  of  whom  8,817 
are  unknown;  Nashville,  Tenn.,  16,526,  of  whom  4.701  are  unknown; 
Poplar  Grove,  Va.,  6,199,  of  whom  4,001  are  unknown ;  Richmond,  Va., 
6,542,  ot  whom  5,700  are  unknown ;  Salisbury,  N.  C.,  12,126,  of  whom. 
12,032  are  unknown;  Stone  River,  Tenn.,  5,602,  of  whom  288  are 
unknowm;  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  16,600,  of  whom  12,704  are  unknown; 
Antietam,  Va.,  4,671,  of  whom  1,818  are  unknown;  Winchester,  Va., 
4,559,  of  whom  2,365  are  unknown.  In  all,  the  remains  of  300,000  men 
who  fought  for  the  Stars  and  Stripes  find  guarded  graves  in  our 
National  cemeteries.  Two  cemeteries  are  mainly  devoted  to  the 
brave  men  who  perished  in  the  loathsome  prisons  of  the  same  name — 
Anderson ville,  Ga.,  which  contains  13,710  graves,  and  Salisbury,  with 
its  12,126  dead,  of  who  12,03*2  are  unknown. 

FAIUIS  IX  THE  U.  S.  AtfD  ABROAD.— The  farms 
in  the  United  States  numbered  one  million  and  a  half  in  1850,  and 
five  million  in  1887.  The  average  size  decreased  in  the  same  time 
from  two  hundred  and  three  acres  to  less  than  one  hundred  and 
thirty.  The  farms  in  the  United  States  may  be  summarized  as  fol- 
lows: 

More  than  1,000  acres 26,600 

More  than  500  acres 76,000 

From  50  to  500  acres 2,729,000 

From  3  to  10  acres 134,887 

Under  3  acres 4,352 

Of  these  farms  three-fourths  in  number  are  cultivated  by  the 
owners,  the  remainder  are  rented  on  shares  or  at  a  fixed  sum. 

In  Great  Britain  there  are  72,000,000  acres  owned  by  1,174,000  per- 
sons. Of  these  852,000  possess  less  than  one  acre  in  extent.  In  Eng- 
land one  man  is  recorded  as  owning  more  than  100,000  acres,  in  Ire- 
land there  are  three  of  these  territorial  lords,  in  Scotland  there  are 
twenty-four.  These  twenty-four  men  own  one-fourth  of  the  area  of 
Scotland.  One  estate  in  the  county  of  Sutherland  measures  1, 176,454 
acres,  or  more  than  1,800  square  miles.  The  returns  as  to  land  pro- 
prietors in  France  vary ;  the  division  of  land  under  the  French  law  of 
descent  operating  to  make  constant  changes.  But  with  an  area  of 
nearly  100,000,000  acres  of  arable  land,  and  a  population  of  less  than 
40,000,000,  there  is  the  very  large  number  of  from  7,500.000  to  8,250,000 
land  owners,  as  estimated  by  different  statisticians.  Taking  the 
number  at  7,500.000;  of  these  3,000,000  were  exempt  from  tax  because 
of  indigence,  about  4,500,000  averaged  twelve  acres  each,  with  an 
income  of  $80.00,  and  60.000  had  an  income  of  not  more  than  $940.00  a 
year .  A  few  proprietors  of  large  estates  enjoyed  large  incomes. 


278  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

THE  LARGEST  QUN  in  the  United  States,  mounted,  is  the 
20-inch  Rodman  smooth-bore  at  Fort  Hamilton,  N.  Y.  H.  Its  dimen- 
sions are  as  follows:  Extreme  length,  243.5  inches;  maximum  diam- 
eter, 64  inches;  minimum  diameter,  34  inches;  length  of  bore  in 
calibres,  10.50  inches.  The  service  charge  is  200  pounds  of  powder, 
and  the  weight  of  the  projectile  is  1,000  pounds.  There  is  also  a  12%- 
inch  rifle  (wrought-iron  lined)  at  Sandy  Hook.  Weight,  89,350 
pounds ;  extreme  length,  262. 8  inches ;  maximum  diameter,  55  inches ; 
minimum  diameter; length  of  bore  in  calibres,  18.53.  This  gun  is 
used  for  experimental  purposes,  principally  in  testing  powder. 
Charges  from  70  to  200  pounds  are  used.  Weight  of  projectile,  from 
700  to  800  pounds. 

CONFEDERATE  MONEY.— When  the  first  issue  of  the 
Confederate  money  was  scattered  among  the  people,  it  commanded  a 
slight  premium.  It  then  scaled  down  as  follows:  June,  1861,  90c; 
December  1, 1861,  80c. ;  December  15, 1861,  75c. ;  February  1, 1862,  60c. ; 
February  1, 1863,  20c. ;  June,  1863,  8c. ;  January,  1864,  2c. ;  November, 
1864,  4*4c.;  January,  1865,  2^c. ;  April  1,  1865,  l^c.  After  that  date 
it  took  from  $800  to  $1,000  in  Confederate  money  to  buy  a  one-dollar 
greenback. 

REGISTRATION  OF  VOTERS.— The  registration  of 
voters  is  required  in  the  States  of  Alabama,  California,  Colorado, 
Connecticut,  Florida,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Maryland,  Massachusetts, 
Mississippi,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire,  North  Carolina,  Pennsylvania, 
South  Carolina,  Vermont  and  Virginia. 

In  Georgia  registration  is  required  in  a  few  counties  by  local  law. 

In  Iowa,  Kansas  and  Nebraska  it  is  required  in  all  cities. 

In  Illinois  registration  is  required,  but  (except  in  a  few  cities)  a  legal 
•voter  not  registered  may  vote  upon  filing  an  affidavit  by  himself  and 
another  known  legal  voter  that  he  is  a  qualified  voter  and  has  not  al- 
ready voted. 

In  Minnesota  registration  is  required  unless  the  voter  is  known  to 
all  the  election  judges. 

In  Missouri  it  is  required  in  cities  of  100,000  inhabitants  and  over, 
in  New  Jersey  in  cities  of  over  10,000  inhabitants,  in  Wisconsin  in 
cities  having  20,000  inhabitants  and  over. 

In  New  York  it  is  required  in  all  cities  and  in  all  incorporated  vil- 
lages of  over  7,000  inhabitants. 

In  Ohio  it  is  required  in  the  cities  of  Cincinnati  and  Cleveland  only. 

In  Rhode  Island  it  is  required  of  voters  not  owning  real  estate. 

The  registration  of  voters  is  not  required  in  the  States  of  Arkansas, 
Delaware,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Oregon,  Tennessee,  Texas  and  West- 
Virginia.  It  is  prohibited  in  Arkansas,  Texas  and  West  Verginia  by 
constitutional  provision. 

WOMAN  SUFFRAOE.— Women  vote  in  Wyoming  Terri- 
tory on  all  questions  on  the  same  terms  as  men. 

They  vote  for  five  years  on  the  same  terms  in  Washington  Terri- 
tory, but  the  Territorial  Supreme  Court  in  February,  1887,  set  aside 
the  Woman  Suffrage  law,  on  a  technical  informality  in  the  title  of  the 
act. 

They  voted  in  Utah  until  excluded  by  the  Edmunds  law,  passed 
by  the  Forty-ninth  Congress. 

Women  vote  on  school  questions  with  more  or  lees  restrictions  in 
fourteen  States— viz. :  Colorado,  Indiana,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Massa- 
chusetts, Michigan,  Minnesota,  Nebraska.  New  Hampshire,  New  Jer- 
sey, New  York,  Oregon,  Vermont  and  Wisconsin,  and  also  in  the 
Territories  of  Dakota,  Idaho,  Montana  and  Washington. 

They  have  full  municipal  suffrage  in  Kansas,  where  in  April,  1887, 
they  polled  26,189  votes  to  66,435  votes  by  men. 

Women  vote  (by  petition)  on  the  sale  of  liquor  in  Arkansas  and 
Mississippi. 
,  In  1887  a  Woman  Suffrage  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  Rhode 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  279 

Island  was  defeated  in  that  State  by  a  vote  of  21,957  to  6,889,  and 
Woman  Suffrage  bills  were  defeated  in  the  Legislature  of  Massachu- 
eetts  and  Michigan. 

THE  VETO  POWER  is  granted  by  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  to  the  President,  whereby  he  may  veto  bills  passed  by 
Congress,  but  such  bills  may  be  passed  over  the  veto  and  become 
laws  by  a  two-third  vote  of  the  members  present  of  each  House  of 
Congress. 

If  any  bill  is  not  returned  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  to 
Congress  within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  has  been  pre- 
sented to  him,  it  becomes  a  law  the  same  as  if  he  signed  it,  unless 
Congress  by  its  adjournment  prevents  a  return,  in  which  case  it  does 
not  become  a  law. 

THE  VETO  POWER  IN  THE  STATES.— The  power 
to  veto  bills  passed  by  the  Legislature  is  granted  to  the  Governor  by 
the  constitutions  of  the  following  States:  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Cali- 
fornia, Colorado,  Connecticut,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Maryland,  Massachu- 
setts, Michigan.  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Nevada, 
New  Hampshire,, New  Jersey,  New  York,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania, 
South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Vermont,  Virginia,  West  Virginia 
and  Wisconsin. 

The  Governors  of  the  Territories  also  have  the  veto  power  (U.  S. 
Kev.  Stat.  1842). 

The  constitutions  of  the  following  States  do  not  grant  the  veto 

5ower  to  the  Governor:  Delaware,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  and  Rhode 
sland. 

A  majority  vote  of  the  whole  number  of  members  elected  to  each 
house  of  the  Legislature  can  repass  a  bill  vetoed  by  the  Governor  in 
the  following  States :  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  New 
Jersey,  Tennessee  and  West  Virginia. 

A  majority  vote  of  the  members  of  each  house  present  can  repass  a 
bill  vetoed  by  the  Governor  in  the  following  States :  Connecticut  and 
Vermont. 

A  two-thirds  vote  of  the  members  elected  to  each  house  can  repass 
a  bill  vetoed  by  the  Governor  in  the  following  States:  California, 
Colorado,  Kansas,  Louisiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Missouri,  Nevada, 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 

A  two-thirds  vote  of  the  members  of  each  house  present  can  repass 
a  bill  vetoed  by  the  Governor  in  the  following  States:  California, 
Floridaj  Georgia,  Iowa,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Minnesota, 
Mississippi,  New  Hampshire,  Oregon,  South  Carolina,  Texas,  Vir- 
ginia and  Wisconsin .  Also  all  the  Territories. 

A  two-thirds  vote  of  the  members  elected  to  the  house  which  orig- 
inated the  bill  and  a  majority  vote  of  the  other  house  can  repass  a  bill 
vetoed  by  the  Governor  in  Missouri. 

A  three-fifths  vote  of  the  members  elected  to  each  house  can  repase 
a  bill  vetoed  by  the  Governor  in  the  following  States :  Maryland  and 
Nebraska. 

The  Governor  may  disapprove  of  items  in  the  appropriation  bill, 
and  they  shall  be  void  unless  repassed  according  to  the  rules  pre- 
scribed for  the  passage  of  bills  over  the  executive  veto,  in  Florida, 
Georgia,  Nebraska,  New  Jersey,  New  York  and  Texas. 

In  a  number  of  States,  if  a  bill  be  kept  a  certain  length  of  time  by 
the  Governor,  without  returning  it,  it  will  become  a  law,  except  in. 
cases  of  adjournment  of  the  Legislature. 


THE  6REEK.  PHALANX  comprised  8,000  men,  forming  a 
square  battalion,  with  spears  crossing  each  other,  and  shields  united. 

THE  ROMAN  LE&ION  was  composed  of  6,000  men,  com- 
prising 10  cohorts  of  600  men  each,  with  300  horsemen  each. 

THE  BATTERING  RAM  was  of  massive  timber,  60  to  100 
feet  long,  fitted  with  an  iron  head.  It  was  erected  under  shelter  to 
protect  the 60  or  100  men  required  to  work  it.  The  largest  was  equal 
in  force  to  a  36-lb.  shot  from  a  cannon. 


280 


THE  WESTJERN  WORLK 


FACTS  ABOUT  THE  PI^AXETS 


Name. 

Diam. 

Distance 
from 
Earth. 

Greatest 
D  is  tance 
from 
Earth. 

Number 
of  Davsin 
Year. 

Ratios  of  Com- 
parison      with 
the    Earth    be- 
ing 100. 

Miles. 

Miles 

Miles. 

Size. 

Mercury.. 
Venus  
Earth.... 
Mars  
Jupiter  .  . 
Saturn..  . 
Uranus  .. 
Neptune. 

2,962 
7,510 
7,916 
4,920 
85,390 
71,904 
33,024 
36,620 

47,000,000 
23,000,000 

136,000,000 
160,000,000 

88 
225 
365 
687' 
4,333 
10,759 
30,687 
60,127 

5 
80 
100 
14 
138,700 
74.600 
7,200 
9,400 

62,000,000 
409,000,000 
831,000,000 

1,746,000.000 
2,629,000,000 

245,000,000 
592,000.000 
1,014,000.000 
1,929,000,000 
2,863,000,000 

There  have  been  260  asteroids  or  smaller  planets  discovered  up  to 
the  present  time. 

The  diameter  of  the  Sun  is  888.64Q  miles,  and  its*  density  as  com- 
pared with  the  Earth  (the  Earth  being  100),  25. 

It  is  supposed  that  a2  Centauri,  one  of  the  brightes  stars  of  the 
Southern  hemisphere,  is  the  nearest  of  the  fixed  stars  to  the  earth. 
The  researches  on  its  parallax  by  Henderson  and  Maclear  gave  it  for 
its  distance  from  the  earth,  in  round  nuinbeis,  twenty  billions  (20,000- 
000,000)  of  miles.  At  the  inconceivably  rapid  rate  at  which  light  is 
propagated  through  ^pace,  it  would  require  three  years  and  three 
months  to  reach  the  earth  from  this  star.  v 

FACTS  ABOUT  THE  EARTH.— Diameter  at  the  Equator, 
7.9:5  miles.  Diameter  at  the  Poles,  7,899  miles.  Mean  diameter, 
7,916  miles.  Circumference  at  the  Equator,  24,899  miles.  Surface  of 
the  earth,  in  round  numbers:  Land,  54,500,000  square  miles;  water, 
142,000,000  square  miles;  total,  196,900,000  square  miles.  Mean 
annual  temperature:  Poles,  30o ;  Polar  regions,  36o;  Torrid  Zoneo. 
7oo ;  Equator  82°;  Globe,  50°,  Mean  annual  rainfall,  36  inches, 
Specific  gravity,  5,450  to  5,600.  Weight,  6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 
tons. 

POPULATION  OF  THE  EARTH  BY  CONTINENTS. 


Continental  Divis- 
ions. 

Area  in 
Square  Miles. 

Inhabitants. 

Number. 

Per  Square 
Mile. 

17,832,^40 
15,389,2)0 
11,929,300 
3,892,  234 
3,581,140 
1,791,280 

795,591,000 
100,416,400 
205,823,200 
327,743,400 
4,2*2,000 
82,500 

44.0 
6.5 
17.0 
84.0 
1.1 

Africa          

Europe  

Australasia    

Polar  Kegions,  

Total. 


26.2 


45,415,544  1,433,887,500 
The  average  duration  of  human  life  is  about  33  years.  One  quarter 
of  the  people  on  the  earth  die  before  age  6,  one  half  before  age  16  and 
only  about  1  persons  of  each  100  born  lives  to  the  age  65.  The  deachs 
are  calculated  at  67  per  minute,  97,790  per  day,  and  35,639.835  per  year; 
the  births,  at  70  per  minute,  100,800  per  day,  and  36,792,000  per  year. 

How  LONG  MAN  HAS  EXISTED,  AND  eow  LONG  CIVILIZATION  WILL 
LAST.— When  we  consider  how  many  million  of  years  our  earth  con- 
tinued as  an  abode  of  millions  of  millions  of  living  creatures  ere  yet 
even  the  lowest  types  of  human  life  w»«re  developed,  and  during  how 
many  tews  of  thousands  of  years  millions  of  human  beings  existed 
before  thinking,  reasoning,  philosophic  man  was  developed  upon 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  381 

this  earth,  we  see  that  Nature,  which  is  thus  prodigal  in  regard  to 
time,  may  well  be  prodigal  also  in  regard  to  space,  and  leave  many 
worlds  in  solar  system,  as  well  as  long-time  intervals  in  the  history 
of  any  given  world,  unadorned  by  the  presence  of  reasoning,  philo- 
sophic beings.  The  same  thought  seems  to  me  to  be  suggested  when 
we  look  forward  to  the  probable  future  of  our  earth's  history.  The 
civilized  man  is  vigorously  p  repairing  a  rapid  close  to  his  own  exis- 
tence. The  period  during  which  the  materials  of  civilization  (as  is 
now  exists,  at  any  rate)  can  endurj  at  the  present  rate  of  their  con- 
sumption, is  a  period  which  can  be  but  as  a  second  in  the  earth's 
future  history.  Within  a,  few  hundreds  of  years  (or  a  few  thousands 
at  the  outside)  the  earth-stores  on  which  civilization  is  draining  so 
lavishly  and  with  ever-growing  activity  must  be  absolutely  exhausted 
and  man  will  be  left  to  depend,  like  other  animals,  on  the  earth's 
annual  produce  —  on  her  income,  her  capital  bein  r  exhausted.  That 
under  such  conditions  man  will  retain  his  present  position  must  be 
regarded  as  unlikely,  to  say  the  least. 


OF  <^RAIN.—  Wheat,  from  the  time  it  is 
threshed,  will  shrink  two  quarts  to  the  bushel  or  six  per  cent,  in  six 
months,  in  the  most  favorable  circumstances.  Hence,  it  follows  that 
ninety-four  cents  a  bushel  for  wheat  when  first  threshed  in  August, 
is  as  good,  taking  into  account  the  shrinkage  alone,  as  one  dollar  in 
the  following  February. 

Corn  shrinks  much  more  from  the  time  it  is  first  husked.  One 
hundred  bushels  of  ears,  as  they  come  from  the  field  in  November, 
will  be  reduced  to  not  far  from  eighty.  So  that  forty  cents  a  bushel 
ior  corn  in  the  ear,  as  it  comes  from  the  field,  is  as  good  as  fifty  in 
March,  shrinkage  only  being  taken  into  the  account. 

In  the  case  01  potatoes  —  taking  those  that  rot  and  are  otherwise 
lost—  together  with  the  shrinkage,  there  is  but  little  doubt  that 
between  October  and  June,  .the  loss  to  the  owner  who  holds  them  is 
not  less  than  thirty-three  per  cent. 

This  estimate  is  taken  on  the  basis  of  interest  at  7  per  cent,  and 
takes  no  account  of  loss  by  vermin. 

HOW  TO  TEST  QIIAMTY  OF  STEEL..—  Good  tool 
steel,  with  a  white  heat,  will  fall  to  pieces  ;  with  bright  red  heat  will 
crumble  tinder  the  hammer;  with  middling  heat  may  be  drawn  to  a 
needle-point. 

To  test  hardening  qualities,  draw  under  a  low  heat  to  a  gradually 
tapered  square  point  and  plunge  into  cold  water  ;  if  broken  point 
will  scratch  glass,  the  quality  is  good. 

To  test  tenacity,  a  hardened  piece  will  be  driven  into  cast  iron  by 
a  hardened  hammer—  if  poor,  will  be  crumbled.  Excellence  will  be 
in  proportion  to  tenacity  in  hard  state.  Soft  steel  of  good  quality 
gives  a  curved  line  fracture  and  uniform  gray  texture.  Tool  steel 
should  be  dull  silver  color,  uniform,  entirely  free  from  sparkling 
qualities. 

Aquafortis,  applied  to  the  surface  of  steel,  produces  a  black  spot  ; 
on  iron  the  metal  remains  clean.  The  slightest  vein  of  iron,  or  steel 
can  be  readily  detected  by  this  method.  iMfelfcCIOii 


POWER  OF  »  YMAMITE.—  Nitro-glycerine  and  dynamite 
do  not,  when  exploded,  exert  as  much  force  as  is  popularly  believed. 
To  speak  precisely,  the  power  developed  by  the  explosion  of  a  ton  of 
dynamite  is  equal  to  45,675  foot-tons.  One  ton  of  nitre-glycerine 
similarly  exploded  will  exert  a  power  of  54,452  foot-tons;  and  one 
ton  of  blasting  gelatine,  similarly  exploded,  71,050  foot-tons.  These 
figures,  although  large,  are  not  enormous,  and  need  not  excite  terror. 
Seventy-one  thousand  tons  of  ordinary  building  stone,  if  arranged  in 
the  form  of  a  cube,  would  measure  only  ninety  feet  on  the  side,  and 
if  it  were  possible  to  concentrate  the  whole  force  of  a  ton  of  blast- 
ing gelatine  at  the  moment  of  explosion  on  such  a  mass,  the  only 
effect  would  be  to  lift  it  to  a  height  of  a  foot.  The  foregoing  figures 
are  derived  from  experiments  made  at  Ardeer  with  an  instrument 
that  gives  accurate  results  in  measuring  the  force  of  explosives. 


282  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

ORQAXIZED  L.ABOR.— The  first  strike  in  this  country  oc- 
curred in  New  York  City  in  1803,  when  a  number  of  sailors  struck 
for  an  advance  of  wages. 

1806.  The  tailors  this  year  established  the  first  organization  in  the 
United  States,  in  the  present  form  of  a  trades  union. 

1819.    The  hatters  organized  a  union  of  their  craft. 

1825-30.  The  Columbia  Charitable  Association  of  Shipwrights  and 
Caulkers  was  organized. 

1825.  As  early  as  this  year  the  questions  of  shorter  hours  of  work, 
better  wages,  and  protection  of  operatives  in  factories  were  being  agi- 
tated, and  during  the  years  that  immediately  followed,  social  unions 
of  different  crafts  were  springing  up  in  cities  and  manufacturing 
centers . 

1828.  The  Workingmen's  Party,  a  local  political  organization  in 
New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  other  cities,  appeared. 

1829.  At  the  State  election  in  New  York  a  workingmen's  ticket 
was  put  in  the  field  and  elected  one  candidate  to  the  Legislature— Eb- 
enezer  Ford,  of  New  York. 

1831.    First  local  union  of  printers . 

1831.  The  New  England  Association  of  Farmers,  Mechanics  and 
Workingmen  formed. 

1832.  Ten-hour  movement  among  the  Shipwrights  and  Caulkers 
throughout  New  England  cities  was  followed   by  strikes,    which 
proved  unsuccessful. 

1834.  A  Mechanics1  convention  met  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  and  protested 
against  convict  labor. 

1835.  From  this  year  onward  strikes  occurred    in  the  different 
trades  from  time  to  time,  with  varying  results. 

1840.  About  this  time  many  trades  were  organized,  and  some  were 
enrolled  in  Labor  Reform  associations. 

1840.  President  Van  Buren  established  the  ten-hour  system  for  all 
employes  of  the  Government  in  the  Navy  Yards. 

1844-45.  First  effort  of  co-operation  in  connection  with  the  labor 
movement  originated  in  Boston. 

1845.  The  New  England  Workingmen's  Association  was  organ- 
ized in  Boston. 

1845,  October  12.  The  first  Industrial  Congress  of  the  United  States 
convened  in  New  York. 

1847.  New  Hampshire  passed  a  law  making  ten  hours  a  legal  day's 
work. 

1850.  The  labor  agitation  at  this  period  was  principally  directed  to 
a  reduction  in  hours  of  work  by  legal  enactment.  It  entered  into  poli- 
tics, and  many  candidates  were  run  on  that  issue. 

1850-60.  National  and  international  trades  unions  were  organized, 
granting  charters  to  local  bodies  and  organizing  new  branches,  from 
Maine  to  California. 

1861-65.  The  eight-hour  movement  obtained  great  impetus  during 
the  war. 

1864.    The  Cigarmakers1  International  Union  was  formed. 

1866.  There  was  a  revival  of  the  labor  movement,  and  many  new 
organizations  were  formed. 

1866.  -An  eight-hour  bill  for  the  benefit  of  Government  employee 
was  introduced  in  Congress,  and  finally  became  a  law  in  1868  by  the 
signature  of  President  Johnson. 

1866.  First  National  Labor  Congress  met  at  Baltimore,  August  20. 
This  body  met  annually  in  different  cities  for  several  years. 

1869.    The  Knights  of  Labor  were  organized  in  Philadelphia. 

The  labor  movement  from  1870  to  the  present  time  has  been  a 
continuous  growth  in  the  number  of  trades  unions  and  increase  in 
their  membership,  attended  by  strikes,  lockouts  and  settlements  by 
arbitration,  the  agitation  for  labor  legislation  and  efforts  at  political 
party  organization.  Congress  created  a  National  Bureau  of  Labor 
in  1884. 

Most  of  the  trades  unions  organizations  in  the  United  States  were 
represented  at  a  convention  held  at  Columbus,  O.,  in  December,  1886, 
when  a  National  organization  was  formed,  a  constitution  adopted, 
and  the  title  taken  of  The  American  Federation  of  Labor.  This  body 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOR.  283 

and  the  Order  of  Knights  of  Labor  of  America  (which  is  a  secret 
order)  are  the  two  principal  National  labor  organizations  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 


THE  UJOTED  STATES  POST  OFFICE.-Few  Amer- 
icans really  know  how  great  a  thing  the  Post  Office  establishment  of 
the  United  States  is.  The  United  states  has  more  post  offices  than 
all  the  countries  of  Europe,  nearly  four  times  as  many  as  Great 
Britain  or  Germany,  and  nine  times  as  many  as  Austria  or  France. 
British  India,  with  2-13,000,000  of  people,  has  but  6,721  post  offices. 
The  United  States,  with  50,152,000  people,  has  53,614  post  offices  of 
all  kinds.  Germany,  with  her  45,000,000  people,  has  but  15,428.  Great; 
Britain,  for  35,000,000  people,  has  16,434.  Hayti,  probably,  has  fewer 
post  offices  than  any  other  country  in  the  world,  there  being  but  three 
for  560,000  people.  In  the  United  States  there  is  a  post  office  for 
every  1,000  people.  Aside  from  these  statistics  in  regard  to  popula- 
tion, the  postal  system  in  the  United  States  covers  more  ground  than 
any  other  in  the  world.  For  instance,  there  are  121,000  miles  of  rail- 
way service,  more  than  all  of  the  rest  of  the  world  together.  There 
were  carried  in  the  mails  of  the  world  in  1886  the  enormous  number 
of  11,640,000,000  pieces  of  mail  matter,  of  which  the  mails  of  all  the 
United  States  carried  one-third,and  the  mails  of  Europe  nearly  two- 
thirds. 


SOME  MOBSTER  «U  It.  OINC^S.— Below  will  be  found 
the  dimensions  of  some  of  the  most  wonderful  architectural  feats  of 
man: 

Babel,  now  called  Birs  Nimroud,  bnilt  at  Babylon  by  Belus,  was 
used  as  an  observatory  and  as  a  temple  of  the  Sun.  It  was  composed 
of  eight  square  towers,  one  over  the  other,  in  all  670  feet  hign,  and 
the  same  dimensions  on  each  side  on  the  ground. 

The  Coliseum  at  Rome,  built  by  Vespasian  for  100,000  spectators, 
was  in  its  longest  diameter  61 5.5' feet,  and  in  the  shortest  510;  em- 
braced 5*4  acres,  and  was  120  feet  high. 

Eight  aqueducts  supplied  ancient  Rome  with  water,  delivering  40 
millions  of  cubic  feet  daily.  That  of  Claudia  was  47  miles  long  and 
100 feet  high,  so  as  to  furnish  the  hills.  Martia  was  41  miles,  of 
which  37  were  on  7,000  aches  70  feet  high.  These  vast  erections 
would  never  have  been  built  had  the  Romans  known  that  water  al- 
ways rises  to  its  own  level. 

The  Temple  of  Diana,  at  Ephesus,  was  4^5  feet  long  and  225  feet 
broad,  with  127  columns,  bOO  feet  high,  to  support  the  roof.  It  was 
220  years  in  building. 

Solomon's  Temple,  built  B.  C .  1014,  was  60  cubits  or  107  feet  in 
length,  the  breadth  20  cubits  or  36  feet,  and  the  height  30  cubits  or  54 
feet.  The  porch  was  36  feet  long  and  18  feet  wide. 

The  largest  one  of  the  Egyptian  pyramids  is  543  feet  high,  693  feet 
on  the  sides,  and  its  base  covers  11  acres.  The  layers  of  stones  are 
208  in  number.  Many  stones  are  over  30  feet  long,  4  broad  and  3  thjck. 

The  Temple  of  Ypsambul,  in  Nubia,  is  enormously  massive,  and 
cut  out  of  the  solid  rock .  Belzoni  found  in  it  four  immense  figures, 
65  ieet  high,  25  feet  over  the  shoulders,  with  a  face  of  7  feet  and  the 
ears  over  3  feet. 

Sesostris  erected  in  the  temple  in  Memphis  immease  statues  of 
himself  and  his  wife,  50  feet  high,  and  of  his  children,  28  feet. 

In  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  at  Baalbec,  are  stones  more  than  60  feet 
long,  24  feet  thick  and  16  broad,  each  embracing  »3,000  cubic  feet,  cut, 
squared,  sculptured  and  transported  from  neighboring  quarries.  Six 
enormous  columns  are  each.72feet  high,  composed  of  three  stones  7 
feet  in  diameter.  Sesostris  is  credited  with  having  transported  from 
the  mountains  of  Arabia  a  rock  32  feet  wide  and  240  feet  long. 


284  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

HOW  TO   DESTROY   THE    EFFECTS  OF   ACID 

OUT  <D  kOTHES.— Dampen  as  soon  as  possible,  after  exposure  to 
the  acid,  with  spirits  ammonia.  It  will  destroy  the  effect  immedi- 
ately.   

FINENESS  OF  IT..  S.  COIN.-The  gold  coins  are  nine- 
tenths  fine;  the  silver  coins,  nine-tenths  fine:  the  copper-nickel 
coins,  such  as  the  5-cent  piece  and  3-cent  piece,  are  one-fourth 
nickel  and  three-fourths  copper;  the  bronze  coins  are  95  per  cent, 
copper  and  5  per  cent,  tin  and  zinc.  The  alloy  in  the  gold  coins  is 
silver  and  copper ;  in  the  silver  coins,  copper. 

CURIOSITIES  OF  THE  BIBI.E.-The  Bible  contains 
3,566,480  letters,  773,746  words,  31,173  verses,  1,189  chapters  and 
66  books.  The  word  AND  occurs  46,277  times.  The  word  LORD  oc- 
curs 1,855  times.  The  word  REVEREND  occurs  but  once,  which  is  in, 
the  9th  verse  of  the  lllth  Psalm.  The  middle  verse  is  the  8th  verse 
of  the  118th  Psalm.  The  twenty-first  verse  of  the  7th  chapter  of  Ezra 
contains  all  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  except  the  letter  J.  The 
longest  verse  is  the  9th  verse  of  the  8th  chapter  of  Esther.  The 
shortest  verse  is  the  35th  verse  of  the  llth  chapter  of  St.  John. 
There  are  no  words  or  names  of  more  than  six  syllables. 


I/EG-AI*  BREVITIES.— A  note  dated  on  Sunday  .is  void. 
A  note  obtained  by  fraud,  or  from  one  intoxicated,  is  void.  If  a  note 
be  lost  or  stolen,  it  does  not  release  the  maker,  he  must  pay  it.  An 
endorser  of  a  note  is  exempt  from  liability,  if  not  served  with  notice 
of  its  dishonor  within  24  hours  of  its  non-payment.  A  n9te%bya 
minor  is  void.  Notes  bear  interest  only^  when  so  stated.  Principals 
are  responsible  for  their  agents.  Each  individual  in  partnership  isj 
responsible  for  the  whole  amount  of  the  debts  of  the  firm.  Igno- 
rance of  the  law  excuses  no  one.  It  is  a  fraud  to  conceal  a  fraud. 
It  is  illegal  to  compound  a  felony.  The  law  compels  no  one  to  do 
impossibilities.  An  agreement  without  consideration  is  void^  Sig-, 
natures  in  lead  pencil  are  good  in  law.  A  receipt  for  money  is  not 
legally  conclusive.  The  acts  of  one  partner  bind  all  the  others. 
Contracts  made  on  Sunday  cannot  be  enforced.  A  contract  with  a 
minor  is  void.  A  contract  made  with  a  lunatic  is  void.  Written 
contracts  concerning  land  must  be  under  seal. 


NOTABLE  BRID&ES  OF  THE  WORLD.— Sublician 
bridge,  at  Rome,  oldest  wooden  bridge ;  seventh  century.  Twicei 
rebuilt,  but  ruins  only  remain. 

The  bridge  at  Burton,  over  the  Trent,  once  the  longest  bridge  in 
England,  1 ,545  feet. 

The  old  London  bridge  was  the  first  stone  bridge.  Commenced  in 
1176,  completed  in  1209. 

The  bridge  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  Florence,  built  in  1569.  Marble, 
322  feet  long. 

The  bridge  of  Sighs,  at  Venice,  over  which  condemned  prisoners 
passed  to  execution,  was  built  in  1589. 

The  Rialto,  at  Venice,  a  single  marble  arch,  built  from  designs  of 
Michael  Angelo.  98T/<  feet  long,  completed  .1591. 

Coalbrookdale  bridge,  England,  was  the  first  cast-iron  bridge. 
Built  over  the  Severn  in  1779. 

New  London  bridge,  granite,  from  designs  of  L.  Rennier.  Com- 
menced in  1824,  completed  in  about  seven  years ;  cost  $7,291,000. 

The  Britannia  bridge,  over  the  Menai  Strait,  Wales,  103  feet  above 
high  water.  Wrought  iron,  1,511  feet  long,  finished  in  1850.  Cost 
$3,008,000. 

The  Niagara  Suspension  bridge  was  built  by  Roebling  in  1852-55. 
Cost  $400,000.  245  feet  above  water,  1,268  feet  long,  estimated 
1,200  tons. 

The  Brooklyn  bridge  was  commenced  under  the  directions  of  J. 
Roebling  in  1870,  and  completed  in  about  thirteen  years.  3,479 
feet  long,  135  feet  high.  Cost  nearly  $15,000,000, 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


285 


INDEX  POCKETMAPS  OF  ALL  THE  STATES  &  TERRITORIES. 

These  maps  are  most  convenient  for  any  one,  as  any  town,  post- 
office,  or  railroad  station  can  be  found  in  a  moment  by  tne  index,  and 
located  on  the  map.  The  cost  is  very  small  and  they  are'in  a^ conveni- 
ent form  for  carrying  in  the  pocket  or  for  keeping  about  the  house. 

For  15  cents  additional  to  the  price  of  the  map  we  will  include  THE 
WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED  one  year.  For  40  cents  added  to 
the  price  of  either  map  we  will  include  the  Guide  and  Hand  Book  of 
Useful  Information.  For  50  cents  adcied  |to  price  of  either  map  we 
will  send  MAP,  GUIDE  and  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED  . 


Alabama $.25 

Arizona 25 

Arkansas 25 

California 25 

Colorado 25 

Connecticut 25 

Dakota 25 

Delaware 25 

Florida 25 

Georgia 25 

Idaho 25 

Indian  Ter 25 

Iowa 25 

Kansas .25 

Kentucky 25 

Louisiana 25 

WEW     INDEX 


So.  Carolina 25 

Tennessee 25 

Texas 40 

United  States 25 

Utah .25 

Vermont 25 

Virginia 40 

Washington  Ter.   .25 

W.Virginia 25 

Wisconsin 25 


Maine $.25    Ohio 25 

Manitoba 25    Ontario 25 

Maryland 25    Oregon 25 

Massachusetts...     .25    Pennsylvania 25 

Michigan 25    Rhode  Island 25 

Mexico  (old) 25 

Mississippi 25 

Missouri. .25 

Minnesota 25 

Montana 25 

New  Hampshire.     .25 

New  York 25 

New  Jersey 25 

Nebraska 25 

Nevada 25 

North  Carolina. . .     .25    Wyoming 25 

PICTORIAL  MAP  OF  UNITED 
STATES  AM>  WORL.D. 
This  is  the  largest  map  ever  printed  on  one  sheet.  It  shows 
New  Railroads,  County  Divisions,  Indian  Reservations,  Commer- 
cial Points  and  Towns  of  Importance.  One  side  shows  the  United 
States,  Canada,  Alaska  and  Mexico,  the  other  side  the  World.  It  is 
mounted  on  rollers,  colored  and  varnished,  with  reversing  top,  ready 
to  hang  on  the  wall. 

Accompanying  each  map  is  a  complete  Gazetteer  of  275  pages 
showing  how  to  find  any  town  or  postoffice  on  the  map  at  a  moment's 
glance,  and  giving  the  population  of  the  same. 

This  valuable  book  also  contains  a  complete  cyclopaedia  of 
statistics  arranged  alphabetically;  important  facts  for  the  people 
which  may  be  quickly  referred  to  and  which  will  be  found  very  in- 
teresting and  instructive. 

SIZE  OF  MAP  45x61  IN.    PRICE,  WITH  BOOK,  S3 
Owing  to  the  great  demand  for  this  splendid  new  map,  we  have 
made  arrangements  to  deliver  either  by  mail  or  express  at  any  place 
in  the  United  States  or  Canada  without  extra  charge. 

Copy  of  THE  WESTER*  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED  one  year  included 
with  each  of  these  large  maps  without  extra  charee.  Address 

THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  Chicago,  III. 


286 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 
n'n 


The  following  Directory  gives  the  names  and  references  of  relia- 
ble persons  or  firms  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States  who  will, 
for  compensation,  look  after  the  property  in  their  respective  sections 
belonging  to  non-residents,  Pay  Taxes,  Collect  Rents  and  Interest  on 
Mortgages,  and  take  general  care  of  the  property  for  the  prevention 
oi  waste.  • 

ARKANSAS. 

ADDRESS. 

Des  Arc. 

ARIZONA. 

E .  F.  Kellner,  Banker,  Globe  City. 

CALIFORNIA. 


NAME. 
Jas.  E.  Gale  wo  d, 


REFERENCE. 


En  gene  Pannenbery, 
I.  R.  Marston, 


Coe  &  Howard, 
Kendall  Banking  Co. 
I.  J.  Bales, 
W.  H.  Heaton, 


San  Diego, 
Penryn, 


Bank  of  Prescott,  Ari. 
Hollenbach's  Bk.,  Auburn. 


BVUU, 

B.  J.  Kelsey,  Cashier,  Aurora. 

FLORIDA. 


DAKOTA. 

Columbia,  First  National  Bank. 

Howard. 

Gettysburgh,  Potter  County  Bank. 

Gettysburgh,  Potter  County  Bank. 


M  .  MB  lack  burn, 
W.  W.  Newton, 
P.  C.  Fisher, 

W.  H.  Edwards, 
J.  T.  Bernard  &  Son, 
James  S.  Gardner, 
G    B .  Griffin  &  Son, 
D.  O.  Hichey  &  Son, 


B.M.  Willoughby, 


J.  F.  Bishop, 
Warren  Walker, 
E.  J.  Wood,  Cashier. 
J.  F.  Jack, 


Live  Oak,  Judge  E.J.  Van,  Madison. 

Enterprise. 

Green  Cove  Sp'ngs.  National  Bank  of  Florida 

Jacksonville. 

Lake  Butler,  H.F.York,  Ck.  Bradford  Co 

Tallahassee,  B.C.  Lewis  &  Co.  Bankers. 

Marianna.  Clerk  Jackson  County. 

Jacksonville,  N.  W.  Nat.  Bank,  Chicago. 

Fort  Myers. 

INDIANA. 

Vincennes,  First  Nat.  Bank. 

IOWA. 

Robert  Truman,  Banker. 


Afton, 
Primghar, 
Estberville, 
Albia, 


Bank  of  Estherville. 
First  National  Bank. 


Sheridan  Co.  Bank, 
Isaac  Mullholland, 


R.  M.  Jones, 


Emmel  White, 


Geo.  A.  Clarke, 
Bank  of  Glenwood, 

H.  H.  Eckholdt, 


KANSAS. 

Hoxie,  Bk.  of  America,  N.  Y.  City, 

lloxie,  Nat.  Bk.of  Kansas  City,Mo. 

KENTUCKY. 

Stanton,  Exch'g  Bk.  Mt.  Sterling. 

MICHIGAN. 

Reed  City,  H.  G.  Packard,  Bankers. 

MINNESOTA. 

Mankato,  .     Mankato  National  Bank. 

Glenwood,  Gilman  Sons  &  Co.,  N.  Y. 

City. 
Rochester,  Union  Nat.  Bank. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK, 


287 


MISSOURI. 

J.  H .  Kyle,  Harrisonville,  Harrisonville  Bank. 

NEBRASKA. 

C.  R.  Glover,  Long  Pine,  Brown  County  Bank. 

O.  F.  Davis  &  Co.  Omaha. 

Alex.  Reed,  Blair,  A.  Castetter,  Banker. 

T.  R.  Evans,  Norden. 

XEW  MEXICO. 

Geo.  L.  Wratten,  Albuquerque,  First  National  Bank. 

TEXAS. 

Arthur  C.  Tompkins,    Hemptead,  J.  A.  Felher,  Banker. 

WISCOXSIM. 


Wm.  F.  Terhune,          De  Sota, 
D.  A.  Frazer,  Florence. 


J.  M.  Rush,  Governor. 


WATERWORKS,  CHIHUAHUA,  MEXICO. 


PUBLISHED    QUARTERLY, 

Gives  an  account  of  all  Public  Lands,  where  Lo- 
cated and  Subject  to  any  of  the  various 
Forms  of  Entry. 

It  also  gives  information  of  all  States  and  Territories,  including 
the  various  Industries.  It  has  among  its  Correspondents  the  Regis- 
ters and  Receivers  of  all 

Government   Land   Offices, 

and  Officials  of  every  State  and  Territory,  beside  its  own  Special, 
Local  and  Traveling  Correspondents,  insuring  all  its  information  to 
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For  Home-Seetes,  Tourists  or  Settlers, 

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fiou/  to  5^  /Aoi?ey- 

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ceire  the  money.  We  send  nothing  C.  O.  D.  Money  maybe  sent  by 
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nications to 


U/orid, 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


The  Every  Day  Cook  Book. 


PUBLISHED  BY 

THE  WESTERN  WORLD, 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


I  HIS  is  one  of  the  most 
I  complete  and  valuable 
\  Receipt  Books  ever  pub- 
lished.   Besides  all  practical 
Receipts  for  Cooking,  it  con- 
tains a  vast  amount  of  infor- 
mation   valuable  to  every 
housekeeper. 

The  Book  is  printed  from 
new  plates,  on  good  paper, 
with  elegantly  engraved  cov- 
er, printed  in  three  colors.  It- 
contains  320  pages,  and  sells 
for  One  Dollar.  Having  ar- 
ranged with  the  owners  of 
the  Copyright,  we  are  en- 
abled to  make  this  combina- 
tion offer: 


we  will  send  the  three  fol- 
lowing : 
The  Western  World,  Illustrated. 

The  Collide  and  Hand-Book. 

The  Every  J>ay  Cook:  Hook. 
^p-Only  $1.00  for  the  all  above  by  mail,  postpaid. 

THE    DORE    ART    PORTFOLIO. 

This  Portfolio  is  11x14  inches,  and  besides  a  picture  of  Gustav 
Dore,  the  great  French  Artist,  it  contains  the  following  beautiful  en- 
gravings: Expulsion  from  the  Garden  of  Eden. 

Entering  the  Ark. 

Noah  Cursing  Ham. 

Samson  and  Delilah. 

Ruth  and  Boaz. 

Death  of  Saul. 

The  Judgment  of  Solomon. 

Daniel  in  the  Lion's  Den. 

Daniel  Confounding  the  Priests  of  Baal. 

The  Nativity. 

Christ  Healing  the  Sick. 

Sermon  on  the  Mount. 

The  Disciples  Plucking  Corn  on  the  Sabbath. 

Jesus  Walking  on  the  Water. 

The  Agony  in  the  Garden . 

Death  on  the  Pale  Horse. 

Few  people  would  value  this  Art  Portfolio  less  than  $1.00.  To 
make  the  above  combination  still  more  desirable,  we  will  include  the 
Portfolio  to  any  one  sending  ten  cents  additional,  for  postage. 

Only  $1. 10  for  all  on  this  page,  postpaid. 


THE  WESTERN   WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Just  published,  an  entirely  NE\V,  REVISED,  and  greatly  ENLARGED 
edition  of  this  useful  and  popular  work,  the  result  of  nearly  twenty 
years  of  study  and  thought  in  devising  Commercial  Tables  and  orig- 
inal Methods  for  simplifying  and  shortening  the  work  in  practical 
calculations. 

It  will  make  the  study  of  arithmetic  interesting  and  easy  for  all, 
as  it  teaches  only  the  simplest,  shortest  and  most  practical  methods 
in  a  practical  manner.  Consequently  it  will  prove  of  great  advantage 
to  those  who  have  not  had  the  opportunity  or  ability  to  master 
and  memorize  all  its  rules  and  principles  in  their  earlier  days;  or 
those  who  would  now  and  then  review,  provided  they  had  the  cream 
of  .this  great  and  useful  science  condensed  in  50  or  60  pages,  which  is 
here  successfully  achieved. 

IT    WILL    SHOW    AT    A    GLANCE 

The  correct  value  of  any  quantity  of  grain,  stock,  hay,  coal,  cotton, 
butter,  eggs,  and  all  kinds  of  merchandise,  at  any  price,  without  mak- 
ing a  single  figure,  as  illustrated  on  opposite  page. 

The  exact  interest  on  any  sum,  for  any  time  and  at  any  rate  per 
cent.  The  wages  for  any  time,  at  any  rate  per  month,  week,  day  or 
hour. 

The  accurate  measurement  of  logs,  lumber,  land,  cisterns,  tanks, 
bins,  wagon-beds,  corn-cribs,  hay-stacks,  cordwood,  and  carpenters1, 
plasterers1  and  bricklayers1  work 

Besides,  it  contains  exchange,  discount,  freight,  grocers'  and  gin- 
ners1  tables ;  tables  of  money,  weights,  measures,  board,  rent,  specific 
gravity,  etc.  Also  a  perpetual  Calendar  for  instantly  ascertaining 
the  "Day  of  the  Week,"  for  any  date  in  the  past  or  future. 

The  second  part  is  a  complete  Arithmetic,  designed  for  practical 
work,  in  which  all  its  rules  and  principles  are  clearly  explained,  and 
illustrated  by  practical  examples.  Among  its  many  original  fea- 
tures, we  have  only  space  to  mention  the  following: 

An  entirely  new  and  simple  process  for  "adding  long  columns  of 
figures,11  with  the  greatest  ease  and  unerring  rapidity,  by  "casting 
out  the  tens,11  whereby  the  mind  is  entirely  relieved,  and  the  tendency 
to  err,  or  get  confused,  greatly  diminished 

Many  new  methods  for  finding  the  value  of  articles  sold  by  the 
bnshel,  hundred-weight,  ton,  piece,  pound,  yard,  or  dozen,  without 
getting  involved  in  fractions  and  complicated  operations. 

Three  entirely  new  methods  for  computing  time  andinterest,  either 
one  of  which  is  easier  and  shorter  than  any  rule  heretofore  published 
for  computing  interest. 

The  principles  of  "advance  and  discount11  by  percentage,  thor- 
oughly and  clearly  elucidated  by  six  original  tables  and  methods. 
This  feature  alone  is  worth  many  times  the  cost  of  the  book  to  any 
teacher,  accountant,  or  business  man. 

The  many  short  and  original  rules  in  practical  mensuration, 
among  them  the  only  correct  one  ever  published  for  estimating  the 
contents  of  saw-logs. 

In  fact,  all  the  practical  features  found  in  Higher  Arithmetics, 
Lightning  Calculators,  Ready  Reckoners,  Interest,  Wages,  Log  and 
Lumber  Tables,  are  here  combined;  besides  many  original  Rules  and 
'Tables  which  really  are  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  work.  And 
aside  from  this,  a  more  convenient  and  desirable  pocket  memoran- 
dum, than  Nos.  3  or  5,  has  never  before  been  offered  to  the  public. 

The  book  is  neatly  printed  on  the  finest  quality  of  linen  fiber  pa- 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


per,  128  pages,  and  elegantly  bound  in  pocket-book  form;  has  full 
and  clear  explanations  in  English;  also  in  German  to  nearly  all  the 
tables.  The  Nos.  3  and  5  are  supplied  with  pockets,  a  silicate  slate, 
and  a  valuable  Account-book,  which  contains  printed  headings,  and 
self-instructing  formulas  for  keeping  a  systematic  record  of  receipts 
and  expenditures— in  fact,  all  about  book-keeping  that  is  needed  by 
farmers,  mechanics  and  laborers. 

Problems  in  Cost  of  Grain,  Stock,  Hay,  Coal,  Cotton,  Etc, 

Stock  Shipper.— 
Your  bunch  of  hogs 
weigh  just  3625  Ibs., 
and  at  $3.75  per  cwt. 
they  come  to  $125 .94 
Here  is  a  check  for 
the  amount. 

Farmer— Hold  on, 
sir;  there  is  a  mis- 
take somewhere.  I 
see  by  Ropp's  Com- 
mercial Calculator 
that  the  amoun  tj 
should  be  $135.94. 

8. 8.— (after  look- 
ing over  his  figures 
carefully) —You  are 
right ;  here  is  a  $10 
bill  with  your  check 
Pardon  my  mistake. 
(See  stock  Table, 
p.  6 ;  and  Rules,  Art. 
98,99.)  * 

In  the  same  rapid 
manner,  the  amount  of  a  load  of  hay  weighing,  for  instance,  2670  Ibs., 
at  $13  per  ton,  is  instantly  found  to  be  $17.39.  Of  a  bale  of  cotton, 
weighing  528  Ibs.,  at  8%  cts.,  $46.20,  etc.  See  Hay,  Coal  and  Cotton 
Tables,  pp.  10  and  11 ,  and  Rules,  Art.  96,  99. 

Farmer — Good  morning,  sir.  What  are  yon  paying  for  corn  to-day  ? 

Grain  Buyer— We  are  paying  45  cents  to-day. 

F.—  What  is  the  weight  of  my  load? 

G.  B.—The  net  weight  is  just  2950  Ibs. 

..P.— (opening  his  Calculator)— Then  I  had  on  52  bus.  and  38  Ibs,, 
and  it  comes  to  $23.70. 

(See  Grain  Tables,  pp.  15,  28;  also  Rules,  Art.  94,  95.) 

G.  Z?.— (after  figuring  it  up)— Correct.  Why,  since  when  can  you 
figure  so  rapidly? 

F.— Oh,  ever  since  I  use  Ropp's  Commercial  Calculator.    It  is  a 
capital  work,  and  saves  not  only  time  and  labor,  but  often  dollars  and 
•  cents  as  well.     I  would  not  be  without  a  copy  for  twice  the  amount 
of  this  load  of  corn. 

"A  handy  little  volume,  in  pocket-book  form,  in  which  is  con- 
densed an  immense  amount  of  useful  information  in  the  shape  of 
tables  and  short  cuts  through  calculations,  which  ordinarily  bristle 
with  a  formidable  array  of  perplexing  figures.  *  *  *  Altogether  it  is 
an  exceedingly  useful  manual,  which" will  prove  of  great  assistance  to 
farmers  and  business  men.11—  Scientific  American^  New  York. 

PRICES  OF  DIFFERENT  STYLES  OF  BINDING. 

No.  1.    In  English  cloth,  best  quality,  silk  finish,  gold  title. . .  9     5O 

No.  3.    Am.  Russia  Leather, with  Account-book,  Slate,  Pocket, 

Flap,  etc. ,  with  gold  title 1  OO 

No.  5.    Finest  Russia  Calf,  Gilt-edges,  with    Account-book,  t? 

Q         Slate,  Pocket,  Fla-p,  etc.,  with  gold  title 1  5O 

A  Copy  of  "The  Western  World.  Illustrated,"  one 

year,  with  each  Book.    This  is  a  splendid  offer. 


Comes  to  $135.94 
at  $3.75  per  cwt. 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


ft" 


How  to  Propagate  I  Grow  Fruit. 

It  contains  8O  solid,  con- 
densed pages,  full  book  size, 
over  5O  illustrations,  and  a 
beautiful  lithographic  colored 
plate.  Over  one  hundred  topics 
are  discussed  by  those  fitted  by 
experience  to  advise. 

40,000 

COPIES  SOLD  the  past 
»  eight  months.  It  gives  the  lat- 
est  and  most  approved  methods 
found  in  no  other  publication . 
IT  TELLS  HOW  TO  PROPAGATE 
Strawberries,  Raspberries,  Cur- 
rants, Gooseberries,Grapes,  the 
Quince,  Peach,  Apricot,  Plum, 
Cherry,  Pear  and  Apple ;  with 
illustrations  showing  how  to 

bud,  how  to  graft,  how  to  propagate  from  layers,  stools  marching, 

with  full  instructions  for  grafting  the  grape. 

SUCCESS  WITH  FRUITS. 

IT  TELLS  HOW  to  begin  Fruit  Growing,  how  to  Locate  a 
Farm  or  Garden,  Seasons  for  Planting,  Laying  Out  a  Fruit  Farm,  and 
about  the  Profits  of  Fruit  Growing.  Also,  how  to  Prepare  the  Soil, 
about  Planting,  Mulching,  Pruning,  and  Cultivation,  Training,  Sum- 
mer Pinching. 

HOW  to  GROW 
GRAPES  AND 
.  BERRIES. 

How  Poor  Men 

may  begin. 
What  Farmers 
should  do  about 
Fruit  Growing. 
Causes  of  Fail- 
ure and  Success 
Growing  Dwarf 
Pears.  How  to 
Care  for  Apples. 
Watering  newly 
Set  Trees :  and 
lastly, a  valuable 
Essay  on  Raising  Small  Fruits,  by  a  Veteran  Fruit  Grower. 

"  Everything  in  Mr.  Green's  book  is  practical.''1—^.  Ohmer,  Pres- 
ident, Dayton,  Ohio. 

"  This  is  a  book  written  by  a  man  that  knows  what  he  is  talking 
about.  An  experienced  nurseryman,  a  careful  observer,  an  excel- 
lent, forcible  writer.  It  is  just  the  book  many  of  our  friends  will 
need.— Rural  New  Yorker. 

Price  of  above  book,  by  mail,  postpaid,  25  Cents. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS.  7 


f 


GUIDE  TO 

ruit 


This  Book  is  just  published  by  Chas.  A.  Green,  and  contains  be- 
sides much  additional  information,  all  that  was  contained  in  his 
First  Books,  viz:  "Plum  and  Cherry  Culture,1'  "Raspberry  and 
Blackberry  Culture,"  "Apple  and  Pear  Culture,11  "  Guide  to  Grape 
Culture,11  and  "  Guide  to  Strawberry  Culture."  The  book  contains 
128  pages,  and  will  be  sent  by  mail  for  only  35  cents. 


GREEN'S 


Published  quarterly.    Price  50  cents  a  year. 


ALL  POI^  ONE  DOLLAR. 

For  only  $1.00  we  will  send,  How  to  Propagate  and  Grow  Fruit; 
Guide  to  Fruit  Culture;  Green's  Fruit  Grower,  one  year;  and  The 
Western  World,  Illustrated,  one  year,  all  postpaid. 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


COI^N  FIELD,  KANSAS. 

ST.  LOUIS,  FT.  SCOTT  &  WICHITA  HAILROAD. 


jTarmer 


Is  the  leading  Agricultural,  Live  Stock  and  Family  Weekly  Journal 
published  in  Kansas,  or  the  New  West.  Those  wanting  information  of 
this  great  State  should  send  for  this  paper.  Subscription  price  $1.5O 
a  year.  For  the  same  price  we  will  include  THE  GUIDE  AND  HAND- 
BOOK of  Useful  Information,  and  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUS- 
TRATED, for  one  year,  all  postpaid  for  &1.5O. 

The  Weekly  Journal.,0 

Kansas  City.  Mo  ,  price,  $1.OO.  is  one  of  the  best  Weeklies  for  in- 
formation of  the  Southwest.  We  include  THE  WESTERN  WORLD, 
ILLUSTRATED,  at  the  same  price,  both  for  $1.OO,  postage  paid. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS.  9 


Our  Great 

Sewing  Machine 


THE   DEMAND   FOB  A 

Good, 
Well- 


Made 
Family 
Sewing 


Marhinp  /This  Cut  Represents  No.  2. 


(No.  1  is  the  same  without  cover). 

is  so  universal,  we  have  arranged  for  the  most  approved,  most  widely 
known,  and  best  selling  style  machine  (the  Singer)  to  lie  manufact- 
ured expressly  for  our  subscribers  ;  and  as  we  have  already  sent  out 
several  thousand,  and  from,  the  rate  we  are  receiving  orders,  can 
safely  reckon  on  sending  out  many  thousand  more,  wo  are  able  to 
have  them  produced 

At  a  Cost  Far  Below  the  Usual  Wholesale  Prices! 
*>  o 

and  we  give  our  subscribers  the  full  benefit   of  this   great  e;>. 
Although  they  are  manufactured  by  the  thousands, 


10 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


is  Thoroughly 


By  at  least  two  or  three  competent  persons,  to  see  that  it  is  perfect 

and  does  good  work,  before  it  leaves  the  factory. 
ALL  THE  MATERIAL,  entering  into  the  construction  of 


these  machines  is  of  the  very  best,  and  all  the  parts  are  nicely  fitted. 
:  Walnut,  Oil  Polished.    The  iron  work  is 


The  wood  work  is  of  Black  ^ 


nicely  Ornamented  and  Japanned,  and  they  are  an  ornament  in  any 
lady's  room.  With  each  machine  we  include  a 

FULL  SET   OF  ATTACHMENTS! 

Which  have  formerly 
Bold  for  as  much  as 
we  now  sell  the  ma- 
chine, attachments 
and  all.  These  at- 
tachments include 
one  Johnson's  Foot 
Huffier,  one  set  Hem- 
merSjOne  Tucker,  one 
Foot  Hemmer  or  Fril- 
ler,  one  Package  of 
Needles,  six  Bobbins, 
one  Screw  Driver,  one 
Oil  Can,  extra  Check 
Spring,  one  Gauge, 
one  Guage  Screw,  one 
Wrench,  and  an  In- 
struction Book,which 
will  enable  any  per- 
son not  accustomed 
to  running  a  machine 
to  soon  learn . 

At  the  prices  given 
each  machine  is  cra- 
ted in  good  order  for 
shipment  and  deliv- 
ered to  the  Express 
office  or  Freight  De- 
pot in  Chicago,  and 
they  will  go  safely  to 
any  part  of  the  coun- 
try. The  weight  is 
•rt»:«»*iB«  O^Kt*.j"L«9^»-»<4.^  M*%  o  about  100 pounds,  and 

This  cut  Represents  No.  3.  the  cost  of  shipping 

within  500  miles  of  Chicago  is  from  50  cents  to  $1.00;  to  the  Atlantic 
Coast,  the  Gulf  or  about  the  same  distance  West,  about  $1.50,  and 
about  double  this  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Each  Machine  is  Guarantees  Perfect! 

and  the  manufacturers  give  their  guarantee  for  FIVE  YEARS. 

From  the  large  number  we  have  sent  out,  and  from  the  very  few 
complaints  we  have  had,  we  do  not  hesitate  to  guarantee  every  ma- 
chine to  give  our  subscribers  entire  satisfaction,  and  the  only  risk  we 
ask  them  to  run  is  to 

Return  the  Machine  to  us  at  once  if  it  is  not  entire- 
mjy  Satisfactory  and  we  will  return  the  money. ( 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS.  11 

Owing  to  the  large  number 

we  use,  and  consequently  the  great  saving  in 
manufacturing,  we  haue  made  a  reduction  in 
prices,  and  as  we  giue  subscribers  the  benefit 
of  this  we  expect  them  to  do  all  they  can  to 
influence  others  to  subscribe  for  THE  WESTERN 
WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED.  Remember,  at  the  prices 
given,  the  paper  is  included  one  year. 


This  cut  Represents  No.  4. 

EXTRA   NEEDLES. 

We  can  send  Needles  by  mail  which  will  fit  any  make  of  the  Singer 
Style  Sewing  Machine.  They  are  put  up,  10  in  a  paper,  of  the  fol- 
lowing assorted  sizes :  2  No.  l/2,  3  No.  1,  3  No.  2,  and  2  No.  3.  No.  V4 
is  the  finest;  No.  3  the  coarsest.  Price,  per  paper,  £5  Cents. 

Large  papers,  25  Needles  of  any  one  size,  50  cents. 

Other  extra  parts  will  be  furnished  as  follows :  Shuttles,  50  cte. ; 
Bobbins,  10  for  25  cts. ;  Belts,  three  for  25  cts. ;  Attachments,  per  set, 
$1.00.  All  by  mail,  postpaid,  in  quantities  as  above. 


14 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


EYE RY BODY 

knows  what 
Vick's  Seeds  are. 
'and  they  know  if 
they  get  these 
seeds  they  are  sure 
to  grow,  and  that 
a  whole  season 
will  not  be  lost  on 
account  of  having 
planted  worthless 
seeds.  Their  cata- 
logue, wrhich  they 
call  Floral  Guide 
is  a  beautiful 
book  of  140  pages 
with  colored  plates  and  illustrations  of  all  kinds  of  Flowers  and 
Vegetables,  with  a 
full  description  of 
each,  and  how  and 
when  to  sow  t 
seeds,  and  how 
cultivate  and  carej 
for  them.  It  also! 
gives  the  prices  of  9 
all  kinds  as  they! 
are  put  up  in  pack- 
ets for  sending  by  mail.  For  EACH  DOLLAR'S  WORTH  OR- 
DERED THROUGH  US  WE  WILL  INCLUDE  A  COPY  OF 

THE  WESTERN  WORLD, 

one  year,  and  for  TWO  DOLLARS  worth  we  will  send  the  Paper 

and 

GUIDE 

and  for  THREE 
Dollars  worth 
we  will  send  the 
ENTIIRE  COM- 
BINATION on 
ge3. 

pon  receipt  of 
your  money  you 
will  have  the 
mailed  to  you,  also 

we  send  you  an  order  on 
James  Yick,  Seedsman, 
for  the  full  amount  of 
your  money  in  ANY 
SEEDS  IN  PACKETS 
that  you  may  select  from 
the  Catalogue.  You  then 
forward  your  list  with 
your  order  to  Mr.  Vick 
and  you  will  receive  your 
Seeds  by  return  mail. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


15 


THE  LITTLE  GOBBLED. 


This  is  a  tool  for  everybody.  It  is  a  hollow  handle  made  of  hard 
wood,  five  inches  long,  and  weighing  three  ounces.  It  contains  in- 
side, on  a  spool,  fifty  feet  of  best  waxed  linen  shoe  thread.  The  spool 
is  also  hollow,  and  contains  three  awls  and  five  needles  of  various 
shapes  and  sizes.  The  thread  fits  the  needles,  and  the  awls  fit  the 
handle,  and  are  held  by  a  set  screw,  as  seen  in  the  cut.  It  is  for  use 
in  the  house,  field,  camp,  or  on  the  road,  for  making  immediate  re- 
pairs to  harness,  etc.,  when  one  use  of  it  will  be  worth  more  than  its 
whole  cost.  Farmers,  teamsters  or  drivers  should  not  be  without  it. 
Price,  by  mail,  only  5O  cents,  with  The  Western  World,  Illustrated, 
one  year. 


m  cur 


Boys  always  want  to  be 
doing  something,  and  noth- 
ing amuses  them  more  than 
a  SCROLL  SAW,  and  with 
which  they  can  quickly 
learn  to  make  many  useful 
articles. 

The  demand  for  a 

FOOT  POWER  SAW 

of  this  kind  is  so  great  that 
we  have  arranged  to  get  an 
excellent  Saw,  and  are  able 
to  furnish  it  with  the  paper 
at  a  very  low  price. 

For  Scroll  Sawing  it  is 
about  as  good  as  any  high 
priced  saw,  and  is  as  nicely 
finished. 

It  has  an  Iron  Tilting 
Table,  second  growth  Ash 
Arms,  18  inches  long;  im- 
proved Clamps,  etc. 

Weight  of  Saw,  17  Ibs.; 
weight  when  boxed,  35  Ibs. 
Boxed  for  shipment  by  Ex- 
press without  extra  charge. 
Price,  with  Paper,  S2.5O. 


16 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Bmalifal  Oil  f  aintings. 

Wo  offer  subscribers  to  THE  WESTERN  WOULD,  ILLUSTRATED,  an 
opportunity  to  get  Genuine  Oil  Paintings,  framed  i;  . 'lied 

ornamental  Gilt  Frames,  at  one-fifth,  and  probably  one-tenth,  what 
they  could  get  them  at  in  any  other  way.  Only  by  taking  immense 
quantities  are  we  able  to  make  any  such  offer,  and  we  feel  sure  that 
our  subscribers  everywhere  will  order  them  to  decorate  their  homes. 


What  an  Attractive  Advertisement! 


Beautiful  and  lasting,  one  of  these  Oil  Paintings  would  make  for 


any  business  man  in  town  or  city,  lettered,  as  shown  on  engravings. 
Suppose  "John  Smith,  Fancy  Dry  Goods  Dealer,   Public  Square, 
should  have  one  of  these  Paintings  in  the  Poet  Office,  the  Depot,  the 
Hotels,  and  all  Public  buildings;  every  one  in  town,  or  who  ever 
passed  through,  would  know  John  Smith's  business  and  where  h 
was    as  no  one  would  pass    such    beautiful  Landscape    Paintings 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


17 


Without  looking  at  them.  In  what  other  way  could  advertising  be 
done  so  well  and  so  cheaply.  No.  4  is  the  only  size  we  letter,  which 
we  do  without  extra  charge.  The  lettering  is  on  the  sky,  in  one 
corner,  so  it  does  not  mar  the  picture,  while  it  is  quite  conspicuous. 
These  pictures  are  all  hand  painted,  the  colors  are  bright  and  true  to 
nature,  and  combined  with  heavy  Gilt  Frames,  make  handsome  works 
of  Art.  They  are  crated  in  quantities  given  and  at  prices  delivered  to 
the  Express  office.  When  a  dozen  or  more  are  ordered  of  one  size,  dif- 
ferent subjects  will  be  sent,  all  attractive  and  interesting  Landscapes. 


. 

Ko.  1—  Size  8x10  in.,  154  in.  gilt  frame,  $6  per  doz.;  $3.50  per  Y2  doz. 
T         — 


.  .  ,  .        . 

.  2—  Size  10x20  in.,  2  in.  gilt  frame,  $8  per  doz.;  $4.75  per  y»  doz. 
.  3—  Size  14x22  in.,  3*4  in.  shell  gilt  frame,  $12  per  doz.  ;  $7  yz  doz. 
.  4—  Size  24x30  in.  ,  3ys  in.  shell  gilt  frame,  $15  per  doz.  ;  $8  y2  doz. 

$1.50  each.    This  size  lettered  without  extra  charge. 
Ki>.  5—  Size  22x30  in.,  4  in.  shell  gilt  frame,  $18  per  doz.;  $10  per  H 
doz.;  $2  each.     Orders  filled  promptly  upon  receipt  of  same. 


18 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Money  Drawer  or  Day  Safe, 


This  Drawer  is  indispensable  to 
any  store  or  shop.  The  lock  can  be 
Bet  on  thirty-two  differnt  combina- 
tions, and  the  combination  must  be 
known  to  the  person  who  tries  to 
open  it  or  else  the  bell  will  ring  and 
alarm  any  one  in  the  store.  It  is 
fastened  underneath  the  counter 
with  four  screws,  and  is  not  in  the 
way  of  the  merchant  and  is  out  of 
sight  of  his  customers.  These  Draw- 
ers are  sold  from  $3.00  to  $5.00. 
We  will  sendthe  very  best  one  made 
for  SfcSJ.OO.  by  Express,  and  include 
THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUS- 
TRATED, one  year.  Don't  letyour 
money  lay  around  loose ;  get  a  Mon- 
ey Drawer.  ¥011  will  save  the  price  in  no  time. 


"TIE  LITTLE 


BEST  SELF-INKMSPRING  STAMP. 

Business  Men,  Agents,  and  even  Farmers 
will  find  a  Rubber  Stamp  a  great  conven- 
ience. Send  us  what  you  want  on  the 
Stamp,  two  or  three  lines,  and  we  will  send 
it  by  mail  at  once.  Price,  No,  1,  8O  Cts., 
Xo.  £,  Sl.OO.  There  is  room  on  either  for 
two  or  three  lines,  which  is  sufficient  for 
name  and  address. 

Copy  of  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUS- 
TRATED, included  with  each  Stamp. 


Price  -by  mail,  OO 
Cents. 

Copy  of  THE  WEST- 
ERN  WORLD.  IL- 
LUSTRATED, inclu- 
ded with  each  Stamp. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


19 


CHAMPION  CASH  OR  DEED  BOXES. 

Each  box  is  secured 
by  a '-CHAMPION11 
Keyless  Lock,  to  be  op- 
ened on  3  numbers, 
affording  the  security 
of  an  ordinary  Safe, 
but  more  quickly  op- 
ened, as  the  luck  is 
more  simple.  The 
boxes  are  of  extra 
heavy  Tin,  and  in  all 
details  belong  to  the 
finest  qra.de  of  Jap- 
anned ware. 

The  owner  may  set  a  new  combination  without  removing  the  lock, 
but  two  cannot  be  sec  on  the  same  unless  made  alike  to  order.  The 
combination  can  be  recorded  in  any  number  of  places,  and  thus  be 
much  less  liable  to  loss  than  a  key.  The  original  combination  is  re- 
corded at  the  factory.  Full  directions  go  with  each  box.  Order  by 
number.  No  farmer  or  business  man  should  be  without  one. 


No. 


Width. 


Depth. 


Price 

of  Boxes. 

$3.50 

3.75 

4.00 

4.25 

4.50 


Price 

of  Trays. 

S  .50 

.75 

.80 

1.25 

1.50 


For  the  above  boxes 
are  very  often  essen- 
8j  tial  in  arranging  the 
|  contents  of  a  box  to 
|  advantage. 

These  prices  are  for  the  Boxes  at  the  factory,  and  owing  to  the  num- 
bers we  are  selling  we  have  decided  to  furnish  these  boxes  with  a  copy 
of  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  one  year,  and  deliver  them 
free  at  any  Express  office  or  Post  office  in  the  United  States.  This  is 
an  offer  that  should  not  be  overlooked,  especially  by  those  who  have 
Deeds,  Insurance  Policies,  Letters,  Papers  or  valuables  of  any  kind 
they  wish  to  place  where  they  will  be  secure  from  observation.  We 
furnish  these  valuable  little  Safes  with  or  without  the  Trays. 

Smith  New  Revolver. 

EQUAL  TO  ANY 


$10  RBVOLVSt. 


Smith  New  Kevolver  is  a  near  imitation  to  the 
renowned  Smith  &  Wesson    Kevolver;    has    long 
fluted  Cylinder,  32-100  calibre,  UH<>B  either  long  or  short  rim- 
fire  catridges.    Full  Nickle -Plated  and  Rubber  Handle.   Sent 
11  for  $3.5O,  and  a  copy  of  THE   WESTERN  WORLD, 
ILLUSTRATED,  one  year.     All  postage  paid  by  us. 


20 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Tea,  Spice,  or  Confectioners' 


ISficely  furnished 
with  Brass  Scoop, 
Steel  Bearings  and 
Brass  Beam.  Ca- 
pacity, y±  oz.  to  4 
bs.  Price,  with 

aper,  81.5O,    by 

xpress. 


GRAIN  TESTER 


Capacity,  2  qts. 
Price,  with  paper, 
by  Express. 


postal  or  Office 

This  Scale  is  the  same  style  as  the  Housekeepers'  Scale.  One  side 
of  the  beam  is  marked  to  show  the  postage  on  all  classes  of  mail 
matter  without  figuring;  the  other  side  is  marked  in  the  usual  way. 
Capacity,  J4  oz.  to  25  Ibs.  Price,  with  paper,  $2.OO,  by  Express. 

Jt?e  j-Ious^epers'  Scale 

This  is  the  hand- 
somest, ch-  apest, 
and  best  House- 
keepers' Scale  «rver 
made.  It  has  Steel 
Bearings,  a  Brass 
Beam,  heavy  Tin 
Scoop,  and  weighs 
from  M  oz.  to  25  Ibs. 
Boxed  for  shipment 
it  weighs  13  Ibs., 
and  is  sent  by  Ex- 
press. Price  only 
S2.5O  with  the 
Entire  Combination  on  page  3  of  this  Catalogue,  including  THE 
WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  Guide.  Cook  Book  and  Art  Portfolio. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


21 


FAMILY,  FARMERS'  OR  STORE  SCALES. 


This  represents  a  style  of  Scale  sold  in  larger  numbers  than  any 
other,  owing  to  its  being  adapted  for  weighing  both  large  aud  snull 
weights.  Its  capacity  is  from  %  oz.  to  240  Ibs.  it  is  inade  of  nice, 
smooth  Castings,  Steel  Bearings,  Brass  Beams,  heavy  Tin.  Scoop,  ac- 
curately sealed  and  nicely  Jappanned  Bright  Red,  and  Ornamented 
with  gilt.  Boxed  for  shipment  they^  weigh  40  Pounds,  and  will  be 
sent  by  Freight  or  Express.  Price,  including  paper,  only  $3.OO  for 
Single  Beam ;  and  83.5O  for  Double  Beam. 

Farm  or  Store 

Platform  Scale 

on  Rollers. 

The  various  uses 
for  which  this  Scale 
is  adapted  is  well 
known.  It  is  well 
made  of  the  best  ma- 
terial,Steel  Bearings, 
Brass  Sliding  Beam, 
and  finely  finished. 
The  size  of  platform 
is  17x26  inches;  ca- 
pacity, 1,000  pounds. 
Shipping  weight,  140 
pounds.  Price,  with 
paper, only  &15.OO. 

WAGON,  STOCK,  OR  HAY  SCALES. 

We  are  able  to  furnish  our  subscribers  the  best  Scale  that  is  made 
of  this  kind,  and  at  a  price  as  low,  or  lower,  than  the  cheapest  is 
sold.  These  Scales  are  made  with  Iron  Levers,  and  the  best  quality 
of  Steel  Bearings,  and  so  constructed  as  not  to  get  out  of  order  when 
once  rightly  set  up.  Each  Scale  has  a  Double  Brass  Beam,  of  the 
neatest  and  latest  pattern,  and  the  frame  for  the  beam  Box  is  also  in- 
cluded, as  well  as  full  and  complete  Directions  for  Setting.  We  make 
the  price  so  low  that  a  Farmer,  Ginner,  Stock  Raiser,  Merchant,  or 
any  one  who  has  use  for  a  Wagon  Scale,  will  find  it  poor  economy  to 
try  to  pet  along  without  one.  £ 

Price,  3H  Ton*,  Platform  7x13  Feet,  $4O  I  Paper  and  $5  worth,  from 
Price,  5  Tons,  Platform  8x14  Feet . . .     5O  f  Catalogue,  with  each  Scale. 
Shipping  weight  of  S^-Ton  Scale  400  Ibs.,  and  5-Ton  600  Ibe. 


22 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


The  engraving  shows  the  operation  in  making  a  Smyrna  Wool  Rug. 

The  most  practical  labor-saving  de- 
vice ever   invented  for  making  Stag 
and  Tufted  Rug*  on  the  sewing 
machine.      It  entirely  does  away  with 
handbrading,  knitting  and  weaving. 
A  handsome  Rug  with  border,  two  by 
four  feet,  can  be  made  in  from  three  to 
seven  hoars;  any  eize  Rug  may  be 
made.  All  kinds  of  cloth— small  pieces 
from  the  waste  basket,  wool 
carpet  waste,  odds  and  ends 
of  yarn— can'  be  utilized  in^ 
making  handsome,  durable  1 
Rugs.     Silk  clothing,  too 
much  worn  for  patch-work, 
can  be  made  into  stool  and 
ottoman  covers,  and  designs 
in  flowers  firmly  sewed 
on  a  base  or  foundation 
of  coarse  cloth. 


The  Pearl  Rug  Maker  and  The  Western  World,  one  year,  for  &1. 


&. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


Hunters  and  Trappers  Practical  Guide, 

This  little  book 
has  immense  sale 
and  gives  satisfac- 
tion to  every  one. 
It  is  a  practical 
guide  to  gunning 
and  rifle  shooting, 
and  tells  how  to 
choose  arms  and 
ammunition,  and 
about  different 
kinds  of  game, 
making  and  using 
traps,  snares  and 
nets,  baits  and 
baiting,  trailing 
game,  preserving, 
dressing,  tanning; 
and  dyeing  skins 
and  furs;  season 
for  trapping,  hints 
to  trapp~ers,  fire 
hunting,  pigeon 
calching,camping 
out;  sporting  vo- 
cabulary, recipes 
for  spo  r  t  s  m  e  n, 
secret  of  success- 
ful fishing,  and,in 
a  word,  a  perfect  mine  of  interesting  and  valuable  information  for 
the  sportsman.  Boys,  this  is  the  book  you  want,  and  no  mistake. 
Every  boy  in  the  country  will  find  this  book  a  treasure.  It  has  more 
information  than  books  costing  $1  to  $2,  and  must  not  be  confounded 
with  any  catchpenny.  It  has  50  engravings.  Price,  3O  cents. 

Dunbar's  Complete  fland-Book  of  Etiquette, 

For  Ladies  and  Gentlemen . 

This  modern  book  of  Etiquette  contains 
the  Rules  and  Usages,  the  Manners  and  Cus- 
toms of  Polite  Society.  Every  person,  male 
or  female, who  desires  to  avoid  awkwardness 
would  do  well  to  study  this  work. 

It  is  the  best  manual  on  Manners  that  has 
ever  been  written.  Among  the  contents  are  : 

Position  of  the  Body,  The  Head,  The 
Hand,  the  Manner  of  Speaking;,  Speak 
Grammatically,  Egotiem,  The  Splendid 
Speaker,  Modesty,.  Boldness,  Forwardness, 
Civility,  Anecdote,  Punning,  Laughter,  Ta- 
ble-Talk, The  Ladies,  How  to  Dress,  Dancing, 
Useful  Hints  for  Conversation,  The  Topics  of 
Conversation,  Letters  of  Introduction,  Mar- 
riage Ceremony,  Dinner  Parties,  Forms  of 
Invitations,  Visiting,  The  Ball  Room,  Travel- 
ing, Bridal  Etiquette,  Funeral  Etiquette,  etc. 
Bound  in  boards  with  cloth  back. 


Price,  5O  ceuts. 


Paper  included  with  each  $1  worth  of  books,  or  each  book  $1  or  over. 


24 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


"FUNNIEST  BOOK  EVER  PUBLISHED," 

Yarns  ;  or,  Fi  on  the  "  Real" 

This  is  not  a  book  of 
stale,  ancient  Humor, 
but  is  a  NEW  and  ORIG- 
INAL collection  of  PUN- 

NY  STORIES,ANECDOTES 
JOKES  AND  LAUGHABLE 

SELLS  as  told  by  OUR 
COMMERCIAL  TRAVEL- 
ERS. 

If  any  one  can  give 
you  **  the  latest"  it  is 
the  DRUMMER.  Cours- 
ing the  country  over, 
and  possessing  a  pro- 
digious pe  r  s  o  n  a  1  ac- 
quaintance amongst 
railroad  conductors.  ho- 
tel clerks,  and  sales- 
men, not  to  speak  of 
his  own  brotherhood, 
he  has  special  oppor- 
tunities for  the  collec- 
tion of  rare  anecdotes. 
This  collect  ion  of 
HUMOK  is  by  one  of  the 
FUNNIEST  .  DRUMMERS 
on  the  "Road,"  and  he 
has  requested  us  not  to 
publish  his  name  for 
various  reasons.  Im- 
agine all  the  laughable  stories  told  on  the  Road  to  pass  away  the 
time,  collected  together  and  published  in  a  large,  handsome  volume, 
illustrated  with  most  funny  engravings,  &nd  you  will  have  a  fair  idea 
of  the  book.  It  contains  74  double  column  pages,  with  a  handsome, 
humorous  lithograph  cover.  Price,  postpaid,  1£  cents. 


B 


J5JCJXHORIXY. 

YRNE'S  LUMBER  AND  LOG  BOOK, 

READY-RECKONER  AND  PRICE  BOOK. 

By  OLIVER  BYRNE,  Civil,  Military  and  Mechanical  Engineer. 
"BYRNE'S  READY-RECKONER  "  is  the  most  concise,  complete  and 
correct  work  ever  issued.  Among  its  contents  will  be  found  Tables 
arranged  to  show  values  from  one-sixteenth  of  a  cent  each  upwards; 
Tables  of  Board.  Scantling  and  Plank  Measure;  Logs  reduced  to 
Board  Measure  ;  Round  Timber  when  Squared;  also  Spars  and  other 
Timber;  Wages  and  Board  by  the  Week  ;  Interest  Tables  at  .06  and 
.07  per  cent,  from  $1.00  to  $30,000;  Compound  Interest  Tables  from  1 
to  25  years;  Standard  Weights  and  Measures  ;  Gold  and  Silver  Coins 
of  the  United  States;  Value  of  Foreign  Coins  as  fixed  by  the  Laws 
of  the  United  States  ;  Foreign  Measures  of  Length  compared  with 
American:  "How  Interest  Eats;"  Laws  of  each  State  and  Territory 
regarding  Rates  of  Interest  and  Penalties  for  Usury  ;  Statutes  of  Lim- 
itations in  the  several  States  and  Territories,  etc.  ,  etc.  0 

^All  comprised  in  one  volume  18mo,  of  180  pages,  bound  in  illus- 
trated board  covers,  extra  cloth  back,  title  in  gold.    Price,  35  cts. 

Paper  included  with  each  $1  worth  of  books,  or  each  book  $1  or  over. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS.  25 


The  Manly  Art  of  Self-Defence, 


BY 
Professor  of  Boxing  to  the  London  Athletic  Club, 


w,TH40  INSTRUCTIVE  ENGRAVINGS  AND 

Marquis  of  Queensbury  Rules. 

This  work  explains  every  movement  of  attack  and  defence  in  the 
clearest  language,  how  to  hit  and  hit  hard:  how  to  stop  quickly  and 
easily;  and  how  "to  get  away11  without  even  stopping  a  blow,  are  all 
explained  plainly,  so  that  one  can  easily  learn  to  be  a  perfect  boxer 
without  taking  lessons.  Everything  is  here  plainly  told  that  can 
make  a  gentleman  so  good  a  sparer  that  he  can  defend  himself  and 
punish  his  attacker.  A  man  is  no  less  a  good  citizen  because  he 
knows  how  to  guard  his  life  without  a  dagger  or  a  revolver.  Also, 

A  COMPLETE  MANUAL  ON  TRAINING, 

'  By  JOHN  GOULDIN&, 

Together  with  all  the  remarkable  pedestrian  records  up  to  the  pres- 

ent day. 
l&mo  Paper  Cover,  Price,  25  cents. 


Paper  included  with  each  $1  worth  ol  books,  or  each  book  $1  or  over. 


26 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Madame  Juno's  Dream  Book. 

FORTUNE  TELLER  AND 

COMPLETE  ORACULUM. 

This  is  the  only  book  con- 
taining Napoleon's  Qracnlum 
complete,  giving  answers  to 
thirty-six  questions.  This  is 
reprinted  from  the  London 
edition,  which  costs  a  guinea 
in  England.  It  gives  correct 
rules  for  foretelling  what  is 
going  to  happen.  It  contains 
all  that  was  ever  made  known 
by  Madame  Normand,Fortune 
Teller  to  the  great  "  CORSI-  i 
CAN,""  IS  APOLEON  BONAPARTE.  | 
With  this  book  you  can  tell 
your  own  or  another  person's 
fortune  far  better  than  any 
astrologer,  clairvoyant  or  me-  I 
dium  can  tell  it  for  you.  It 
foretells  exactly  what  will 
happen  to  you.  It  gives  the 
art  of  Telling  Fortunes  by  the 
Lines  of  the  Hand.  It  con- 
tains a  Complete  Dictionary 
of  Dreams,  by  which  you  can  I 
easily  and  truly  interpret  any 
Dream  as  soon  as  you  hear  it.  To  know  how  soon  you  will  Marry; 
To  know  what  Fortune  you  will  have;  The  Lover's  Charm ;  The  only 
true  method  to  Tell  Fortunes  by  Tea  or  Coffee  Cup;  Fortune-Telling 
by  Cards;  What  you  will  be  Successful  In ;  What  your  Future  Destiny 
Is;  Whether  you  will  ever  Marry;  Whether  you  will  have  Money  left 
you;  How  to  be  successful  in  your  Love  Affairs.  Containing  200 
pages.  Illuminated  board  cover.  Price,  35c ;  Paper  cover,  25c. 

"NO    MORE  POOR  DANCERS." 

Wilson's  Ball  ^oom  ©uide;  or  Pancing  §elf-2>  aught 

This  is  the  best  and  latest  work  on  Dancing. 
By  studying  its  plainly  written  pages  the  Gen- 
tleman not  only  easily  learns  the  rudimental 
positions  and  movements,  but  he  gains  the 
entire  mastery  of  all  the  etiquette  of  fashion- 
able dancing  re-unions  that  qualifies  him  to 
prompt  and  adroitly  lead  his  fair  partner  in  all 
the  advances,  reti'rings,  swingings,  and  bal- 
ances; while  the  Lady  learns  from  this  book 
how  to  gracefully  yield  to  the  slightest  hint 
and  gentlest  motion  of  her  skilled  partner. 
All  the  modern  dances  are  fully  and  clearly 
explained  in  this  book;  gives  minute  and  ex- 
plicit directions  for  getting  up  Dancing  Parties 
of  all  sizes,  from  the  printing  of  the  tickets 
to  the  floor  and  music  management ;  also  con- 
taining 83  figures  for  the  "  German."  The  music  alone  in  this 
work,  if  bought  separately,  would  cost  $15.  Thus  making  it  the  Ball 
Room  Guide  of  the  present  Century.  Bound  in  Illuminated  Paper 
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CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS.  27 


Origin  of  Life, 

By  DR.  F.  HOLLICK. 

The  Great  Work  on  Life,  and  the  Physiology, 

Philosophy,  and  Hygienics  of  the 

Generative  System. 

THE  PROCESS  OF  REPRODUCTION  IN  PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS, 

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28 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


BURDETT'S 


DUTCH     DIALECT    RECITATIONS 
AND    READINGS. 

Being  No.  1  of  the  Burdett  Series  of  Eecitations  and  Readings. 
This  collection  of  amusing  and  laughable  Recitations  embraces  all 


by  other  leading  Public  Readers  of  the  present  day. 


CONTENTS. 


Barbara  Frietchie 

Betsey  und  I  Haf  e  Bust  Up 

Charge  of  de  "Dutch  Brigade,"  the 

Deutsche  Advertisements 

Dem  Old  Dimes  flabbiness  and 

dem  New  

Der  Baby 

Der  Dog  und  der  Lobster 

Der  Drummer 

Der  Good  Lookin'  Shnow 

Der  Moon 

Der  Mule  Shtood  on  der  Steam- 

Iboat  Deck 

Der  Nighd  Pehind  Gristmas 

Der  Schleighride 

Der  Wreck  of  der  Hezberus 

Dhree  Skaders 

Don'd  Feel  Too  Big 


Dot  Funny  Leetle  Baby 

Dot  Lambs  vot  Mary  Haf  Got 

Dot  Leedle  Lo.weeza 

Dot  Loaf  of  Bread 

Dot  Shly  Leedle  Raskel 

Dot  Surprise  Party 

Dot  Young  Viddow  Clara 

Dutchman's  Experience 

Dutchman's  Dolly  Varden,  A 

Dutchman's  Telephone,  A 

Dutchman's  Testimony  in  a  Steam 

boat  Case,  A 

Dutchman  and  the  Raven,  The. . . 

Dutch  Recruiting  Officer,  A 

Dutch  Sermon,  A 

Dutchman's  Serenade,  The 

Dutchman's  Snake,  The 

Dutchman  and  the  Yankee 

Dyin'  Voids  of  Isaac 

Ein  Deutsches  Lied 

Fine  Old  Dutch  Gentleman,  The. 

Fritz  and  I  

German  Speech  of  Herr  Hans 

Yeager,  The 

Go  Vay,  Becky  Miller,  Go  Vay 

Gosling's  Wife  Snores 

Hans  Breitman  and  the  Turners.. 

Hans  and  Fritz 

Hans  in  a  Fix 

Han's  Midnight  Excuses 

Hans  Sourcrout  on  Signs  and 

Omens 

Home  Again 

How  a  Dutchman  was  Done 

How  Hans  Yeager,  Enjoyed  the 

Opera 

How  Jake  Schneider  went  Blind. 

How  "  Sockery  "  Set  a  Hen 

How  the  Dutchman  Killed  the 

Woodchuck 

Initiated  as  a  Member  of  the  Uni- 
ted Order  of  Half-Shells 

Isaac  Rosenthal  on  the  Chinese 

Question 

I  Vash  so  Glad  I  Vash  Here 

Jew's  Troubles.  A 

Katrina  Likes  Me  Poody  Well. . . . 

Katrina's  Visit  to  New  York 

Life,  Liberty  and  Lager 

Lookout  Mountain,  1863— Beutel- 

shback,  1880 

Little  Yacob  Strauss 

MaudMuller 

Marriage  Ceremony,  The 


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29 


Mine  Katrine — 

Mine>Shildren 

Mr.  Schmidt's  Mistake 

Mygel  Snyder's  Barty 

Oration  on  the  "Labor  Question.1" 

Overcoat  he  Got,  The 

Pretzel's  Speech  Before  the  Illi- 
nois Assembly 

Eomeo  and  Juliet 

Schlausheimer's  Alarming-Clock. 
Schlausheimer  Don't  Gonciliate. . 

Schlosser's  Hide 

Schneider's  Kide 

Schnitzel's  Philosopede 

Schneider  Sees  Leah 

Schneider's  Tomatoes 

Shakes  Telephone ;   — 


Shoo  Flies 

Shonny,  Don'd  You  Hear  Me? 

Shonny  Swartz 

Snyder's  Nose 

Sockery  Kadacut's  Kat 

Teaching  him  the  Business 

Temperance  Speech 

Tiamonds  on  der  Prain. 


To  a  Friend  Studying  German 

Touching  Appeal,  A 

"Two  Tollar". 


Vas  Bender  Henshpecked 

Yawcob's  Losing  Deal 

Yankee  and  the  Dutchman's  Dog. 
Yoppy  Varder  unt  Hees  Troubles 

Z wei  Larger 

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The*'Ager." 

The  Battle  of  Limerick. 

Biddy  McGinnis  on  the 
Phonograph 

Biddy  NcGinnis   at    the    Photo- 
grapher's  

Biddy's  Trials  among  the  Yankees 

Biddy's  Troubles 

The  Birth  of  St.  Patrick 

The  Donkey 

Don't  be  Taxing  Me 

The  Emigrants 

How  Pat  Saved  His  Bacon 

Irish  Coquetry 


An  Irish  Letter 

The  Irish  Philosopher 

The  Irish  Schoolmaster.   . , 

The  Irish  Traveller 

An  Irishman's  Letter 

The  Irishman's  Panorama., 
Jimmy  McBride's  Letter... 

Katie's  Answer , 

Larrie  O'Dee 

Larry's  on  the  Force 


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30 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Love  in  the  Kitchen 

Make  it  Four  Your  Honor 

The  Man  he  was  Waiting  to  See.. 

Mike's  Confession 

Miss  Maloney  on  the  Chinese 
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Miss  Maloney  goes  to  the  Dentist. 

Modern  Astronomy  and  Philoso- 
phy  

Mr.  Maloney's  accountof  the  Ball 

Norah  Murphy  and  the  Spirits.. . . 

The  o'Nayle  who  had  Lost  the 
Big  "O.-1 

O'Reilly's  Nightmare 

O'Thello 

Paddy  Blake's  Echo „ 

Paddy's  Courting 


Paddy's  Dream. 


Paddy,  the  Piper 

Paddy  O'Raf  ther 

Paddy's  Reflection  on  Cleopath- 

ra's  Needle  

Pat's  Criticism 

Pat's  Letter 

Pat  and  His  Musket 

Pat  and  the  Oysters 

Patrick  O'Rouke  and  the  Frogs.. 
Paudeen  O'Rafferty's  Say  Voyage 
Peter  Mulrooney  and  the  Black 

Filly 

Tim  Murphy's  Irish  Stew 

The  Wake  of  Tini  O'Hara 

The  Widow  Cummiskey 

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Clarence's  Dream. , 


CONTENTS. 

A  Sister  Pleads  for  a  Brother's 
Life 

All  the  World's  a  Stage 

Apostrophe  to  the  Ocean 

Alexander's  Feast 

Brutus  on  the  Death  of  Caesar 

Batt!,--.  of  Waterloo 

Cleopatra's  Barge 


Cassius  Against  Caesar 

Crescentius 

Combat  between  Fitz-James  and 
Roderick  Dhu 

Cato's  Soliloquy 

Cleopatra  Dying 

Dying  Gladiator,  The 

Death  of  Gaudentis 

Evadne 

Fall  of  Wolsey 

FalstafT s  Boasting 

Falstaff's  Description  of  his  Sol- 
diers   

Guilty  Conscience,  The 

Ghost  Scene  from  tk  Hamlet " 

Hamlet's  directions  to  the  Players 

Hamlet's  Soliloquy 

Henry  V  to  his  Soldiers  before 
the  Walls  of  Harfleur 

Henry  the  Fifth's  Wooing 

Hamlet 

Henry  V  to  Lord  Scroop  on  the 
Occasion  of  the  Treachery  of  the 
Latter 

Icilius  on  Virginia's  Seizure 

King  John  and  Hubert  

King  John 

Lady  Macbeth's  Soliloquy 

Legend  of  Horatius,  The 

Lines  to  his  Wife  after  their  Sep- 
aration   

Lucius  Junius  Brutus  over  the 
Body  of  Lucretia 

Murder  of  King  Duncan 

Macbeth  Meditating  the  Murder 
of  Duncan 

Marc  Antony's  Oration 

Marco  Bozzaris 

Othello's  Apology 


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Othello    

Soliloquy  of  Henry  V  on  the  Anx- 
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Oberon's  Vision    .  .            

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his  Daughter           

Soliloquy  of   the  King  upon  his 
Murder  and  Usurpation  

Poland 

Scene  from  ''  Hamlet." 

Paul  in  Athens     

Spartacus  to  the  Gladiators*.  

Queen  Mab 

Sempronius's  Speech  for  War 

Quarrel  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  .... 
Rome  in  the  Garden                  .   .  . 

St  Pierre  to  Ferrardo 

To  Mary  in  Heaven  

Romeo's  Banishment  from  Juliet. 
Richelieu  and  France  
Shylock's  Soliloquy  and  Address. 
Scene    from    the  '"Merchant  of 

Village  Preacher 

Village  Schoolmaster  
Virginia—  A  Lay  of  Ancient  Rome 
Why  should  the  Spirit  of  Mortal 

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32 


THE  WESTERN  AVORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


BROTHER  OAROIMER'S 

STUMP  SPEECHES  AND  COMIC  LECTURES, 


IS" 


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Darkey  Debating  Society,  The. . . 

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Fourth  of  July  Oration 

Fish 

Greatest  Walk  on  Record,  The. .. 

GOORC  Hollow  Stump  Speech 

Go  Work  for  Your  Libin' 


CONTENTS. 


Harp  of  a  Thousand  Strings 

Hard  Times 

Hun-Ki-Do-Ri's  Fouith  of  July 

Oration 

How  de  Norf  Pole  Got  Lost 

HowRtiby  Played 

Impulsive  Oration 

Jes  Nail  dat  Mink  to  de  Stable  Do' 

Let  Her  Rip 

Negro's  Account  of  the  Prodigal 

Son,  A. 


Natural  and  Unnatural  History. . . 

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Oratory 

Possum  Run  Debating  Society,the 

Patriotic  Stump  Speech 

Rev.  Uncle  Jim's  Sermon,  The.. . 
Rev.  Plato  Johnson's  Sermon,  The 

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Stick  a  Pin  dere,  Br adder  Horace. 

Speech  on  Woman's  Rights 

Sermon  on  Keards,  Hosses,  Fid- 
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With  Descriptive  Diagrams,  showing  how  to  Make  the  Pass,  to  Force 
a  Card,  to  Make  a  Falne  Shuffle,  to  Palm  a  Card,  to  Ruffle  the  Cards, 
to  Change  a  Card,  to  Get  Sight  of  a  Drawn  Card,  to  Slip  a  Card,  to 
Draw  Back  a  Card,  to  Turn  Over  the  Pack,  to  Spring  the  Cards  from 
one  Hand  to  the  Other,  to  Throw  a  Card.  Large  octavo  volume  con- 
taining 142  pages,  with  handsome  cover.  Price,  5O  cents. 

Paper  included  with  each  SI  worth  of  books,  or  each  book  $1  or  over. 


36 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


'SWEETS  TO  THE  SWEET!  " 


A    Practical  Guide  to  the  Manufacture  of  the 

Various  Kinds  of  Plain  and  Fancy  Candy. 
This  book  is  the  only  one  written  upon  this 
subject  that  is  of  equal  value  to  the  largest 
Candy  Manufacturer,  for  profit,  and  to  the 
"  Home  "  producer  who  wants  to  make  some 
nice,  tasty  "sweets  "  for  family  parties.  Full 
Directions  are  given  for  making  the  most  ex- 
quisite beautiful  looking  Candies,  as  well  as 
the  most  alluring  to  the  palate;  while  equal 
attention  is  given  to  all  the  plainer  kinds,  so 
universally  liked  by  "the  little  ones."  Every 
Direction,  every  Recipe,  every  Concoction  of 

_  ___  which  Sugar,  Spic-e,  and  Essences  are  the  in- 
gredients, is  given  in  such  a  plain  way  that  a  child  can  understand 
them.  Every  one  that  wants  to  have  "home  "  supplied  with  plenty 
of  good,  wholesome,  toothsome  sweets,  at  cheap  rates,  needs  this 
book;  while  to  the  professional  Candy  Maker  it  will  prove  a  useful 
guide  and  an  economical  friend.  Large  12mo.  Price,  5O  Cents. 

THE  WATCH,  AND  HOW  TO   REPAIR   IT, 

Contains  instructions  on  adjustment  of  main  spring,  escapement, 
passing  hollow  and  guard  pin;  horizontal  watches,  end  stones,  new 
escape  wheels,  facing  pinion,  conical  pivots,  selection,  polishing  and 
mounting  wheels  to  lever  watches;  Irosting,  enailing,  forms  of  teeth 
of  wheels,  crown  wheels,  defects  of  watches,  and  a  most  useful  set 
of  tables  of  verge  watch  trains  in  reference  to  their  conversion  to 
levers.  A  very  useful  book.  57  illustrations.  250  pages.  Cloth. 
Price,  Sl.OO. 

THE  PINOCLE  PRIMER. 

Pinocle,  having  become  very  popular  within  the  last  few  years,  a 
book  on  it  was  called  for.  The  geutleman  who  has  prepared  this  lit- 
tle volume,  the  only  authority  in  existence,  has  been  Secretary  of  the 
Harlem  Pinocle  Club  for  many  yearn,  and  his  decisions  have  always 
been  sustained  by  the  Club  and  press  Price,  1O  cents.  The 
same  in  German.  Paper.  Price,  1O  cents. 

THE  GAME  OF  HEARTS. 

This  is  a  new  and  very  amusing  game,  having  a  great  run.  Some 
authority  was  needed  upon  the  subject,  and  we  have  induced  one  of 
the  oldest  players  in  the  conntry  to  prepare  this  for  us.  The  game  is 
eminently  entertaining  and  full  of  unexpected  situations.  Paper 
cover.  Price,  1O  cents. 

EMPLOYMENT  SEEKER'S  GUIDE. 

Gives  advantages  and  objections  of  different  trades  and  profes- 
sions; how  to  succeed  in  business;  how  to  get  good  situations,  new 
openings,  and  much  valuable  practical  information. 
>  Price,  £5  cents. 

Paper  included  with  each  $1  worth  of  books,  or  each  book,  $1  or  over. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS.  3T 


UOSH    HAYSEEO'S 


IN 


m  WL 


Illustrated  by  numer* 
OTIS  engravings  express- 
ly made  for  this  work  by 
Mr.  Harry  Coultaus,  the 
eminent  Caricaturist  of 
"Life."  There  is  a 
World  of  Fun  in  Uncle 
Josh's  Adventures  in 
the  Great  Empire  City, 
and  under  its  guise  of 
humor,  the  book  serves 
as  a  pretty  good  guide  to 
the  great  and  interesting 
sights  in  and  around 
New  York.  Containing 
128  pages,  large  octavo. 

Price,  35  cents. 


LESSONS  IN  HORSE  JUDGING. 

A  practical  guide  for  dealers  and  buyers,  by  which  any  intelligent 
person  may  become  a  good  judge  of  horses,  their  adaptability  for 
particular  uses,  and  the  points  which  go  to  determine  their  service- 
ability and  value.  Illustrated  with  numerous  engravings  and  dia- 
grams. Price,  5O  cents. 

Sign,  Carriage  and  Decorative 

PAINTING 

This  book  is  the  combined  woik  of 
several  prominent  painters,  and  is  full 
of  valuable  points  upon  the  several 
branches  of  the  trade,  very  complete. 
It  includes  Fresco  and  Car  I'ainting, 
and  other  useful  matters.  5O  cents. 

SIGN  WRITING  AND  GLASS  EMBOSSING. 

This  standard  work,  so  widely  and  favorably  known,  is  now  issued 
in  new  edition,  with  newly  engraved  illustrations,  and  at  greatly  re- 
duced price.  This  work  is  too  well  known  to  the  trade  to  need 
eulogy  at  our  hands.  It  has  long  been  regarded  as  a  standard  work, 
and  invaluable  to  every  one  interested  in  its  line.  Price,  75  cents. 

Paper  included  with  each  ftl  worth  of  books,  or  each  book,  $1  or  over. 


38 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


How  to  Play  the  Game  of  Skat 

This  new  game  is  becoming  the 
pot)ular  craze  among  skilled  play- 
ers of  cards.  Professors,  Army 
officers,  old  Whist  and  even  Chess 
players  are  finding  in  its  intrica- 
cies and  surprises  something  quite 
new  and  exciting.  Our  pamphlet 
has  been  prepared  with  a  special 
view  to  instruct  the  novice,  and 
will  be  found  plain  and  easy  to 
understand.  Paper  cover.  25c. 

The  Poker  Primer. 

This  manual  contains  all  the 
needed  instruction  in  this  distinc- 
tively American  game.  The  rules 
are  so  clear  that  they  require  no 
effort  to  understand,  and  the  stu- 
dent of  the  book  may  confidently 
trust  himself  to  its  guidance  .  Pa- 
per cover.  Price,  1O  cents. 

Secrets  Worth  Knowing. 

Small  Favors  TankfuIIy  Received.        A  guide  to  the  manufacture  of 
hundreds  of  useful  and  saleable 

articles,  including:  patent  medicines,  perfumery,  toilet  and  dental 
articles,  and  many  others  easily  made  at  a  trifling  cost  ;  selling  read- 
ily at  large  profit.  Price,  25  cents. 

Marvels  and  Mysteries  of  a  Detective  Adventure. 

A  collection  of  thrilling  and  interesting  stories  of  the  Detective, 
full  of  daring  adventure  and  curious  episodes  .     It  is  one  of  the  most 
attractive  works  of  the  kind  ever  ipsued.     Illustrated. 
Price,  25  cents. 

Sip  Dpnfaph  ?    GERMAN   AT    A    GLANCE.—  A 

DUiatli  «  new  system,  on  the  most  simple  principles, 
for  universal  self-tuition,  with  English  pronunciation  of  every  word. 
By  this  system  any  person  can  become  proficient  in  the  German  lan- 
guage in  a  very  short  time.  Jt  is  the  most  complete  and  easy  method 
ever  published.  By  Franz  Thimm.  Boards,  cloth  back,  35  cts.  ; 
Paper,  25  cts. 


at  a  Gl 
ition 


Fi»qnpai<5?    FRENCH  AT  A  GLANCE.-Uni- 

rialltalai  form,  and  arranged  the  same  as  "German 
Glance,  "being  the  mopt  thorough  and  easy  system  for  self-tu- 
. Boards,  cloth  back,  35  cts.  ;  paper,  25  cts. 

JfaH»  V  fananftl?  SPANISH  AT  A  GLANCE.-A  new 
flduid  T.  L5|JdWJH  system  for  self-tuition,  arranged  the  same  as 
French  and  German,  being  the  easiest  method  of  acquiring  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  the  Spanish  language.  (Revised  Edition.)  Board, 
cloth  back,  35  cts.  ;  paper,  25  cts. 

Parlalp  Italhnn?  ITALIAN  AT  A  GLANCE.-Uniform  in 
IdlldlC  lldlidllu  5  Bize  and.  style  with  German,  French  and  Spanish, 
being  the  most  simple  method  of  learning  the  Italian  language. 
Boards,  clotl  back,  35  cts.  ;  paper,  25  cts. 

Paper  included  with  each  $1  worth  of  books,  or  each  book  $1  or  over. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


The  United  States  Official  Postal  Guide. 

This  book  is  published  under  the  directions  of  the  Post  Office  De- 
partment, and  issued  the  first  of  every  year.  It  is  indispensible  to 
every  business  man,  and  is  a  valuable  book  to  have  in  every  family. 
Ih  Cnnf-ainc  the  list  of  all  Post  Offices  in  the  U.S.  with  County 
I*'  \Vv  *  /^  and  State;  also  two  other  lists  of  each  Post  Office, 
arranged  by  States;  also  by  States  and  Counties.  It  contains  all 
Money  Order  Offices,  a  list  of  Letter  Carrier  Offices,  Prices  of  Stamped 
Envelopes  and  Newspaper  Wrappers,  Rates  of  Foreign  and  Domestic 
Postage,  Times  of  Sailing  of  Mail  Steamers,  Rulings  of  the  P.  O. 
Department,  and  a  vast  amount  of  information  pertaining  to  the  Mails, 
which  every  one  has  occasion  to  know.  Contains  about  8OO  pages. 
Price,  Paper  Cover,  $1.OO ;  Cloth,  &15O.  We  include  THE 
WESTRN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  for  one  year,  at  the  same  price. 


It  contains  over  1OO  beautiful  Illustrations  by  the  leading  Ameri- 
can Artists,  of  the  picturesque  scenery  of  the  Switzerland  of  America. 
The  above  cut  represents  a  Dwelling  in  the  Cliffs. 

Printed  on  heavy  paper,  beautifully  bound,  8vo.,  344  pages,  Ink 
and  Gold  cover.  Price,  paper,  5O  cents:  cloth,  SJl.OO.  A  copy 
of  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  included  with  each  book. 


40 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


THE!    Grl 

CONCERT  SILVER  REED  MOUTH  HARMONICA, 

IN  NICE  POCKET  CASE,  CONTAINS 
One  "Emperor,"  70  Holes,  Double  Reed,   Tuned  in  Octave. 

One  "Conqueror,"  10  Holes,  Double  Reed,  Tuned  in  Duett. 


—• «J      ^-«. 

Price  of  above  Set,  by  mail,  with  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  only  $1.00. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


41 


Patent  "  §olo  "  and 


With  the  great  improvements  that  have  been  made,  and  the  com- 
prehensive Instruction  Books  that  are  furnished  for  Amateur  players, 
the  Accordeon  is  becoming  one  of  the  most  popular  Musical  Instru- 
ments. In  every  family,  especially  where  there  is  not  a  Piano  or  an 
Organ,  this  instrument  is  the  source  of  much  pleasure.  Most  people 
like  music,  and  when  they  gather  around  a  player  who  hasabeautiful 
instrument,  that  has  been  obtained  at  about  one-quarter  usual  prices, 
they  all  talk  about  it.  We  take  this  means  of  having  THE  WESTERN 
WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  on  everybody's  lips. 


A.NNA; 


e  Harmonic  Accornpaniments, 
Sets  Metaline  I^eeds,  IDuet,  Imitation  Rosewood.  Dec- 
orated in  Silver,  Inlaid  Nickel  Kings  in  Key  Board,  Double  Bellows. 
Nickel  Clasps  and  Corners.  Size,  12  inches  long,  6  inches  wide,  and 
10  inches  deep. 

"This  Accordeon,  including  an  Instruction  Book,  will  be  packed 
for  shipment  by  Express,  and  a  copy  of 

The   Western   World,  Illustrated, 

sent  for  one  year  for  &3.OO,  not  one-quarter  what  the  Instrument 
alone  is  worth . 


42  THE  WEbTKKX  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Ko.  1615%  Accordeoii,  12  inches  long,  6  inches  wide,  10  Key, 
Double  Bellows,  with  Nickel  Bound  Corners,  ^Nickel  Clasps,  2  Stops, 
2  Sets  Reeds,  Imitation  Rosewood  top  and  bottom,  3  Rows  Silver 
Trumpets,  16  in  all.  Price,  with  Paper,  $2.5O. 


o.  1613  Accordeon,  Miniature  Size,  10  inches  long,  6 
inches  wide,  Ebonized  top  and  bottom,  Nickel  Bound  Moulding,  Open 
Action,  Nickel  Keys,  Nickel  Corners  and  Clasps,  Double  Bellows,  1 
Set  Reeds,  2  Stops.  A  splendid  instrument.  Price,  with  Paper,  J 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFEKS.  43 


Guarantee 

All  Aooord^ons 

To  Give  Satisfaction. 


It  may  seem  to  many  that  owing  to  the  trifling  price  at  which  we 
furnish  these  Accordeons,  they  will  get  a  cheap  instrument, .  but  we 
are  certain  they  will  be  greatly  surprised;  and  any  person  who  is  not 
more  than  satisfied  can  return  it  at  once  to  us  and  we  will  return  the 
money  paid  for  it.  Each  instrument  is  securely  boxed  for  shipping 
by  Express,  and  will  go  safely  any  distance. 


1612  Accordeon,  10  Keys,  Double  Bellows,  1  Stop,  1  Set  Reeds, 
Imitation  Rosewood,  Ebonized  Mouldings.  Price,  with  Paper,  $1.75. 

The  Instruction  Book  we  send  is 

"The  Amateur  10  Keyed  Seraan  Accordeon  Instructor," 

We  believe  this  is  the  first  real  Instruction  Book  for  the  regular  10 
Keyed  Accordeon  ever  published.  It  is  true,  there  are  books  called 
Accordeon  Instructors,but  if  you  carefully  examine  them,  you  will  find 
that  they  are  made  up  of  a  few  rudiments  of  music  copied  mostly  from 
an  old-fashioned  Singing  Book  and  a  lot  of  popular  airs,  none  of 
which  are  arranged  with  an  Accompaniment  for  the  left  hand ;  very 
few  adapted  to  that  instrument,  and  most  of  the  pieces  impossible  to 
play  correctly.  Wo  believe  that  it  is,  to  a  very  large  extent,  owing  to 
these  facts,  that  the  Accordeon  has  been  kept  down  so  low  in  the 
scale  of  musical  instruments,  and  it  is  owing  to  these  facts  that  has 
led  the  author  to  produce  the  book  we  send. 


44 


THE  AVESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Bone,  Shell  or  Grain  Mill. 


To  make  hens  lay  they  should 
have  plenty  of  ground  bones, 
shells,  etc.  This  little  mill  will 
soon  pay  for  itself,  as  it  is  just  the 
thing  for  preparing  these  things 
for  chickens.  Sent  oy  Freight  or 
Express. 

Weight,  35  Ibs.  without  legs, 
Price  -  -  -  $5.0O 

Weight  65  Ibs.  with  legs, 
Price    ...        -         $7.00 

Paper  and  Guide  with  each  Mill. 


Drill  or  Bit  Brace. 


This  is  a  10-inch  Sweep 
Rachet  Brace,  with  Gear 
Wheel  which  can  be  attached 
for  Drilling  Iron.  One  of 
the  most  convenient  Tools 
for  Farmer  as  well  as  Me- 
chanic. 

Sent  by  Ex- 
press. Copy  of 
THE  WESTERN 
WORLD,  ILLUS- 
TRATED, and 
Guide  included. 


Price,  only 


Paper  one 

year  and  Guide 

included. 


SOMETHING  WANTED  IN  EVERY  FAMILY. 

These  Steel 
Frames  are  pol- 
ished and  nick- 
el plated,  with 
Beech  Handles. 
They  have  what 
most  other 
Kitchen  Saws 
do  not  have,  an 

arrangement  for  straining  the  saw,  which  adds  much  to  their  value. 

Price  of  Saw  and  Frame  complete,  by  mail,  75  Cents,  or  with  THE 

WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  9O  Cents. 

KEY-HOLE  OR  COMPASS  SAW. 


STAR  KITCHEN  SAW, 


These  patent  Key-hole  Saws  are  8l/z  inches  in  length,  and  cut 
much  faster  than  any  m  other  kind.  The  handles  are  made  of  Hard 
Maple,  turned  and  polished.  They  are  so  constructed  that  the  blade 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


45 


A  GUIDE  TO  PROFITABLE  POULTRY  RAISING. 


Old-fashioned  farmers  are  often  amazed  when  they  read  in  their 
agricultural  journal s  of  the  enormous  profits  made  by  progressive 
poultry  keepers,  and  are  often  inclined  to  discredit  what  they  read 
in  this  connection.  The  fact  is,  there  is  money  in  poultry,  and  just 
as  much  for  YOU,  reader,  as  for  any  one  else,  but  you  must  go  about 
it  intelligently,  you  must  learn  all  the  new  ideas  in  poultry  manage- 
ment. With  this  knowledge  to  aid  you,  there  is  no  way  on  a  farm  in 
which  you  can  make  money  so  easily  or  so  quickly.  THE  STANDARD 

AMERICAN  POULTRY  BOOK 
is  an  entirely  new  work, 
just  published,  and  it  in- 
volves all  the  latest  ideas 
in  poultry  keeping.  It  is 
a  work  intended  to  teach 
the  masses  of  farmers 
the  secret  of  success  in 
Lthe  poultry  yard,  and-  its 
[teachings,  if  followed,  will 
•add  enormously  to  the 
learnings  of  every  flock  of 
"fowls,  while  very  little  ad- 
ditional trouble  or  outlay 
is  incurred.  The  following 
are  only  a  small  portion  of 
the  topics  treated  in  this 
book:  How  to  Start  and 
Stock  a  Hennery;  Poultry 
Houses,  Cheap  and  Expen- 
t  sive  Yards,  Coops  and  En- 
iclosures ;  Poultry  Keeping 
Pfor  Profit;  Poultry  on  a 
I  Large  Scale ;  Poultry  Rais- 
ing as  a  Business;  Feeding 
and  Laying;  Winter  Egg-I 'reduction;  The  Hatching  Period;  Prepar- 
ing Nests  for  Setters;  Spring  Breeding  of  Poultry;  The  Hens  for 
Farmers;  How  to  Produce  Layers;  Good  and  Cheap  Incubators;  How 
to  Raise  Artificially-Hatched  Chickens;  Caponizing;  Packing  Eggs 
for  Market ;  Packing  Poultry  for  Market ;  Feeding  Hoppers,  Drinking 
Fountains  and  Grain  Chests;  Eggs  and  Pullets;  Preserving  Eggs; 
Diseases  of  Poultry — Chicken  Cholera,  Pip,  Gapes,  Roup,  Scaly  Legs, 
Lice,  Egg  Eating,  Crop-Bound  Fowles,  etc.;  the  Plymouth  Rocks; 
the  Wyandottes ;  the  Brown  Leghorns ;  the  Golden  Spangled  Crested 
Polish;  the  White  Crested  Black  Polands;  theLangshans;  the  Silver 
Spangled  Hamburgs;  the  Houdans;  the  Buff  Cochins;  the  White 
Cochins;  the  White  Leghorns ;  the  Golden  Penciled  Hamburgs;  the 
White  Shanghaes;  the  La  Fleche  Fowls;  the  Gray  Dorkings;  the 
Brahmas;  Game  Fowls?,  Bantams,  etc. ;  How  to  Fail;  Managementof 
Chickens;  Killing  Poultry;  Preparing  Against  Vermin;  Fencing; 
Management  of  Ducks ;  Raising  Turkeys;  Fattening  Geese,  etc.,  etc. 
THE  STANDARD  AMERICAN  POULTRY  BOOK  is  a  large  book  of  1»8 
pages,  12mo,  with  handsome  cover.  It  is  profusely  illustrated  and 
very  handsomely  gotten  up  in  every  respect.  No  manor  woman  who 
owns  an  acre  or  more  of  land  can  afford  to  be  without  it.  To  all  such 
it  is  worth  its  weight  in  gold.  We  .will  send  this  book  by  mail  post- 
paid upon  receipt  of  only  £5  cents.  Send  for  it ;  you  never  have  and 
never  can  make  a  better  Investment  of  so  small  a  sum.  Book,  by  mail, 
and  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  only  35  Cents. 


46 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD.   ILLUSTRATED. 


The  Amu  IJm  §ts:ls  /AanaL 

No  subject  is  of  greater  importance  to  the  farmer  than  that  of  Live 
Stock,  and  few  there  are  who  have  not  much  to  learn  regarding  it. 
Many  a  man  has  lost  a  valuable  animal  for  no  other  i  eason  than  that 
he  did  not  know  how  to  take  care  of  it  when  well  or  to  treat  it  when 
sick.  THE  AMERICAN  LIVE  STOCK  MANUAL  is  a  book  the  cost  of 
which  is  but  trifling,  but  it  is  simply  worth  its  weight  in  gold  to  every 
man  in  America  who  owns  a  horse,  a  cow,  a  sheep  or  a  hog,  for  it  is 
a  complete  text  book,  containing  the  fullest  information  regarding 
the  care  and  management,  feeding  and  rearing  of  live  stock,  like- 
wise directions  for  the  cure  of  all  diseases  peculiar  to  these  animals 

jand  of  all  un- 
ruly and  vicious 
habits,  for  the 
construction  of 
necessary  build- 
ings and  con- 
veniences, etc., 
etc.  The  follow- 
ing are  only  a 
small  portion  of 
the  topics  treat- 
ed in  this  book : 
How  to  Judge  a 
a  Horse;  Feed- 
ing Ho  re 
Raising 


.__. ng  a  Colt; 

Bit  a  Colt; 
=3  to  Break  Horses 
from  Pulling  at  the  Halter;  Warts  on  Horses;  Stumbling  Horses: 
Cure  for  BalRy  Horses;  Kicking  Horses;  Training  Vicious  Horses: 
Galls  and  Sores  on  Horses;  Reining  Horses;  Colic;  Bots;  Founder; 
Heaves;  Epizootic;  Shying;  Scratches;  Ringbone;  Spavin;  Cribb- 
ing; Windgalls;  Brittle  Feet;  Worms;  Over- Reaching;  Sprains  and 
Bruises;  Hide-Bound  Horses;  Avoiding  Indigestion;  How  to  Save 
Oats  in  Feeding;  Watering  Horses;  Care  of  Horses'  Legs;  How  to 
Tell  a  Horse's  age;  Neck  Yokes;  Good  Grooming;  Shoeing:  To 
Make  the  Mane  and  Tail  Grow;  Box  Stalls;  Stables  and  Stabling; 
Breeding  Horses  upon  F:irms;  Horse  Education;  Ringing  a  Bull; 
Relieving  Choked  Cattle;  Bone  Disease  in  Milch  Cows;  Marks  of  a 
Good  Cow;  Cattle  Racks  and  Feed  Boxes;  Feeding  Cattle;  How  Good 
Cows  are  Ruined;  To  Prevent  Hooking  Fences;  Black  Tongue;  Lice; 
To  Prevent  Kicking:  Contagious  Cattle  Diseases;  Fattening  Stock; 
Milking;  Cooking  Feed  for  Live  Stock;  The  Soiling  System;  Raising 
Calves;  To  Break  a  Heifer  or  Vicious  Cow  to  Milk;  Wintering  Live 
Stock;  How  to  Take  Off  a  Hide;  Assistance  at  Birth;  Hollow  Horn; 
Obstructed  Teats;  Black  Leg;  Caked  Udder;  Jumping  Cattle;  Gar- 
get; Care  and  Management  of  Hogs;  Piggeries;  Troughs;  Pig  Rais- 
ing; Overfeeding;  Sanitary  Management  of  Swine;  Hog  Cholera; 
Pfcralyeie;  Scurvy  Pigs;  Preparing  Food  for  Swine:  Butchering; 
Fattening  Hogs;  Driving  Hogs;  To  Prevent  Hogs  Becoming  Dis- 
eased; Raising  Sheep;  WnshingSheep:  Sheep  Rot;  Hurdling  Sheep; 
To  lellthe  Age  of  Sheep;  Sheep  Ticks;  Early  Lambs;  How  to 
Make  Sheep  Pay;  Spring  Feeding  of  Ewes;  Treatment  of  Lambs: 
Increasing  the  Growth  of  Wool;  THE  AMERICAN  LIVE  STOCK  MAN- 
UAL is  a  large  book  of  128  pages,  12mo,  with  handsome  cover,  and  is 
profusely  illustrated. Oit  will  be  sent  to  any  address  bv  mail  post- 
paid upon  receipt  of  only  35  Cents.  Send  for  it!  The  price  is 
but  a  trifle  compared  to  its  real  value  to  every  farmer.  This  Book 
and  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  35  Cents.  ** 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS.  47 


A  CHARMING  BOOK.    INVALUABLE  TO  EVERY  LADY. 

fJVn  broidery 


Artistic; 


By 


Such  a  multiplicity  of  books  upon  the  subject  of  Fancy  Work  are 
now  offered  for  sale,  it  is  often  difficult  for  ladies  to  discriminate  be- 
tween the  good  and  the  bad.  In  the  case  of  this  work,  however,  the 
name  of  the  author,  Ella  Kodman  Church,  will  be  a  sufficient  guaran- 
tee of  its  excellence,  for  a  lady  so  well  and  favorably  known  could 
hardly  afford  to  lend  her  name  to  anything  not  strictly  first-class. 
This  book  is  a  complete  text-book— a  thorough  instructor  in  every 
branch  of  Artistic 
Embroidery.  With 
it  as  a  guide  all  may 
become  proficient  in 
this  beautiful  and 
fascinating  art,  and 
those  w  ho  are  al-  i 
ready  skilled  there-  \ 
in  will  find  the  many  j 
useful  suggestions 
and  the  numerous 
beautiful  new  de- 
signs shown  of  the 
utmost  val  ue  to 
them.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  partial  summary  of  the  contents:  Worsted  Embroidery- 
Crewel  Work;  The  Crewel  Stitch;  Articles  to  be  Worked  in  Crew- 
els; an  Embroidered  Frieze;  a  Dado  in  Crewels;  a  Worsted  Work 
Portiere;  Curtains  with  Sprays  of  Sumac;  a  Sweet-Pea  Table  Cover; 
Screens  in  Crewel  work;  Carnage  Wraps.  Simple  Ideas  of  Colors; 
Silk  Embroidery— the  Stitch;  Group  of  Flowers;  French  or  Flat  Em- 
broidery :  the  French  Knot;  Stalk  Stitch;  Point  Russe;  Herring 
Bone  or  Feather  Stitch;  Chain  Stitch ;  Ladder  Stitch-  Chinese  Em- 
broidery;. Designing  and  Transferring  Designs;  Articles  in  Silk 
Embroidery— A  screen  of  Peacock  Feathers ;  Banner  Screen;  Em- 
broidered Table  Top;  Wmdow-Currain  Border;  Embroidered  Dresses; 
Panels ;  Small  Curtains  or  Hangings ;  an  Embroidered  Room ;  a  Fan 
Table  Cover;  a  Chair  Cover ;  Firo  Screens ;  a  Child's  Afghan.  Print- 
Work;  SilK  Embroidery  with  Gold— Materials  Used;  Gold  Cord, 
Gold  Braid,  Bullion,  Spangles,  Gold  Thread.  Embroidered  Books 
and  Other  Articles ;  Applied  Work  with  Embroidery— A  Lambrequin 
in  Applique;  Silk  Applique  Work;  Cretonne  Work;  Crape  Pictures 
in  Applique ;  Lined  Applique.  Embroidery  in  Chenille;  Silk  Em- 
broidery on  Linen -Embroidered  Fruit  Doyleys.  Holbein  Work; 
Church  Embroidery;  Linen  Lace  Work—  Po^it  Conte;  Rossettes,  In- 
sertions, etc  :  Point  Coupe;  Point  TireT  Imitation  of  Antique 
Lace.  ARTISTIC  EMBROIDERY  is  a  large  12mo.  book  of  128  paees, 
handsomely  bound  in  paper  covers,  and  profusely  and  elegantly  illus- 
II  be  Bent  by  mail,  post-paid,  upon  receipt  of  only  25 
Cents,  and  i*  guaranteed  to  be  the  best  book  of  the  kind  ever  of- 
fered at  this  low  price.  Book  and  Paper,  35  Cents, 


48 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


The  Pictures  on  these  pages  represent  cousins  who  visit  the 
office  of  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  quite  often.  They 
try  to  make  themselves  useful,  and  succeed  usually  in  keeping  all 
the  others  employed  in  entertaining  them.  This  boy's  Mama  calls 
him  (little)  "w.  w.,"  but  his  Grandpa  who  thinks  he  will  soon  be 
capable  of  managing  the  business  calls  him 


U/orld 


When  these  little  people  visit  us  separately  things  move  along 
smoothly,  but  when  tHey  come  together  there  is  a  rivalry  to  see 
who  shall  be  "boss."  Our  "Little  Man"  wants  to  reason  the  case, 
while  the  "Little  Lady"  expects  her  wishes  to  be  complied  with, 
without  questioning.  We  expect  they  will  soon  get  over  these  feel- 
ings and  each  one  will  be  buisy  doing  up  papers  and  packages  to 
send  to  subscribers,  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 


CLUB  IS  ING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


49 


of 


>UF  £jttk  polks 

Are  made  u&ef  ul  on  these  pages  to  show  Bankers,  Business  men 
and  others  that  we  are  prepared  to  furnish  them  Engravings  of  their 
childern,  their  wives  or  themselves  if  they  will  send  us  photographs. 
These  Engravings  can  be  made  any  size  and  will  be  nice  to  use  on 
Checks,  Drafts,  Stationery  and  printing  of  various  kinds.  They 
will  cost  from  Five  to  Ten  Dollars,  and  when  nicely  executed  will 
be  highly  prized.  We  will  send  one  Electrotype  with  each  Engrav- 
ing which  will  answer  for  printing  many  thousand  impressions. 


.  Many  persons  who  have  Fine  Dwellings  or  live  where  there  is 
Picturesque  Scenery  will-like  to  have  engravings  of  them.  Farmers 
want  engravings  of  their  Stock  and  Real  Estate  men  and  others  want 
engravings  for  catalogues  etc.  Have  good  Photographs  taken  of 
these  things  and  we  will  make  you  nice  engravings.  We  can  enlarge 
or  reduce  as  you  may  wish.  Send  us  the  Photographs  and  tell  us 
how  large  a  picture  you  want  and  we  will  let  you  know  what  it  will 
cost. 


THE  WESTERN  AVORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


drjparalelled  Off^r  of  Or^aps, 

SHE  INSTRUMENTS  which  we  offer  to  OUT  subscribers,  are 
manufactured  by  the  E.  P.  Carpenter  Co.,  one  of  the  oldest  and 
best  known  manufacturers  in  New  England,  and  their  reputation 
for  producing  the  finest  organs  made,  is  known  all  over  the  world. 
Instruments  of  the  kind  we  offer  here  are  sold  from  $50  to  $300,  all 
over  the  land,  and  our  subscribers  must  be  the  judges  whether  it  is 
best  to  order  of  us  or  elsewhere.  We  will  only  say  that  any  one  who 
is  not  perfectly  satisfied  with  any  Instrument  can  return  it  to 
the  Factory,  from  where  all  will  be  shipped,  and  up9n  receipt  of 
notice  that  the  Instruments  has  been  received  we  will  refund  the 
money.  All  Instrument  are  securely  packed  for  shipping  and  will 
be  sent  by  Freight  or  Express. 

M»*^r_ 

fli 

S^coz 
g  oc/> 


p 

MO 


m 


I  I 

Companion  Organ  No. 


The  case  is  made  both  in  Cherry  and  Black  Walnut,  beautifully 
finished  and  polished.  It  has  folding  cover,  book  rest  and 
knee  swell.  Back  and  front  is  full  finished.  This  Organ  contains 
the  Carpenter  Action  and  has  the  same  warrant  that  is  g^ven  with 
larger  instruments  of  their  make.  The  reeds  are  best  quality,  strong, 
rich  and  correct  in  tone.  One  set  of  reedst  forty-nine  in  all.  This 
is  a  full  four  octave  instrument  of  forty-nine  keys.  0 

This  Organ  has  sufficient  compass  for  the  rendering  of  all  Sunday 
School  music,  popular  songs  and  choruses,  and  is  especially  adapted 
for  home  use,  the  school-room,  hall  or  chapel.  Price,  only  $£O.OO. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


51 


COMPANION  ORGAN,  NO.  2. 

Companion  Organ  No. 
2  has  just  been  perfect- 
ed after  several  months 
of  patient  labor  to  pro- 
duce an  instrument  of 
real  merit  and  of  greater 
capacity  than  No.  1,  and 
at  a  price  only  a  little 
in  advance  of  it,  and  we 
now  offer  and  confident- 
ly recommend  this  su- 
perb instrument  as  a 
most  desirable  Organ 
for  the  price,  and  the 
best  value  ever  offered 
by  an  Organ  Manufact- 
urer. 

It  is  manufactured  in 
four  octaves  of  forty- 
nine  keys  and  five  oc- 
taves of  sixty-one  keys. 
It  is  also  made  with  or 
without  lamp  stands 
and  ornamented  ends 
and  front.  It  is  made 
in  solid  Black  Walnut, 
Cherry  and  Imitation 
Walnut.  They  are  fin- 
ished in  oil  and  hand 
rubbed. 

The  action  is  easy,  responds  quickly  to  the  touch,  and  is  in  all 
respects  as  well  made  as  Organs  costing  from  $100.00  to  $200.00. 
The  bellows  is  large,  pumps  easily,  and  a  child  finds  no  difficulty  in 
supplying  wind  to  the  reeds.  The  reeds  are  best  quality,  strong, 
rich  and  correct  in  tone,  and  of  sufficient  capacity  and  volume  to 
lead  a  number  of  voices. 

The  subscribers  of  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  are 
the  first  to  have  an  Organ  offered  to  them  containing  the  qualities 
of  a  high-priced  instrument,  and  at  a  price  less  than  the  most  in- 
ferior instruments  are  sold.  We  expect  this  offer  will  be  appreciated, 
and  these  splendid  instruments  find  their  way  into  thousands  of 
homes  in  all  parts  of  the  land.  We  feel  certain  that  in  no  other  way 
could  the  same  amount  of  money  be  expended  which  would  afford 
so  much  pleasure  and  enjoyment  to  a  family.  It  serves  as  a  means 
of  cultivating  musical  instincts  of  children,  while  older  people 
gather  around  the  family  organ  for  social  instruction  and  entertain- 
ing amusement. 

Each  Organ  has  the  same  warrant  for  eight  years  as  is  given  with 
larger  instruments. 

pi  mansions— Height,  42  in.;  Length,  30  in.;  Depth,  15  in.; 
Weight,  boxed,  140  Ibs.    Price,  to  subscribers  only,  $35.00. 
>-O^ — 

THE  COMPLETE  ORGAN  INSTRUCTOR. 

This  is  probably  the  most  complete  "Book  of  Instructions"  ever 
published.  Its  size  is  10x12  inches,  and  it  contains  216  pages, 
beautifully  printed  and  bound.  Besides  meeting  the  wants  of 
beginners  it  tells  just  what  to  do  if  anything  ails  your  Organ  and 
with  it  no  tuner  is  necessary.  The  price  of  this  book  is  $2.00.  We 
include  it  free  with  every  Organ,  also  a  copy  of  THE  WESTERN 
WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


52 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


CHAPEL  ORGAN,  No.  730. 

This  Organ  con- 
tains two  full  sets 
of  reeds  of  sixty- 
one  notes  each,  in 
all  one  hundred  and 
twenty-two  reeds, 
with  Carpenter's 
Patent  Divided  Oc- 
tave Coupler,  coup- 
ling both  right  and 
left  from  centre  of 
key-board,  doub- 
ling the  power  of 
the  Instrument. 

Carpenter's  Pat- 
ent Aero-Dynamic 
Expression  Indica-- 
tor,  a  perfect  guide 
to  the  use  of  the 
blow  pedals.  All 
Chapel  Organs  are 
mouse  and  vermin 
proof,  and  acclima- 
tized to  withstand 
the  various  changes 
of  temperature  to 
which  they  are  sub- 
jected. 

Price,  $70.00. 


ORGAN  No.   160. 


Same  Style.    Price,  $65. OO.    Demensiens— Height,  48  inches; 
Length,  51  inches;  Depth,  24  inches;  Weight,  400  pounds. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


53 


PARLOR  ORGAN,  NO.  35. 


This  Organ  has  2  five  octave  seta  of  reeds  of  61  notes  each;  has 
Patent  Vox  Humana,  two  knee  swells,  Patent  Expression  Indicator, 
Patent  Divided  Octave  Coupler.  Ten  stops.  Action  same  as  No.  750. 

The  Cases  of  the  Carpenter  Organs  are  superior  in  design,  work- 
manship and  finish.  They  -are  made  of  solid  Black  Walnut,  with 
beautifully  veneered  panels  of  French  and  Circassian  Walnut. 

Their  artistic  excellence  wins  praise.  They  are  adapted  to  the 
prevailing  taste,  and  are  in  harmony  with  the  latest  advances. 

Heighth 72  in. ;  L.,  50  in. ;  D.,  24  in. ;  W.,  boxed,  340 Ibs.  Price $50. 


o4 


THE  WESTERN  WOULU,   ILLUSTRATED. 


THE  PRINCESS  ORGAN,  NO.  140. 


This  Organ  has  2  five  octave  sets  of  reeds  of  sixty-one  notes  each, 
in  all,  122  reeds.  It  has  the  Patent  Vox  Humana,  two  knee  swells, 
Patent  Expression  Indicator,  and  Patent  Divided  Octave  Coupler. 

There  are  ten  stops  as  follows:  Diapason,  Melodia,  Principal, 
Dulcet,  Vox  Celeste,  Vox  Humana,  Pian9,  Forte,  Treble  Coupler, 
Bass  Coupler.  Action  same  as  No.  35.  Finish,  elegant . 

Price  with  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  only  $75.00. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


55 


PRAY'S   INK   TABLETS. 

These  Ink  Tablets 
contain  the  essential 
or  coloring  part  of 
the  ink  compressed 
into  card  pellet  or 
tablet.  To  use  them 
or  make  the  ink  you 
have  simply  to  drop 
one  of  the  tablets  into 
a  bottle  containing  a 
little  water.  The  ink 
is  a  free-flowing 
black  ink,which  does 
not  corrode  the  pen, 
and  is  equally  good 
for  steel,  gold  or  sty- 
lographic  pens.  As 
these  ink  tablets  be- 
come known,  they 
wil^  become  indis- 
pensable to  tourists 
and  travelers  and  for 
household  use.  When 

traveling  they  can  be 

carried  with  perfect  safety  in  the  trunk  or  hand-bag,  and  may  be 
packed  with  the  most  delicate  clothing  without  fear  of  breaking, 
leaking  or  upsetting.  When  ink  is  required,  it  can  be  prepared  in 
an  instant,  and  only  a  few  drops  made  at  a  time  if  so  desired.  While 
we  recommend  these  Ink  Tablets  as  especially  good  for  house  or 
school  use,  or  in  any  place  where  ink  is  not  used  continually.  We 
will  send  a  neat  package,  containing  an  inkstand,  blotting  paper, 
etc.,  and  thirty  Tablets  (enough  to  make  one'  quart  of  ink),  for 
only  £5  Cents,  with  Paper,  4O  Cents. 

TABLE  SCARFS 

OF  FINE  EMBROIDERY  FELT. 
18  in.  Wide  and  50  in.  Long. 
These  Beautiful  Scarfs  in  any 
Color  STAMPED  TO  ORDER. 

Table  Scarfs,  embroidered 
on  each  end,  to  be  thrown 
over  a  table  or  work  stand, 
are  indespensable  pieces  of 
fancy  work.  They  are  worked 
in  various  ways,  either  in  tin- 
sel, ribbon  work  or  outline. 
They  are  easy  to  finish  and 
are  very  ornamental,  and  sell 
in  stores  at  from  $2.00  to 
$5.00  each.  You  can  have 
your  choice  of  the  color  of 
felt  and  of  the  designs  you 
will  have  stamped  on  it.  Just 
now  tinsel  work  is  very  pop- 
ular, and  it  is  easy  to  do.  We 
will  send  one  of  these  scarfs, 
stamped  according  to  your 
directions,  for  85  Cents, 
or  with  copy  of  THE  WEST- 
ERN JVORLD.  ILLUSTRATED, 
one  year,  f or  $ 1 .  OO. 


56 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Farm  ai?d 


a 


8  kook  y*  complete  ready  reference  library  for  farmers  and 


^ __^__  ^  __»»«.  _^.^t     ^i^xi    fjj        nvy  J.Ci±  L'iJ-lU      CH.IU.      LU.aULJ.U«U. 

men  and  women  in  all  civilized  countries.  It  contains  the  cream  or 
substance  of  more  than  a  dozen  ordinary  agricultural  and  house- 
hold books,  and  is  the  only 
I  first-class  work  of  the  kind 
ever  sold  at  less  than  six  dol- 
lars. It  is  a  book  to  be  con- 
sulted every  day  in  any  emer- 
gency, and  to  be  read  at  all 
times  with  interest  and  profit. 
It  is  such  a  book  as  every  farm- 
er and  housekeeper  needs  and 
ought  to  have,  supplying  the 
universal  want  of  a  reliable 
counsellor  upon  every  topic  re- 
lating to  the  farm  and  house- 
hold, and  will  save  its  small 
I  cost  every  week  in  the  year. 
The  work  is  profusely  illustra- 
ted, and  is  divided  into  two 
general  headings,  viz.:  The 
farm  and  The  Household,  each 
of  which  occupies  half  the 
book.  These  are  again  sub-di- 
vided into  a  number  of  depart- 
ments, as  follows :  Rural  Arch- 
itecture, Fences  and  Gates, 
Field  Crops,  Fertilizers,  The 
Garden,  Orchards  and  Vineyard,  Small  Fruits,  Live  Stock,  The 
Poultry  Yard,  The  Dairy,  The  Apiary,  Farm  Implements,  Around 
the  Farm,  Ck^king  Recipes,  Ladies'  Fancy  Work,  Floriculture,  The 
Home  Physician,  The  Toilet,  The  Laundry,  Hints  and  Helps.  All 
of  the  above  subjects  are  fully  and  ably  treated  in  this  valuable  book. 
It  is  a  vast  storehouse  of  usefull  facts,  hints  and  suggestions  of  the 
ut  most  value  to  farmers  and  housekeepers,  and  no  man  who  has  a 
home  and  an  acre  or  more  of  land  can  afford  to  be  without  it.  The 
publishers  know  full  well  that  farmers  are  a  class  who  have  no 
money  to  waste  upon  luxuries,  and  are  equally  well  aware  that  the 
purchase  of  this  book  will  be  to  them  the  most  profitable  of  invest- 
ments. While  other  books  of  this  character  are  sold  for  $6.00  and 
$10.00,  for  all  practical  purposes  they  are  no  better  than  this.  The 
book  meets  a  universal  want,  and  should  find  its  way  into  every  ru- 
ral home.  The  Farm  and  Household  Cyclopaedia  is  a  large  and 
handsome  book  of  544  pages,  12mo,  printed  upon  fine  paper,  and 
elegantly  bound  in  cloth,  embellished  with  artistic  designs  in  black 
and  gold,  It  contains  Two  Hundred  and  Forty-nine  illustrations, 
the  original  cost  of  which  was  nearly  $5,000.  The  book  will  be  sent 
by  mail,  post-paid,  upon  receipt  of  Price,  only  91. OO.  It  is  as 
large  and  as  handsomely  gotten  up  as  books  usually  sold  at  $1.50 
and  $2.00,  and  its  contents  are  worth  the  weight  of  the  book  in  gold 
to  every  farmer  and  housekeeper.  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUS- 
TRATED, included  with  each  book. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS.  57 


The    'Florence'1  Lamp  Stove, 

Illuminates  a  room  like  a  head-light  reflector,  and  can  be  carried 
around  like  a  common  hand  lamp. 

By  its  light  one  can  read  fine  print  at  a  distance  of  ten  feet  from 
the  stove. 

X     Ne^SStecissK  Jt  affords  sufficient 

heat  to  boil  a  quart  of 
water  in  8  minutes. 

It  is    more    conve- 
nient to  carry  to  a  sick 
room  than  a  large  stove 
and,  if  quick  heat  is 
wanted  in  the  night,  it 
lights  the  room  while 
medical  ,  preparations 
are  warming  on  top. 
,        It  meets  a  want  that 
f  has     often     been   felt 
t  since  the  first  introduc- 
tion   of  kerosene 
stoves. 

Lamps  have  been 
valueless  for  cooking 
or  heating,  and  oil  stoves  of  moderate  size  have  not  been  practicable 
for  lighting  purposes,  while,  wi.h  this  combination  of  heat  and  light, 
you  can  boil  water  or  otherwise  supply  heat  as  Mbove  described,  and 
at  the  same  time  have  a  light  equal  to  the  power  of  several  ordinary 
lamps. 

This  device  furnishes  not  only  a  powerful  illuminating  lamp,  but 
a  stronsr,  durable  stove,  at  a  very  moderate  price.  The  chimney  can 
be  reversed  so  as  to  throw  the  light  in  either  direction. 

It  is  a  convenient  auxiliary  to  the  larger  sizes  of  oil  stoves,  fur- 
nishing one  more  place  to  cook  food  when  the  other  stoves  will  not 
do  quite  all  that  is  wanted.  It  will  heat  a  flat  iron  in  five  minutes. 

Specially  adapted  for  Milliners,  Dressmakers,  Druggists,  Barbers, 
and  for  Manufacturers  to  heat  glue,  paste,  etc 

The  light  is  all  thrown  in  one  direction,  and  the  heat  is  controlled 
BO  as  to  be  the  most  available  for  all  purposes  for  which  a  stove  is  re- 
quired. 

It  weighs  5  pounds,  and  will  be  sent  by  express. 
Price  only  $1.5O  with  Paper  one  year,  or  we  will  send  the  Lamp 
Stove  with  an  Oven,    Broiler    and    Cover  for  $2.25  (  Price  $3.00). 
As  these  are  packed  six  in  a  case,  we  will  send  one         " 
free  to  any  person  who  will  send  us  an  order  for  five 
at  $2.25  each.     Six  copies  of  Paper  included. 

Trucks  Jw  all  Purposes, 

These  Trucks  are  strong  and  well  made,  and  are 
adapted  to  the  various  uses  about  a  Store,  Ware- 
house, Mill,  Hotel,  Barn,  etc.,  for  Bags,  Barrels. 
Boxes,  Kegs,  etc.  «We  offerthem  so  low  no  one  need 
complain  of  a  lame  back  any  more 

Price  by  Express,  $2.OO,  Paper  included  for  one 
year. 


58  THE   WESTERN  WOELD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


f\  Boo\(  tfyat 


How  to  make  the  Home  Beautiful  at  small  cost  is  a  subject  now 
uppermost  in  the  mind  of  every  lady  of  good  taste.  This  book  is  a 
complete  practical  instructor  in  every  description  of  Ladies'  Fancy 
Work,  and  the  only  first-class  work  of  the  kind  ever  published  at  a 
low  price.  It  contains  nearly  3OO  Illustrations,  and  the  in- 
structions given  are  so  plain 
and  simple  that  by  their  aid 
even  a  child  may  make  the 
many  beautiful  things  which 
the  book  describes.  It  gives 
plain  and  practical  instructions 
in  Drawing,  Oil  Painting,  and 
making  Wax  Flowers ;  likewise 
all  kinds  of  fancy  Needle  Work, 
Artistic  Embroidery,  Knitting, 
Lace  Work,  Tatting,  Crochet 
and  Net  Work.  It  contains  de- 
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and  Corners,  Macrame  Work, 
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Cushions,  Footstools,  Handkerchief  Boxes,  Glove  Boxes,  Card  Bask- 
ets, Sofa  Pillows,  Table  Covers,  Table  Scarfs,  Screens,  Scrap  Bags, 
Hand  Bags,  Table  Mats,  Toilet  Mats,  Lamp  Mats,  Lamp  Shades,  Pil- 
low Shams,  Pillow  Sham  Holders,  Cutains,  Toilet  Stands,  Picture 
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Spatter  Work,  Leaf  Photographs  and  many  other  things.  It  ie  a 
book  that  should  be  in  every  American  household.  With  it  as  a 
guide  you  may  make  hundreds  of  beautiful  things  for  the  adornment 
of  your  home  and  for  presents  to  your  friends  at  the  most  trifling  ex- 
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The  book  will  repay  its  small  cost  many  times  over  in  a  very  short 
time!*  Every  lady  will  be  delighted  with  it.  It  is  a  large  book  of  64 
large  3- column  pages,  with  handsome  cover,  is  finely  printed,  and.  as 
above  stated,  contains  nearly  300  Illustrations.  It  will  be  sent  by  mail, 
postpaid,  upon  receipt  of  pr'ce,  25  cts. ;  or  with  Paper,  35  cts, 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


59 


AVOID  LITiaATION. 


BE  YOUR  OWN  LAWYER. 


EVERYBODY'S  LAW  BOOK. 

Litigation  is  a  very  expensive  luxury;  avoid  it,  for  it  doesn't  pay. 
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the  simple  principles  of  law  and  their  own  and  others1  rights,  and 


f, 


there  are  plenty  of  lawyers  always  ready  to  take  advantage  of  this 
lack  of  knowledge.  The  object  of  this  volume  is  to  impart,  in  a  sim- 

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business  and  domestic  Law,  by  a  prominent  member  of  the  New 
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Mortgages,  Citizens  and  Aliens,  Common  Carriers,  Contracts,  Cor- 
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tures, Garnishment,  Gifts,  Guaranty,  Guardian  and  Ward,  Heirs  and 
next  of  Kin,  Homestead  Exemptions,  Husband  and  Wife,.  Infants, 
Interest  and  Usury,  Landlord  and  Tenant,  Libel  and  Slander,  Liens. 
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day.  It  is  the  cheapest  book  of  the  kind  ever  published,  and  is  quite 
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ume of  128  pages,  12mo,  with  handsome  cover.  It  will  be  sent  by 
mail,  post  paid,  upon  receipt  of  only  25  Cents.  Send  for  it !  It  is 
worth  ten  times  the  amount  asked  for  it  to  any  man,  young  or  old, 
in  America.  This  Book  and  Paper  35  Cents. 


These  Feed  Cutters  are  for  Hay, 
Straw,  etc.,  and  are  the  best  and  nicest 
finished  Feed  Cutters  made.  They  are 
all  warranted  to  be  durable  and  to  do 
good  work.  Shipped  by  Freight.  Copy 
of  Paper  included  with  each/ 


PRICE. 
$1O.OO 
14.OO 
16.OO 


WEIGHT. 
..  100  Ibs. 

.  150    " 
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60 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Newspapersjind^  Magazines. 

TWO  PAPERS  FOR  THE  PRICE  OF  ONE. 

By  special  arrangements  we  furnish  Newspapers  of  any  conse- 
quence, or  any  Magazine,  at  their  prices,  and  include  THE  WESTERN 
WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  and  with  many  we  include  the  Guide  and 
Hand  Book  without  additional  charge.  If  there  is  any  paper  you 
want  to  subscribe  for,  write  to  us  and  enclose  Postal  Card  or  stamp 
and  we  will  inform  you  by  return  mail  the  cost,  and  save  you  money. 

THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED, 

is  included  with  each  of  the  following.    The  "Guide"  is  also  in- 
cluded with  those  indicated.  Price  no  higher  than  Paper  mentioned. 
Abreviations— W.,  Weekly;  M.,  Monthly;   S.  M.,  Semi-Monthly. 

Call,  San  Francisco w$1.00    Nat. Tribune, Wash.,  G'de.w$1.50 

Pioneer-Press,  St.  Paul... w  1.00  Picayune, N.Orleans,G'de.w  1.50 
Gazette,  Ft.  Worth,  Tex.w  1.00  Times-Democrat,  Guide... w  1.50 
Globe-Dem., St.  Louis  — w  1.00  Enquirer,  Gin., O., Guide.. w  1.50 
Republican,  St.  Louis, — w  1.00  Constitut'n,  Atlanta  Guide  w  1.50 

Courier- Journal, Louis'llew  1.00    Bee,  Omaha,  Guide w  1.50 

Commercial,  Louisville, .. w  1.00    News,  Galveston,  Guide.. w  1.50 

Gazette,  Cincinnati, w  1.00    Blade,  Toledo,  Guide w  1.50 

Times-Star,  m  Cincinnati, . .  w  1.00    Tribune,  New  York,  Guide  w  1.50 

Journal,  Chicago, w  1.00    Free  Press,  Detroit,  Guide  w  1.50 

*r—°  "  "     w  1.00    111.  Magazine, St.  Louis,.. m  1.50 

"        w  1.00    Am.  Agriculturist,  N.  Y . . . m  1.50 

"         w  1.00    Domestic  Monthly,  Guide  m   1.50 

" w  1.00    The  CottageHearth,  G'ide.m  1.50 

"        w  1.00    N.  W.  Farmer  and  Dairyman. 

Portland,Oregon,  G'de..m  1.50 
Times-Union,  Jacksonville, 

Fla., Guide w  1.50 

Arkansas  Gazette,  Guide. w  1.50 

Arkansas  Dem.,  Guide w  1.50 

Appeal,  Memphis,  Guide. w  1.50 
Hoord's  Dairyman,  Wis. . .  w  1.00 
111.  London  News,  N.  Y. . . .  w  4.00 
Poultry  and  Farm  Journal, 


Herald, 

Times,  "        w  1.00 

Tribune,        "        ..w  1.00 

Inter-Ocean  "        w  1.00 

Times,  Philadelphia, w  1.00 

Star,  New  York, w  1.00 

Globe,  Boston, w  1.00 

Sentinel,  Milwaukee, w  1.00 

Sunday  Tel'gph,  Milw'kee  w  1.00 

Republican,  Omaha, w  1.00 

Times,  Leaven  worth, w  1.00 


, 

Journal,  Kansas  City w  1.00 

Statesman^  Austin,  Texas,  w  1.00 


Tribune,  iJetroit, w  1.00        Minneapolis,  Minn m  1.00 

Post,  Washington, w  1.00    Cloak,  Suit  and  Ladies'  Wear 

Am.  Bee  Journal,  Chicag9 .  w  1.00       Review,  N.  Y m  1.00 

Am.  Poultry  Journal,  Chi .  m  1.00    Iowa  Capital,  Des  Moines .  w  1.00 

American  Sheep  Breeder  and  Hearld  of  Health.  N.  Y m  1.00 

Wool  Grower „  .  .m  1.00    The  Hot  Blast,  Alabama,  .w  1.00 

Southern  Cultivator,  Atlan- 
ta, Ga m  1.50 

Breeders  Gazette,  Chi.,  G..w  3.00 
IdahoRegister,EagleRock.w  3.00 


Skandinaven,  Chicago w  2.00 


Hawkeye,  Burlington,  la . .  w  1.00 

Housekeeper  Minn s  m  1.00 

Household,  Brattleboro . .  .m  1.10 
Humane  Journal,Chicago,m  1.00 
Live  SUock  Review  and 

Farmer,  Kansas  City, . . .  w  1.00    The  Alaskan,  Sitka w  3.00 

Popular  Gardn'g,  Buffalo  m  1.00  Mining  and  Scientific    Re- 
Poultry  World,  Hartford  .m  1.25  view,  Denver. 
Rural  California,  Los.  An- w  2.00 

geles, m  2.00  N. Y. World,  6 mos.,  Guide. w  1.00 

Good  Cheer,  Greenfield, ...  m      50  Household  Monthly,  Lynn  m      50 

Agents  Herald,  Phila m      50  Our  Country  Hqme^  Wall- 


Cricket  on  the  Hearth . . .  .m  1.00 
Cultivator,  Omaha,  Guide  m  1.00 
American    II  o  u  s  e-keeping 
-Chicago,  Guide m  1.00 


ford,  Ct.  (with  Art  Portfo- 
lio, see  page  3) m      50 

Ladies'  Home  Comp.  O.s.-m      50 
Germania,  Milwaukee  —  w  2.00 


Bee,  Sacremento,  Guide . . .  w  1.50    Boys  of  New  York w  2.50 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


61 


Harpers  Mgznie.,  N.  Y.,  G.m$4.00 
Harpers  Weekly,  "  G.  w  4.00 
Harper's  Bazar  ,N.  Y.  G..  .w  4.00 
Harpers  Young  People,  G.  w  2.00 

Century,  N.  Y.,  Guide m  4.00 

St.  Nicholas,  N.  Y.,  Guide. w  3.00 
Art  Journal,  N.  Y.  and  Lon- 
don   m  6.00 

Am.  Magazine,  N.Y.,  G'de.m  3.00 
Am.  Review,  Boston,  G'de.m  4.00 
Arthurs  Home  Mag.,  Phil..m  2.00 
Atlantic  Monthly,  Guide.,  m  4.00 
Ballous  Magazine,  Boston.m  1.50 
Arkansaw  Traveller,  G'de.w  2.00 

Cal.  Farmer,  San  Fran w  3.00 

Demorest's  Mag'zine,  N.Y.m  2.00 
Drake's  Magazine,  N.  Y . .  .m  1.00 
Electric  Mag'zine.  N.Y.,G.m  4.00 

Forum,  N.  Y.,  Guide m  4.00 

Fireside  Companion,  N.Y.w  3.00 
Gody's  Lady's  Book,Phila.m  2.00 
Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated 

Newspaper,  Guide  w  4.00 

Frank  Leslie' s Zeitung,  G.w  4.00 
Frank  Leslie's  Pop.  M9.G.m  3.00 
F.  Leslie' s  Sun.  Magazine. m  2.50 
F.  Leslie's  Budget  of  Wit. . .  2.25 


F.Leslie's  Pleasant  Hours.m$1.75 
Gleason's  Home  Circle,  Bos- 
ton  w  2.00 

Gleason's  Companion m  1.00 

Golden  Argosy,  N.  Y w  3.00 

Good  Health,  Bat'l  Creek. m  1.00 

Graphic,  Y.  Y.,  Guide w  2.50 

Ledger,  Chicago,  Guide.,  .w  1.50 
(Greatest  Story  Paper  West. ) 
Life  (Comic),  N.Y.,  G'de.  .w  5.00 
Lippincott'sMag.,Phila..m  3.00 
N'rth  Am.  Review,  N.Y.,G.m  4.00 

Outing,  N.  Y.,  Guide m  3.00 

Overland  Monthly, San  Fran- 
cisco, Guide m  4.00 

Puck,Ger.orEng.,  N.Y.,G.w  5.00 
Peck's  Sun,  Milwaukee, . . .  w  2.00 
Peterson's  Mag.,  Phila.,G.m  2.00 
Scribner,  N.  Y.,  Guide . . . .  m  3.00 
Transcript,  Me.,  Guide. . . .w  2.00 
Vick's  111.  Magaz.,  Guide. m  1.25 

Wide  Awake,  Boston m  2.40 

Youths  Companion,  (New) w  1.75 

The  Voice,  N.  Y w  1.00 

'Rural    New    Yorker,  with 

Seeds  and  Guide w  2.00 

Dorcas  Magazine,  N.  Y..  .m      65 


Souvenier  Albums  and  Photo  Views  of  American  Scenery,  etc.,  etc. 

These  Souveniers  possess  none  of  the  type  of  the  fanciful,  so- 
called  artistic  pictures,  but  prove  true  to  memory  and  nature. 

^They  are  bound  in  strong  Russia-cloth  covers  of  various  patterns, 
with  Leaf -Gold  or  black  titles.  Nothing  could  be  more  interesting 
for  the  Center  Table  or  more  welcomed  by  a  friend.  Postpaid. 

CITIES. 

Boston $1.00  Los  Angeles,  Cal $  .50 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y 1.00  Minneapolis,  Minn 50 

Chicago. 1.50  New  York 1.50 

Charleston,  S.  C 50  Omaha,  Neb 50 

Chattanooga,  Tenn 50  Philadelphia,  Pa 50 

Cincinnati,  O 50  Portland,  Ore 75 

Denver,Colo 50  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 50 

Detroit,  Mich 50  San  Francisco,  Cal 1.50 

Duluth,  Minn 50  St.  Augustine,  Florida 50 

Galyeston,  Tex 50  St.  Louis,  Mo 1.00 

Indianapolis,  Ind 50  St.  Paul,  Minn 50 

Jacksonville,  Fla 50  Washington,  D.  C 1.00 

Kansas  City,  Mo 50  Winnepeg,  Manitoba 50 

SCENERY    AND    RESORTS. 

Adirondacks $  .50  Manitoba  and  the  Northwest  $  .75 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  R.  R 50  Minnesota  Views 50 

California,  Souvenir  of 50  Minnetonke  Lake 50 

Colorado  Views 50  N.  Mexico,  Spanish  and  Ind.     .50 

Dells  of  Wisconsin 50  Niagara  Falls 50 

Florida,  St.  John  River 50  North  Pacific  R.  R 50 

Florida,  Palatka,  etc 50  Pacific  Northwest 75 

Hot  Springs,  Ark 50  Saratoga 50 

HudsonRiver 50  Union  Pacific  R.  R 1.00 

Land  of  the  Sky,  N.  C.  R.  R.     .50  West  Point  on  the  Hudson.     .50 

Long  Branch,  Souvenier  of.     .50  White  Mountains.  ..Cabinet     .75 

Mauch  Chunk,  Pa 50  Yellow  Stone,  National  Park     .75 

The  Western  World,  Illustrated,  with  each  $1.00  worth  of  Albums. 


62  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 

THE  GEM  mm  m  ro  noun  OUTFIT, 


This  outfit  is  complete  for  taking  card-size  Photos,  and  any  boy 
or  girl  12  years  old  can  make  as  perfect  Pictures  after  reading  the 
directions  as  an  experienced  artist.  The  advancement  in  Photog- 
raphy has  been  so  great  in  the  last  few  years  that  better  pictures  are 
now  made  with  a  saving  of  three-fourths  the  work..  The  Gem 
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THE  CHEAPEST  POPULAR  MEDICAL  BOOK. 

PART  I—  TREATS   OF    DISEASE  AND 

ITS    CUR  E—  Prevention  and    Cure; 

Common-Sense    Remedies,   and  Doc- 

tors of  all  sorts;  including  chapters 

relating  to  Food,  Clothing,  Bad  Habits 

of  Children  and  Manhood,   Excessive 

Study  and  Labor,    Sleep,   Cleanliness 

and  Healthy  Babies. 
PAIIT  II—  TREATS  OF  CHRONIC  DIS- 

EASES— Especially  of  Diseases  of  the 

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Neuralgia,  Rheumatism;  affections  of 

the  Eyes  and  Ears;   diseases  of  the 

Heart,  Kidnevs  and  Bladder. 
Partlll-CONSISTSOF  PLAIN  TALK 

—About  the  Natural  Relations  of  the 

Sexes,  Civilization,  Society  and  Mar- 

riage.     Here  are  answered  in  plain 

language    a  thousand  questions  that 

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tion,  Mental,  Physical,   Magnetic  and  Tempermental  ;  Mental  Mar- 

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-  chapters  on  the  Intermar- 
riage of  Relations,  Philos- 
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says for  Married  People, 
concerning  Jealousy,Sexual 
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Women,  etc.  In  English  and 
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Price.  <-loth,by  Mail,  $l.5O 
with  THE  WESTERN  WORLD, 
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64  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


A  beautiful  Oil  Chromo,  24x80  inches. 


LWW'*-'^^-  ':^^^«PlTO>;j^Wrt*1  www  .-zZiMto)!M  •  JtmjBSa^Ssm 
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THE  WHITE  MOUNTAIN  HAMMOCK  CHAIR 

differs  from  all  other  stationary  or  reclining    Chairs  in  that  it  is 

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porch  or  camp.  It  T 

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every   w^r ;    can  | 

be  put  up  so  as  to  B 

be  always  in  the! 

shade. 

By  its  peculiar  I 
construction  it  is  I 
balanced  in  all | 
posi  ti  on s,  re-| 
quiring  110  fast-H 
enings  to  keep  it  1 
in  place.  The  foot  f 
rest  can  be  quick- 1 
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Complete  Novels  by  Famous  Authors. 

No.  147.  Sir  Noel's  Heir.    By  Mrs.  May  Agnes  Fleming. 

No.  148.  A  Bartered  Life.     By  Marion  Harland. 

No.  138.  An  Old  Man's  Sacrifice.    By  Mrs.  Ann  S.  Stephens. 

No.  131.  The  Forcellini  Kubies.    By  M.  T.  Caldor. 

No.  133.  The  Old  Oaken  Chest.    By  Sylvanus  Cobb,  Jr. 

No.  134.  The  Pearl  of  the  Ocean.    By  Clara  Augusta. 

No.  149.  Hollow  Ash  Hall.    By  Margaret  Blount.    Illustrated. 

No.  128.  Cliffe  House.    By  Etta  W.  Pierce. 

No.  154.  Lancaster's  Cabin.    By  Mrs.  M.  V.  Victor,    Illustrated. 

No.  155.  Florence  Irvington's  Oath.    By  Mrs.  M.  A.  Denison.  Ilstd. 

No.  142.  The  Woman  Hater.    By  Dr.  J.  H.  Eobinson.    Illustrated. 

No.  132.  The  California  Cabin.    By  M.  T.  Caldor. 

No.  129.  The  Diamond  Bracelet.    By  Mrs.  Henry  Wood.     Ill'd. 

No.  135.  A  Wicked  Girl.    By  Mary  Cecil  Hay. 

No.  136.  A  Low  Marriage.    By  Miss  Mulock.    Illustrated. 

No.  137.  Under  the  Lilacs.    By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thome." 

No.  139.  The  Strange  Case  of  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde.    By  E.  L. 

£  Stevenson. 

No.  140.  The  Lawyer's  Secret.    By  Miss  M.  E.  Braddon. 

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No.  144.  Lady  Yalworth's  Diamonds.    By  "The  Duchess." 

No.  145.  The  Nine  of  Hearts.    By  B.  L.  Farjeon. 

No.  146.  Doris's  Fortune.    By  Florence  Warden. 

No.  150.  A  Playwright's  Daughter.  By  Mrs.  Annie  Edwards.    Ill'd. 

II     -1  6 

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No. 
No. 

No. 

No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 

No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No., 


120.  The  Evil  Genius.    By  M.T.  Caldor. 

119.  The  Mystery  at  Blackwood  Grange.    By  Mrs.  May  Agnes 

Fleming. 

103.  The  Last  of  the  Ruthvens.    By  Miss  Mulock.    Illustrated. 

101.  The  Morwick  Farm  Mystery.    By  Wilkie  Collins.    Ill'd. 

100.  Out  9f  the  Depths.    By  Hugh  Conway. 

99.  Retribution.    By  Margaret  Blount. 

98.  A  Tale  of  Sin.    By  Mrs.  Henry  Wood. 

97.  A  Fortune  Hunter.    By  Annie  Thomas.    Illustrated. 

96.  Wedded  and  Parted.    By  the  author  of  Dora  Thorne. 

95.  The  Knightsbride  Mystery.     By  Charles    Reade.      Ill'd. 

94.  Ingledew  House.    By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thorne." 

93.  A  Passive  Crime.    By  "The  Duchess." 

92.  Rose^Lodge.    By  Mrs.  Henry  Wood. 

91.  A  Bridge  of  Love.    By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thorne." 

90.  The  Fatal  Marriage.    By  Miss  M.  E.  Braddon. 

89.  A  Queen  Amongst  Women.    By    the  author    of  "Dora 

Thorne/' 

88.  The  Blatchford  Bequest.    By  Hugh  Conway.    Illustrated. 

87.  The  Curse  of  Carew.    By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thorne." 

86.  A  Shadow  on  the  Threshold.    By  Mary  Cecil  Hay. 

85.  The  Fatal  Lilies.    By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thorne." 

84.  Carriston's  Gift.     By  Hugh  Conway.    Illustrated. 

83.  More  Bitter  than  Death.    By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thorne." 

82.  Miss  or  Mrs.  ?    By  Wilkie  Collins.    Illustrated. 

81.  In  the  Holidays.    By  Mary  Cecil  Hay. 

80.  Romantic  Adventures  of  a  Milkmaid.    By  Thomas  Hardy. 

79.  A  Dead  Heart.    By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thorne." 

77.  Dark  Days.    By  Hugh  Conway. 

'76.  Shadows  on  the  Snow.    By  B.  L.  Farjeon. 


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70 


THE  WESTERN  WORLL>,  ILLUSTRATED. 


No.  141.    Between  Two  Sins.  By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thorne."  Ill'd. 

No.  143.    Fair  but  False.    By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thorne."    Ill'd 

No.    75.    At  the  World's  Mercy.    By  Florence  Warden. 

No.    74.     Called  Back.    By  Hugh  Conway. 

No.    73.    Mildred  Treyanion.    By  "The  Duchess." 

No.    72.    In  Cupid's  Net.    By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thorne." 

No.    71.    The  Grey  Woman.    By  Mrs.  GaskeLL.    Illustrated. 

No.    70.    The  Mystery  of  the  Holly  Tree.    By  the  author  of  "Dora 

Thorne."    Illustrated. 

No.    69.    Gabriel's  Marriage.    By  Wilkie  Collins.    Illustrated. 
No.    68.    John  Bower  bank's  Wife.    By  Miss.  Mulock.    Illustrated. 
No.    67.    Jasper  Dane's  Secret.    By  Miss  M.  E.    Braddon.    Ill'd. 
No.    66.    Leoline.    By  Mary  Cecil  Hay.    Illustrated. 
No.    65.    Lady  Gwendoline's  Dream.    By  the    author    of    "Dora 

Thorne."    Illustrated. 
No.    45.    The    Cricket  on  the    Hearth.    A  Christmas  Story. 

Charles  Dickens.    Illustrated. 


B 

No.    36.    Missing.    By  Mary  Cecil  Hay. 

No.    43.    Bell  Brandon.    By  P.  Hamilton  Myers.  Illustrated. 

No.    44.    The  Yellow  Mask.     By  Wilkie  Collins.. 

No.    32.    Sister  Eose.    By  Wilkie  Collins. 

No.    31.    Valerie's  Fate.    By  Mrs.  Alexander. 

No.    29.    A  Golden  Dawn.    By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thorne."  Ill'd. 

No.    27.     Essica:  or  The  Mystery  of  the  Headlands.    By  Etta  W. 

Pierce.    Illustrated. 

25.    Dudley  Carleon.    By  Miss  M.  E.  Braddon. 
David  Hunt.    By  Mrs.  Ann  S.  Stephens. 


No. 

No. 
No. 
No. 

No. 
No. 


23.    _„  r 

22.    The  Heir  to  Ashley.    By  Mrs.  Henry  Wood. 
21.    Reaping  the  Wiiirlwinc" 
By  the  £ 
*7.    The  Laurel  Bush.    By  Miss  Mulock. 


Reaping  the  Whirlwind.    By  Mary  Cecil  Hay. 
A  Gilded  Sin.    By  the  author  of  "Dora  Thorne.'1 


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Henry  Arkell.    By  Mrs.  Henry  Wood. 
Amos  Barton.    By  George  Eliot. 


.  .  . 

4.    Blue  Eyes^and  Golden  Hair.  By  Annie^  Thomas. 
3. 


Captain  Alick's  Legacy.    By  M.  T.  Caldor. 
2.    Among  the  Ruins.    By  Mary  Cecil  Hay.    Illustrated. 

MISCELLANEOUS    FICTION. 

164.    Christmas  Stories.    By    Charles    Dickens.    Contains  a 

number  of  the  most  charming  Christmas  stories  ever  written 

by  the  greatest  writer  of  fiction  who  ever  lived. 

117.    Famous  Detective  Stories.     A  collection    of  thrilling 

narratives  of  Detective  experience,  many  of  them  written  by 

actual  members  of  the  profession. 

59.    Sixteen  Complete  Stories  by  Popular  Authors,  embracing 

love,  humorous  and  detective  stories,  stories  of  society  life,  of 

adventure,  of  railway  life,  etc.,  all  very  interesting. 

BOOKS    FOR   LADIES. 

125.  Ladies'  Fancy  Work.  A  new  book  containing  directions 
for  makfhg  many  beautiful  things  for  the  home.  Illustrated. 

No.  124.  Decorative  Painting.  A  comprehensive  manual  of  self- 
instruction  in  this  beautiful  and  useful  art,  by  Lida  and  M.  J. 
Clarkson,  authors  of  "Brush  Studies,"  etc.  Illustrated. 

No.  127.  How  to  Make  Paper  Flowers.  Containing  thorough  in- 
structions in  this  beautiful  and  useful  art,  likewise  in  that  of 
making  wax  flowers.  Illustrated. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No.  115.  Manual  of  Floriculture.  Teaches  the  best  method  of 
propagating  all  the  different  plants,  tell?  how  to  cure  disease 
and  eradicate  insect  pests,  etc.  Illustrated. 

No.  116.  Guide  to  Needlework,  Knitting  and  Crochet.  Contain- 
ing designs  and  directions  for  all  kinds  of  Fancy  Needlework, 
Artistic  Embroidery,  Lace  Work,  Knitting,  Tatting,  Crochet 
and  Net  Work.  Illustrated. 

No.  56.  The  Home  Cook  Book  and  Family  Physician,  containing 
hundreds  of  excellent  cooking  recipes  and  hints  to  house- 
tiling  how  to  cure  all  common  ailments,  by 
simple  home  remedies. 

No.  48.  Fancy  work  for  Home  Adornment,  containing  easy  and 
practical  instructions  for  making  fancy  baskets,  wall  pockets, 
i  (dlework,  ei  n  broidery,  etc.  Illustrated. 

No.  176.  TheComn;.  ook  Book.  A  thoroughly  reliable 

ami  ;  ork. 

No.  177.  How  to  be  Your  Own  Doctor.  An  excellent  medical 
book,  containing  sim  p  i  ies  for  all 

the  common  complaints  to  which  mankind  is 

The  Western  World,  Illustrated,  with  each  20  Books,  at  3  cts.  each. 


72  THE  WESTERN  WORLD.  ILLUSTRATED. 


Koa  178.  Guide  to  the  Toilet,  The  teeth,  hands,  hair,  breath, 
lips,  skin  and  complexion  are  fully  treated  in  this  book. 

No.    179.    Hints  and  Helps  for  the  Household.    A  compendium  of 
valuable  and  useful  household  information,  filled  with  facts, 
hints  and  suggestions  upon  a  great  variety  of  topics. 
POETICAL    WORKS. 

No.  110.  Poems  by  John  G.  Whittier.  The  only  cheap  edition 
published — should  be  in  every  household.  Illustrated. 

No.  111.  Poems,  by  Henry  W.  Longfellow.  No  one  can  afford  to 
be  without  this  collection  of  Poems  by  the  master  of  Ameri- 
can poetry.  Illustrated. 

No.  1.  Poems,  by  Alfred  Tennyson.  This  work  contains  some  of 
his  finest  compositions. 

No.    34.    The  Lady  of  the  Lake.  By  Sir.  Walter  Scott.    A  romance. 

No.  46.  Jean  Ingelow's  Poems.  All  the  finest  works  of  this 
great  poetess  are  given  in  this  book. 

JUVENILE    BOOKS. 

No.  158.  Round  the  Evening  Lamp.  A  book  of  stx>ries,  pictures, 
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No«  163.  Popular  Recitations  and  Dialogues,  humorous,  dramatic 
and  pathetic,  including  all  the  latest,  best  and  most  popular. 


No.  54.  Parlor  Magic  and  Chemical  Experiments,  a  book  which 
tells  how  to  perform  hundreds  of  amusing  tricks  in  magic 
and  instructive  experiments  with  simple  agents. 

No.  55.  Winter  Evening  Recreations,  a  large  collection  of  Acting 
Charades,  Tableaux,  Games,  Puzzles,  etc.,  for  social  gather- 
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No.  61.  Dialogues,  Recitations  and  Readings,  a  large  and  choice 
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tertainments. 

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No.  162.  The  Self -Made  Men  of  Modern  Times.  Containing  por- 
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the  time  of  Franklin  to  the  present. 

The  Western  World,  Illustrated,  with  each  20  Books,  at  3  cts.  each. 


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No.    112.    The  Life  of  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant.    By  W.  A.  Peters.    With 

portrait  and  other  illustrations. 
No.    9.    Distinguished  People.    This  work  contains  portraits  and 

biographies   of  our    celebrated  Statesmen,    Authors,    Poets, 

Editors,  Clergymen,  Financiers,  etc. 

BOOKS    FOR    FARMERS. 

No.  168.  Country  Architecture.  Containing  designs  and  plans 
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No.  169.  The  Stockbreeder's  Guide.  This  work  contains  infor- 
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No.  170.  The  Whole  Subject  of  Fertilizers.  This  important  sub- 
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No.  171.  Fruit  Culture  for  Profit.  In  this  book  is  given  a  vast 
amount  of  useful  information  for  growers  of  all  kinds  of 
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No.  172.  Success  in  the  Garden.  Contains  valuable  information, 
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No.  173.  The  Great  Staples.  Contains  valuable  hints  and  useful 
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hay,  etc.  Illustrated. 

No.  174.  Home-made  Farm  Implements.  Contains  directions  for 
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II 


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No.  159.  "A  Pleasure  Exertipn,"  and  other  Sketches,  by  "Josiah 
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quite  as  laughable  and  in  every  way  equal  to  "Widow  Bedott." 

No.  78.  The  Widow  Bedott  Papers.  By  Francis  M.  Whitcher. 
This  is^the  book  over  which  your  grandmothers  laughed  till 
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No.  118.  Yankee  Wit,  and  Humor.  A  collection  of  humorous 
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men  of  the  American  press.  Illustrated. 

No.  58.  The  Budget  of  Wit,  Humor  and  Fun,  a  large  collection 
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MISCELLANEOUS. 

No.  166.  /Wonders  of  the  World,  Natural  and  Other.  Contains 
descriptions  and  illustrations  of  the  most  wonderful  works  of 
nature  and  of  man.  Very  interesting  and  instructive. 

No.    165.    Familiar  Quotations.     Containing  the  origin  and  author- 
ship of  many  phrases  frequently  rnet  in  reading  and  conver-  • 
sation.    A  valuable  work  of  reference. 

No.  161.  Low  Life  in  New  York.  A  series  of  vivid  pen  pictures 
showing  the  dark  side  of  life  in  the  great  city.  Illustrated. 

No.  157.  The  Road  to  Wealth.  Not  an  advertising  circular,  but  a 
thoroughly  practical  work,  pointing  out  a  way  by  which  all 
may  make  money,  easily,  rapidly  and  honestly. 

No.  130.  One  Hundred  Popular  Songs,  sentimental,  pathetic  and 
comic,  including  most  of  the  favorites,  new  and  old. 

No.  113.  Anecdotes  of  the  Rebellion.  A  collection  of  humorous, 
pathetic  and  thrilling  narratives  of  the  war. 

No.  52.  Manual  of  Etiquette  for  Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  a  guide 
toe  politeness  and  good  breeding,  giving  the  rules  of  .modern 
etiquette  for  all  occasions. 

No.  53.  The  Standard  Letter  Writer  for  Ladies  and  Gentlemen, 
a  complete  guide  to  correspondence,  giving  plain  directions 
for  the  composition  of  letters  of  every  kind. 

No.  57.  Manners  and  Customs  in  Far  Away  Lands,  a  book  of  trav- 
els, describing  the  peculiar  life,  habits,  manners  and  customs 
of  the  people  of  foreign  countries.  Illustrated. 

No.  60.  Useful  Knowledge  for  the  Million,  a  handy  book  of  use- 
ful information  for  all,  upon  many  and  various  subjects.  Ill'd. 

No.  47.  The  Cities  of  the  New  World.  A  description  of  all  points  of 
interest  relating  to  nearly  every  important  city  of  America,  il- 
lustrated with  bird's-eye  views  of  each  city  described. 

No.  8.  The  History  and  Mystery  of  Common  things.  This  work 
tells  all  about  the  manufacture  of  the  common  and  familiar 
things  which  we  see  every  day  about  us.  Illus. 

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fifi 


The  Book  of  Life; 

OB, 


99 


The  Nature  and  Destiny  of  Man. 

By-  DR.  SI^JLI^XHJL. 

A  number  of  n  e  w 

discoveries  in  regard 

to  the  nature  of  man 

have  been  made  since 

George   Combe  pub- 
lished his  famous 

'Constitution  of  Man' 

fifty  years  ago.     Si-  , 

vartha  was  the  first  to  4 

gather  \^p  and  pre- 
sent all  these  in  one 

clearly  stated  and  sy  s- 
^  tematic  volume,  and 
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within  reach  of  all 

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T  h  e  s  e  discoveries 
give  the  first  explan- 
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Seven  Civilizations; 
the  first  clear  and  at- 
tractive statement  of 
the  inner  mechanism 
of  the  brain  and 
mind ;  the  ,phi  1  o  s  o- 
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and  mesmeric  i  n  fl  u- 
ences ;  the  form  and 
laws  of  brain,  waves, 


and  the  vital  laws  of  sex-harmony  in  mar- 
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THE  WESTERN  AVORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Choice  MUSIC   :or  the  Million. 


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THE  FAVORITE  ALBUM  OF 

OPJOS  and 


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Andante  espree*. 


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How  Private  8eo,  fl,  Peck  U  Down  ths  Wlios, 

THE  FUNNY  EXPERIENCES  OF  k  RAW  RECRUIT, 

PECK'S  LATEST  AND  BEST.        MOST  HUMOROUS  BOOK  OF  THE  AGE. 


To  the  "Boys  in  Blue" 

and  the 
"Boys  in  Gray," 
Who  got  real  spunky  at 
each  other,  some  years 
ago,  while  playing  in 
their  adjoining  door- 
yards,  threw  tomato 
cans  ana  dead  cats  back 
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A  GOOD  WATCH  FORJVERY  SUBSCRIBER. 

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WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRRTED,  with  each  Watch. 


80 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


ISo.  92. 

Gent's  Hunting  3  oz. 
Siluerore   Watch. 

Wears  like  coin  eilyer,  with 
a  full  jeweled,  imitation  Elgin 
Lever,  Expansion  Balance 
Movement,  fully  warranted. 
This  is  a  good,  reliable  watch, 
for  any  business  man.  Price, 
Key  Wind,  $4.OO;  Stem 
Wind,  $5.5O. 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD, 
ILLUSTRATED, 

included  with  every  Watch. 


No.  94. 

Ladies'  Hunting  Gold- 
ore  Watch. 

Full  Baesine,  Shell  Engraved, 
and  finished  exactly  like  a  fine 
Gold  Watch.  Has  an  excellent 
Jeweled  Movement  and  keeps 
perfect  time . 

Price,  only  $3.75  each. 


The  Western  World,  Ilk,  included  with  every  Watch, 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


81 


.  63. 


So//rf  /V/cAe/  Chatelain 
Watch. 


Stem  Winder, 

Stem  Setter, 

Fine  Jeweled  Movement 
And  RELIABLE   TIME   KEEPER. 
Every  school  girl  can  afford  one  of 
these  beautiful  little  Watches. 

Price,  only       -      -      $3.5O. 

THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED, 

with  every  Watch. 


82 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Xo.  88. 

This 
New   Genuine  Solid 

Siluerine 
Dust    Proof  Watch 

Comes  in  3  oz.  open  face, 
finely  finished,  smooth,  full 
Bassine  Cases,  which  look 
and  wear  like  Solid  Coin  Sil- 
ver, and  will  never  tarnish, 
as  the  cases  are  the  same 
throughout,  with  an  extra 
good,  full  jeweled,  expan- 
sion, balance,  lever,  Elgin 
style  movement.  The  best 
selling  Watch  in  the  mar- 
ket. All  complete  and  war- 
ranted. Key  wind,  $3.35 : 
Stern  wind,  £4.5O,  with 

THE 

WESTERN  WORLD, 
ILLUSTRATED, 

one  year. 


Xo.  91. 

Ladies9  Hunting  Gold- 

ore  Louis  XIV  Style 

Watch. 

Box  Case,  beautifully  en- 
graved, with  extra  fine  import- 
ed full  jeweled  movements, 
good  time-keeper,  looks  as  well 
as  a  solid  gold  watch.  Price, 
Key  Wind,  £3.75;  Stem 
Wind,  £5.  25,  with 

THE 

WESTERN  WORLD, 

ILLUSTRATED, 

included. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


83 


tto.  16.  Tids  is  an 
entirely  New  Watch. 
They  are  open-face 
style,  SeJf-w  i  n  d  e  r  s 
and  Self-setters.  Have 
a  genuine  solid  Nick- 
el Silver  Case,  giving 
them  the  same  ap- 
pear an ce  as  solid 
Coin  Si  1  v  e  r.  T  h  e  y 
have  fine  French  En- 
ameled Dials  protect- 
ed by  a  heavy  French 
flat  Crystal.  The 
works  are  entirely 
new,  of  Swiss  make, 
accurately  fi  n  i  s  h  e  d 
and  adjusted,  fi  n  e  1  y 
jeweled.  The  winding 
part,  which  is  pro- 
tected by  a  patent,  is 
noted  for  its  simplic- 
ity and  durability, 
and  is  not  found  in 
any  other  watch.  No 
complicated  parts  to 
get  out  of  order.  It  is 
warranted  to  keep  ac- 
curate time  and  to  be 
just  as  represented. 
Price,  only  &2.OO, 
with  THE  WESTERN 
WORLD,  one  year. 

This  illustration  is 
an  exact  representa- 
tion of  the  New  Her- 
cules Watch. 


84 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Best  Clothes  Wringer  Made, 

F\>r 

Solid  White  Rubber 
Rolls  vulcanized  to  the 
Iron  Shaft.  All  iron 
parts  Galvanized,  and 
Steel  Springs  Japanned 
to  prevent  rust. 

The  Clothes  Apron  is 
made  to  fit  the  round 
(shape)  of  the  tub,  and 
while  allowing  free  pas- 
sage of  the  water  pre- 
vents the  Clothes  from 
going  into  the  tub  or 
becoming  wet  after  they 
are  wrung. 

Simply  fastening  to  the  tub  makes  the  Wringer  ready  for  use,  the 
Steel  Springs  supplying  the  necessary  pressure  for  any  thickness  of 
clothes. 

The  simplicity  of  this  Wringer  is  its  best  recommendation.  It  is 
effective  and  durable.  The  Rolls  upon  which  the  principal  wear  on  a 
wringer  often  comes,  are  of  the  very  beet.  Having  made  a  contract 
by  which  we  get  a  large  number  at  a  nominal  price,  we  can  almost 
give  them  to  subscribers.  They  will  be  sent  by  Express  from  the  fac- 
tory in  the  State  of  New  York,  direct  to  parties  ordering.  We  will 
send  one  to  any  person  who  will  send  us  $£.OO,  and  include  THE 
WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  1  year.  Below  is  still  a  better  offer: 


EMPIRE  DRYING  BARS, 


OPENED 


FOR  USE. 


This  is  one  of  the  neatest,  most  compact  and  best 
made  Towel  or  Clothes  Racks  for  drying  purposes 
in  the  market.  It  requires  small  space  when  in  use 
and  can  be  folded  up  out  of  the  way  when  not 
wanted.  It  is  nicely  finished,  and  the  castings  are 
galvanized.  Its  capacity  when  opened  is  ten  arms, 
each  two  feet  in  length.  The  retail  price  is  $1.5O. 

We  will  include  a  year's  subscription  to  THE 
WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  for  $1.OO,  or  for  CL.OSED. 
&2.5O  we  will  send  Wringer  and  Drying  Bars  by  Express,  and  THE 
WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  by  mail  one  year.  The  two  articles 
will  be  sent  together,  saving  one  Express  charge.  Two  or  more  can 
club  together  and  save  in  Express  charges  or  have  them  sent  by 
freight.^Send  at  once  and  don't  miss  a  copy  of  the  paper. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


85 


gexas  •  giftings. 


Fort  Worth,  the  Railroad  Center  of  Texas. 

—  s 

» 

I  w 


Few  people  realize  that  the  St£te  of  Texas  is  800  miles  from 
north  to  south,  and  750  miles  from  east  to  west.  It  is  many  times 
larger  than  most  of  the  Nations  in  the  Old  World.  The  two  papers 
above  mentioned  give  all  the  information  one  would  care  to  know 
about  this  # roat  State.  Our  Paper  included  with  either  at  &1.OO,  or 
THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  arid  GUIDE  with  the  two  at  $£. 


86  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


RBagnetic 


Magnatism  as  a  Curative  Agent'  and  its  application  to  the  human 
body  is  becoming  well  understood,  and  while  not  claimed  to  be  a 
cure-all,  it  has  been  resorted  to  in  very  many  cases  where  other 
means  have  failed,  and  it  has  worked  wonderful"  cures. 

HOW    MAGNETISM    OPERATES 
TO    CURE    DISEASE. 

There  are  millions  of  terminal  or  peripheral  nerves  in  every 
square  inch  of  the  human  skin.  They  are  sensory  nerves  and  carry 
all  impressions  to  the  brain  or  other  nerve  centers.  These  nerves 
are  so  numerous  it  is  impossible  to  put  the  point  of  the  finest  cam- 
bric needle  between  them,  and  when  you  strike  the  nerve  the  sensa- 
tion is  carried  to  the  brain  and  pain  results,  which  causes  one  to 
withdraw  the  part  injured. 

It  is  an  undisputed  fact  that  the  functions  of  every  organ  in  the 
human  system  are  governed  or  carried  on  by  either  the  brain  or  sym- 
pathetic nerve  centers.  The  heaving  of  the  chest,  beating  of  the 
heart,  the  various  secretions,  etc.,  are  all  more  or  less  dependent 
upon  theso  nerve  centers  for  their  complete  normal  action.  Now, 
the  nerve  centers  may  be  ever  so  willing  to  direct  the  functions  of 
life  in  the  different  organs,  but  if  the  connecting  link,  or  nerve 
force,  be  weakened,  the  direction  of  these  centers  cannot  terminate 
in  complete  normal  action,  and  if  this  force  be  nearly  deficient,  par- 
alysis results,  and  when  totally  deficient,  life  must  cease.  Magne- 
tism. applied  properly,  is  taken  up  by  these  peripheral  nerves,  and  the 
nerve  force  replenished  thereby,  either  as  a  stimulant  or  a  tonic; 
probably  tho  latter,  as  it  not  only  increases  action,  but  strengthens 
and  builds  up.  At  first  relief  is  afforded,  but  later,  when  the  force 
has  been  supplied  sufficiently  to  enable  nature  to  regain  complete 
control  of  her  forces,  a  cure  is  affected.  It  is  plain  to  see  that  Mag- 
netism thus  restores  the  normal  action  of  the  various  organs,  corrects 
the  circulation,  the  heart's  action,  digestion,  absorption,  assimila- 
tion, secretion,  excretion,  etc.,  and  it  is  equally  plain  that  this  result 
in  a  radical,  positive  cure,  as  soon  as  waste  and  decay  can  be  replaced. 

Magnetism  can  not  fail  in  these  cases  when  properly  applied.  Now 
comes  the  question  of  the  application. 

The  essence  of  Appliances  must  necessarily  be  in  the  kind  and 
quality  of  the  Magnets  used.  We  have  arranged  with  the  only  chart- 
ered company  in  the  U.  S.  to  fill  our  orders  f  qr  these  Appliances.  They 
-.use  only  the  best  tempered,  rolled  steel  wire  for  Magnets.  The  temper 
is  an  essential  feature  to  their  permanency,  Anvell  tempered  piece  of 
the  right  kind  of  steel  makes  a  perfect  and  permanent  Magnet,  if  the 
laws  relating  to  polarity  are  recognized  in  making  up  into  Appli- 
ances. They  are  insulated  with  rubber  to'%eep  from  rusting,  encased 
in  fine,  rich,  durable  fabrics,  and  made  up  into  neatly-fitting,  beauti- 
ful and  comfortable  Appliances  for  every  part  of  the  body.  We 
furnish  only  one  grade  of  Magnets,  the  best,  arid  use  them  in  all  Ap- 
pliances. They  are  all  worn  over  the  underclothing,  not  touching 
the  skin  and  requiring  no  acids  and  no  re-charging.  T'hese  Magnets 
are  each  one  charged  separately,  polarized,  tested,  and  laid  properly. 
This  is  the  only  way  they  can  be  made  permanent.  Drugs  have  their 
proper  sphere,  and  to  that  sphere  they  should  be  confined.  They  do 
not  clash  with  these  Appliances*  but,  on  the  contrary,  they  work  to- 
gether nicely.  In  multitudes  of  instances,  the  Appliances  will  put 
the  system  in  condition  to  respond  to  medical  remedies.  In  this 
respect  they  prove 

An  Aid  to  the  Physician;  a  Boon  to  the  Patient. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


87 


Different  Ailments  Bepire  Different  Appliances. 

Vests,  Belts  and  Lung  Protectors  are  the  true  curative  Appliances. 
The  smaller  ones  are  local  Appliances,  and  intended  more  for  local 
effect  or  relief.  The  nerve  centers  are  the  brain,  spinal  cord  and 
sympathetic  ganglia.  It  has  been  shown  by  experiments  on  animals 
that  the  control  of  certain  organs  and  parts  of  the  body  is  located  in 
separate  and  distinct  parts  of  the  spinal  cord  or  sympathetic  ganglia 
While  some  effect  can  be  had  through  other  centers,  yet  the  effects 
are  much  more  decided  and  more  easily  obtained  through  the  princi- 
pal centers  in  relation  to  the  affected  organ  or  part.  It  is  therefore 
our  aim  to  make  the  application  locally  over  the  part  affected,  and 
with  Vest,  Belt,  or  Lung  Protector  over  the  nerve  centers,  as  the  case 
may  require,  seemingly  phenomenal  results  follow. 

It  is  the  aim  first  to  attack  the  nerve  centers  which  control  the  af- 
fected organs  or  parts,  and  then  with  the  local  Appliances  to  assist 
or  quicken  the  restorative  processes  at  the  apparently  affected  parts. 

Perhaps  no  portion  of  humanity  suffer  more  than  do  our  tired  and 
overworked  mothers.  It  is  equally  true  that  they  are  easily  and  read- 
ily benefited  by  Magnetic  Appliances.  The  Abdominal  Belt  or  Sup- 
porter with  a  pair  of  Insoles  or  Foot  Batteries,  works  wonders  for 
women.  Their  powers  of  endurance  are  frequently  more  than 
doubled  in  this  way. 

And  others  who  have  to  stand  on  their  feet  all  day  are  immeasur- 
ably benefited  and  strengthened  by  a  Belt  and  Insoles,  the  Insoles 
alone  frequently  accomplishing  wonders  in  this  direction. 

In  looking  about  for  the  BEST  Appliances,  we  have  also  made  se- 
lection of  those  which  were  the  lowest  in  price,  as  the  large  sales  of 
this  Company  enable  them  to  furnish  these  goods  much  lower  than 
those  selling  not  more  than  a  quarter  or  a  tenth  part  as  many.  We 
still  find  that  prices  are  not  within  the  reach  of  many,  and  that  the 
poor,  as  well  as  the  rich,  may  be  benefited,  we  give  the  lowest  prices 
at  which  these  Appliances  are  sold  for  cash  by  the  manufacturers,  and 
from  these  prices  we  will  allow  our  subscribers  to  deduct  25  per  cent. 
Thus  the  best  Magnetic  Insoles  or  Foot  Batteries  are  sold  at  $1.00,  we 
furnish  them  for  75  cents,  by  mail,  postage  paid,  and  send  THE  WESTERN 
WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  for  one  year.  The  same  discount  made  on  each 
article. 

MAGNETIC   VESTS 

are  placed  first  be- 
cause the  largest 
and  best  of  Appli- 
ances. They  are 
made  to  order,  and 
when  neatly  fitted, 
their  value  can  not  j 
-be  overestimated.  I 
As  they  cover  the 
entire  trunk,  all  the 
vital  organs  and 
the  whole  length 
of  the  spinal  col- 
umn, every  intelli- 
gent person  must 
see  at  a  glance  the  I 
wonderful  effect! 

such  a  Vest  neces-          -  

sarily  has  upon  the  great  nerve  centers. 
They  are  peculiarly  well  adapted  to  con- 
stitutional ailments:  General  Debility, 
Nervous  Debility,  Dyspepsia,  asthma, 


88 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Pill 
l!! 


Consumption,  Liver  Troubles,  Rheumatism  of  the  Heart,  Spinal 
Troubles,  Paralysis,  Locomotor  Ataxia,  and  under  all  circumstances 
where  a  general  building  up  of  the  system  is  needed.  Often  medi- 
cines fail  to  act  because  nature  can  not  react.  These  Vests  will  be 
found  an  invaluable  aid  to  physicians  and  a  boon  to  the  sufferer  in 
such  cases.  Bear  in  mind  that  the  Vests  are  frequently  necessary  to 
cure,  and  will  cure  where  the  Belts  will  not.  Price,  8&5.OO. 

THROAT  APPLIANCE, 

or  Throat  Shield,  as  it  is  sometimes  called, 
an  exceptionally  line  remedy  for  Throat 
roubles,    Bad   Colds,   Hoarseness,    Quinsy, 
Diphtheria,  etc.    We  wish  we  could  empha- 
size this  sufficiently  that  every  mother  in  the 
land  would  get  and  keep  one  for  use  among 
the  children,  especially  for  Croup  or  Hoarse- 
ness, as  they  relieve  almost  instantly,  scat- 
tering the  congestion  as  by  magic. 

Price,  $3.00. 
MING  PROTECTORS 

are  made  to  cover  both  chest  and  back.  Some 

people  imagine  that  nothing  is  needed  on  t 

back  to  protect  the  lungs.     Let  such  person* 

sit  with  his  back  facing  the  wind  and  see  how 

much  quicker  he  will  take  cold  than  when 

facing  it.    Make  in  two  sizes ;  one  for  ladies 

and  one  for  gentlemen.    For  all  ailments  of 

the  lungs  these  are  the  best  possible  Appli- 
ances.   For  all  ailments  of  the  upper  part  of 

the  trunk,  this  is  next  best  to  the  Vest,  and 

when  worn  with  Belt,  makes  quite  a  good 

substitute  for  the  Vest. 

Prices,  Lady's,  $7.5O;   Gent's,  «1O. 

.LADIES'  BELTS 

or  Supporters.  Woman's  Special  Abdominal  Belt  or  Supporter 
affords  perfect  support  for  the  abdomen,  resting  the  tired  and  weak- 
ened muscles,  the  Magnetic 
Aura  penetrating  and  per- 
meating the  abdominal  vis- 
cera, invigorating  and  toning 
k  up  the  vital  organs.  The  sup- 
|  port  is  similar  to  that  given 
by  clasping  the  hands  over 
the  lower  part  of  the  abdo- 
'  men  and  lifting  upward  and 
backward.  Try  it  and  see 
what  a  relief  it  is.  They  re- 

^  lieve  instantly  and  in    time 

cure,  Backaches,  Weariness,  Tired  or  Wornout  Feelings,  Bearing 
Down  or  Dragging  Sensations  in  the  loins  or  hips;  Constipation,  In- 
di"1 estion,  KiSney  Troubles,  Lumbago,  Pains  in  Back,  Sides  Loins  or 
Hips,  or  Abdominal  regions.  Price,  &7.5O. 

GENTLEMEN'S  BELTS. 

Two-Row  Compound  Belt 
offers  but  little  support. 
It  is,  however, quite  strong 
and  powerful,  and  is  per- 
fectly successful  nineteen 
times  in  twenty.  Its  cheap- 
ness makes  it  popular. 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


89 


The  Three-Row  Belt  gives  a  most  perfect  support  to  the  abdomen 
and  back,  fitting  the 
back  like  a  glove. 

The  Four-Row  Belt  is 
applicable  to  old  chronic 
cases,  and  is  the  best 
and  most  powerful  Belt. 
These  belts  should  be 
worn  for  Lame  Back, 
Weak  Kidneys,  Consti- 

Eation,  R  h  e  u  in  a  t  ism, 
umbago,  Dyspepsia  and 
Nervous  Debility. 


Two  Rows  Compound  Magnets  ..................  9    5  OO 

Three  Rows  Single  Magnets  ......................      7  5O 

Three  Rows  Compound.  Magnets  .................    1O  OO 

Four  Rows  Single  Magnets  ......................    12  OO 

Four  Rows  Compound  Magnets  ..................    15  OO 

The  Magnetic  Skull  Cap  can  be  worn  as  an  ordinary  office  cap. 
It  is  beautifully  made  and  a  beautiful  ihape. 
I  Nine  times  in  ten  they  will  cure  a  Nervous 
or  Neuralgic  Headache  in  five  minutes.  They 
relieve  Catarrhal  Headaches  at  once,    and 
will  cure  most  cases  of  ordinary  Catarrh  if 
1  worn  from  three  to  six  months. 
Price,  Black  Silk,  &5.OO. 

The  Sleeping:  Cap  or  Head  Band  isj 
excellent  for  nervous,  irritable  people,  who 
have  trouble  in  getting  to  sleep. 

It  gives  sound,  refreshing  sleep  the  first 
night  worn.    Not  so  powerful  as  the  Cap. 
Price,  SJ5.OO. 

The    Magnetic   Friction    Mitten 

should  be  used  in  all  cases  of  Restlessness. 
I  Sleeplessness,  Paralysis,  Nervousness,  General 
Debility,  etc.,  as  an  aid  to  the  larger  Appli- 
ances, and  is,  in  fact,  a  luxurious  necessity  to 
i  all.  By  its  use  the  millions  of  peripheral  nerve 
_  fibres  in  the  skin  are  stimulated  and  filled 
anew  with  life  and  vigor,  the  pores  of  the  skin  opened  up  and  their 
excretory  functions  enlivened,  and  the  blood  is  drawn  to  the  surface. 
In  view  of  these  \  facts  does  any  one  believe  that  the  use  of  this 
Friction  Mitten  will  n  ot  prove  beneficial? 
It  is  used  and  recommended  by  physicians 
generally. 

Price,  $3.00. 

Tilt:    SHOULDER  APPLI- 
ANCE 

is  very  useful  in  Rheumatism  of  the  Shoul- 
der, Lame  or  Sprained  Shoulder,  and  Par- 
alysis of  Arms.  It  covers  the  shoulder  well. 

Price,  85.OO. 


90 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Wristlets  should  be  used  in  cases  of  Writer's 
Cramp  or  Pen  Paralysis,  and  as  an  auxiliary  to 
Vest  or  Belt  in  correcting  Poor  Circulation,  Cold 
Hands  and  Arms,  and  for  Rheumatism  in  Hands. 
Ordinarily  they  are  made  about  eix  inches  wide, 
and  long  enough  to  reach  around  the  arm. 
Price,  $2.00. 

The  Knee  Cap  is  es- 

>  pecially  valuable  in  cases  of 
Rheumatism  of  the  Knee 
Joint,  White  Swelling,  and 
Lameness  in  the  Knees,  or  as  an  aid  to  the 
Vest  in  Paralysis.  It  is  merely  a  local  Appli- 
ance, and  while  it  may  not  be  powerful  enough 
to  cure  in  all  cases,  yet  it  will  always  afford  re- 
lief. It  fits  perfectly.  Price,  $3. OO. 

The  Upper  liegg'in  or  Sciatic  Appliance  is 
well  adapted  to  relieve  im-' 
perfect  circulation  in  the 
limbs,  and  with  Vest  for 
Paralysis,  and  is  indispens- 
able in  Sciatic  Rheumatism. 
Price,  $5.00. 

The  I<ower  Leggin  is 

invaluable  in  all  cases  of 
poor  or  enfeebled  circula- 
tion. It  is  very  necessary 
in  Paralysis  to  get  up  and 
keep  up  proper  circulation. 
It  should  also  be  used  for 
Rheumatism  of  lower  limbs, 
Varicose  Veins,  Lameness, 
Swelling,  Sprains,  etc. 
Price,  $5.OO. 

The  Anklet  is  applied 
to  Rheumatic,  Sprained, 
Lame,  sore  or  Painful  An- 
"  :les,  writh  excellent  results. 
j.iext  to  Lower  Leggin  for 
benefiting  poor  circulation. 
Price,  $3.00. 

The  Magnetic  Insoles  or  Foot  Batteries 
are  sold  by  thousands.  While  it  is  not  claimed, 
they  perform  wonderful  cures,  they  do  warm 

__ ...: the"feet,  cure  Rheumatism  in  feet,  Chilblains, 

Aches  and  Pains  in  Feet  and  Limbs.     They  wear  all  winter  and  are 
worth  the  price  every  cold  or  damp  day.    People  who  have  to  stand 
on  their  feet  all  day  will 
find  these  Insoles  inval- 
uable. The  feet  are  won-/ 
derfully   susceptible    toll 
the  influence  of  Magnet- V 
ism.    They  double  one's 

powers  of  endurance  un-  7- 

der  such  circumstances.  They  bring  sweet  rest  and  sleep  to  the  tired 
and  weary  when  worn  in  their  cotton  socks  or  hose  at  night.  Give 
size  of  shoe  worn.  Price,  $1.OO. 

The  Serotal  Suspensory  is  the  safest  and  most  effectual  rem- 
edy for  any  weaknesses  or  diseases  of  Males.    It  is  worn  without  in- 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS.  91 

convenience,  and  its  effects  are  noticed  at  once.     Circulars  gMng 
full  information  mailed  upon  application.    Price,  by  mail,  &5.OO. 

A  discount  of  £5  per  cent,  is  allowed  Subscribers  by  us  on 
any  of  these  Appliances,  and  a  copy  of  THE  WESTEBN  WORLD,  ILLUS- 
TRATED, included  with  each  article. 

MEASURES. 

For  VESTS,  give  waist,  bust  and  hip  measures,  length  of  spine, 
length  in  front  from  collar  button  as  low  as  desired.  State  any  pecu- 
liarity of  form,  and  whether  for  man  or  woman. 

For  CORSETS,  waist  measure. 

For  BELTS,  snug  waist  measure. 

For  ABDOMINAL  SUPPORTER,  waist  and  hip  measure. 

For  LUNG  PROTECTOR,  bust  measure. 

For  HEAD  CAPS,  size  of  hat. 

For  UPPER  LEGGIN,  size  just  above  the  knee. 

For  LOWER  LEGGIN,  size  at  ankle  and  at  calf  of  leg. 

For  ANKLET,  size  of  ankle. 

For  KNEE  CAP,  size  of  knee. 

For  SHOULDER  APPLIANCE,  armhole  and  arm  just  below  arm- 
hole. 

For  WRISTLET,  size  of  wrist. 

For  INSOLES,  size  of  shoe. 

Usually  no  measures  are  necessary  for  other  appliances.  Use 
tape  line  and  give  measure  in  inches, except  for  Head  Caps  and  Insoles. 

LADIES,  MAKE  YOUR  OWN  STAMPING  PATTERNS. 


This  Sewing  Machine  Attachment  makes  Perforated  Stamping 
Patterns  from  the  most  elaborate  and  intricate  designs,  either  original 
or  those  from  Art  books.  Attachments  furnished  for  the 
following:  machines  OUJIiY:  Light  Running  Domestic;. 
Wheeler  &  Wilson,  No.  8;  Remington,  No.  3;  White;  Household, 
double  or  single  feed;  Weed  *' New  Hartford;"  New  Home;  Singer 
Improved;  Elias  Howe  and  New  Howe  "G."  In  case  you  do  not 
have  one  of  the  above  machines— possibly  your  neighbor  hasL  and 
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your  machine  with  your  order.  THE  PEARL  PERFORATING  AND 
STAMPING  OUTFIT  embraces  1  patent  Perforating  Attachment;  9  As- 
sorted Punches;  one  box  White  Stamping  Powder;  one  box  Blue 
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with  a  book  of  explicit  instructions  for  its  adaptation  and  use  in  per- 
forating and  stamping  of  every  description,  all  enclosed  in  a  hand- 
some case.  By  mail,  $1.5O,  including  Paper. 


EVERY  LADY  HER  OWN  DRESSMAKER, 

Prof.  Moody's  New  Tailor  System  of  Dress  Cutting  Sent  FREE  to  Those 

Who  will  send  Us  Subscribers. 
Prof.  Moody'8  New  and  Perfect  System  for  Drees  Cutting,  includ- 

ing book  with  instructions  for  Cloak  and  Dressmaking,  Charts,  etc., 
is  Bold  for  $7  or  $8,  but  by  a  special  arrange- 
ment we  are  able  for  a  limited  time  to  send 
the  whole  .FREE  to  any  one  who  will  send 
us  $2.50  for  ten  yearly  subscriptions  to  THE 
WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED.  Any  lady  can 
easily  obtain  ten  subscriptions,  at  25c  each,  to 
euch  a  beautiful  publication  as  ours,  and  thus 


obtain  what  she  will  prize  very  highly.  There 
is  no  lady  that  does  not  like  a  well  fitting  gar- 
ment, and  with  this  system  any  person  of  ordi- 


nary intelligence  can  fit  perfectly  any  and  all 
garments  worn  by  woman  or  child. 
All  instructions  are  illustrated 
and  made  perfectly  plain  and  easy 
to  understand.  Diagrams  on 
strong  cardboard  accompany  the 
instructions,  and  bv  this  system 
of  measurement  a  draft  is  made 
directly  on  the  cloth,  and  a  gar- 
ment can  be  fitted  to  the  largest  lady  or  small- 
est child,  without  trying  it  on.  You  will  al^o 
know  how  much  goods  to  buy  for  any  style  of 
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dy  or  conceal  defects  ;  in  fact,  you  will  soon  know  all  the  secrets  of 
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What  we  are  offering  to  you  FREE  will  be  of  great  value  and 
last  a  lifetime.    For  $1  we  will  send  the  System  and  1  copy  of  paper. 

The  Dana-Bickford  Knitting  Machine. 

This  Machine  is  especially  adapted  for  knitting  coarse  wool,  or- 
dinary three-ply  socks,  mittens,  leggins,  scarfs,  tidies,  mats,  afgans, 
and  all  varieties  of  work 
where  coarse  wool,  German- 
town  worsted  and  very  coarse 
cotton  are  used.  All  of  the 
finer  cylinders  fit  this  ma- 
chine, and  can  be  bought  sep- 
arately at  any  time.  All  ma- 
chines knit  both  flat  and  tu- 
bular web,  narrowing  or 
widening  at  will,  knitting  a 
sock  complete,  commencing 
at  the  toe. 

The  following  articles  be-g 
long  to  and  accompany  each  :-, 
Machine,  viz.  :  Bobbin  Wind-  J 
er,  three  Bobbins,  Swift,  '• 
Oiler,    Setup  and  L  o  o  p  e  r, 
Long  Needle,  Weight  Hook, 
four  Weights,  Buckle,  six  ex- 
tra Needles   and  Illustrated 
Instruction  Book.  Price,  No. 
1,  Family    Machine,  with    one  Cylinder,  72    Needles.    12   Gauge, 
$30.00.  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  and  Guide  included 


CLUBBING  AND  COMBINATION  OFFERS. 


THE  COMPLETE  BOOK  OF  HOME  AMUSEMENTS. 

What  most  lives  need  is  MORE  SUNSHINE.  Let  us  ban^L  2are,  have 
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and  even  the  gray-haired  grand-parents,  join  with  the  children  after 
tea  in  a  merry  game  or  other  amusement,  than  those  wherein  retic- 
ence and  reserve  and  chilly  demeanor  prevail.  "'  But,"  you  say, 
u  what  shall  we  do?  We  read  until  we  are  tired;  and  we  know  of  no 
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easily  acted,  yet  very  amus- 
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so  many  amusing  PARLOR  GAMES  that  we  have  not  attempted  to 
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94 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED. 


Jl?e  popular  ^i 


Almost  a  multitude  of  books  directly  bearing  upon  the  Rebellion 
have  been  published.  Yet  it  is  our  firm  belief  that  the  War  Histo- 
ries heretofore  published  are  bnt  meagerly  adapted  to  'the  wants  of 

the  masses  of  American  citi- 
zens to-day:  first,  because  they 
are  too  expensive,  involving  an 
outlay  greater  than  the  majori 
ty  of  people  can  afford  to  make  ; 
and,  second,  because  they  are 
too  lengthy,  going  so  minutely 
into  particulars  arid  details  that 
they  become  dry  and  uninter- 
esting. This  work  is  most  aptly 
and  appropriately  entitled  '-The 
Popular  History  of  the  Civil 
War,"  because  it  meets  the  pop- 
ular demand  for  an  authentic 
history  of  the  Rebellion,  writ- 
ten in  the  most  eotertaining 
nvinner  and  published  at  a  price 
within  the  reach  of  all.  The 
book  is  a  thorough,  complete 
I  and  authentic  history,  not  only 
of  every  important  battle  and 
naval  engagement  that  occurred 
I  during  the  war,  but  is  likewise 
very  complete  in  its  treatment 
of  the  political  conditions,  sec- 
tional differences  and  other  causes  which  brought  on  the  great  con- 
flict. It  is  just  such  a  war  history  as  every  American  citizen  should 
possess,  and  will  prove  of  the  utmost  interest  and  value,  not  only  to 
thpf  e  who  well  remember,  and  some  of  whom  participated  in~the 
war  for  the  Union,  but  especially  to  that  large  class  who  have  grown 
to  manhood  ^  and  womanhood  long  since  the  war  closed.  The  new 
edition  of  this  book,  now  offered,  is  greatly  enlarged,  both  as  to  size 
of  page  and  number  of  pages,  and  contains,  in  addition  to  the  his- 
tory proper,  a  sketch  of  The  CM  rand  Army  of  tlie  Republic, 
by  a  promineut  officer  of  the  organization,  likewise  an  appendix  de- 
voted to  Anecdotes  of  the  Rebellion,  containing  a  large  col- 
lection of  humorous,  pathetic  and  thrilling  narratives  of  actual  ex- 
periences during  the  war.  "The  Popular  History  of  the  Civil  War  " 
is  a  large  book  of  544  pages,  12mo,  handsomely  printed  in  large  type 
upon  fine  paper,  and  elegantly  bound  in  cloth,  embellished  with  'de- 
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the  engravings  representing  scenes  of  the  prominent  battle-fields 
and  naval  engagements,  camp  life  and  picket  duty,  likewise  portraits 
of  the  great  Generals,  both  Union  and  Confederate,  and  other  prom- 
inent men  upon  both  sides  who  were  identified  with  the  -struggle. 
The  book  will  be  sent  by  mail,  post-paid,  upon  receipt  of  &1.OO. 
A  year's  subscription  to  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  ILLUSTRATED,  in- 
cluded with  each  History. 


